Maximum Liquid Research Articles

On Upward Swirling Liquid Film in Gas-liquid Pipe Compact Separator

This paper presents experimental findings on upward swirling liquid film for both single-phase and two-phase gas-liquid flow in a vertical gas-liquid cyclonic separator. The upward swirling liquid film is one dynamic phenomenon that occurs in pipe cyclonic separator. The upward swirling of the liquid film in the upper part of the cyclonic separator is the primary source of liquid entrainment into the gas core. Liquid entrainment from the separator wall into the gas core is the main cause of liquid carryover. Liquid carryover is the major disadvantage of the gas-liquid pipe cyclonic separator. Various researchers in the past have identified the effect of this phenomenon on the performance of gas-liquid pipe cyclonic separator, but not many efforts have been made to study the phenomenon in detail. In this work, the upward swirling liquid film height was measured using a meter rule, while the thickness of the swirling liquid film was estimated using the void fraction that was measured with electrical resistance tomography (ERT). The experimental results show that the height attained by the upward swirling liquid film is a function of the film thickness and inlet gas velocity. The results also showed that the horizontal inlet pipe produces the highest liquid film height when compared with the inclined inlet pipe. By keeping the liquid flow rate constant and increasing gas flow rate, a maximum liquid film height was observed, afterwards, the liquid film height decreases within increasing gas flow rate.

Co-pyrolysis of biomass and lignite: synergy effect on product yield and distribution

The pyrolysis of pistacia khinjuk seed (PS) lignite and their mixtures were investigated in a two different reactor with varying temperatures ranging from 400 to 700°C at a heating rate either 10 or 500°Cmin‒1, and different percentage of lignite. The maximum liquid product yield for PS/lignite co-pyrolysis was 60.7% at 5% lignite, pyrolysis temperature of 500°C and heating rate of 500°Cmin‒1 in the well-swept fixed bed reactor (WSR). However, the results indicated that the maximum synergetic effects were observed at 15% lignite and the amount of pyrolytic oil increased by (w/w) 10.1% at this optimum point. There is a significant increase in the amount of asphaltene and aromatic compounds for the co-pyrolytic oil. As a result, the pyrolytic oil improved at co-pyrolysis and the pyrolytic oil could be used for fuels and chemicals feedstock. Paper's highlights are: synergetic effect between biomass with lignite in co-pyrolysis process was clarified; the influence of the reactor configuration and blending ratio on the synergetic effect has been established; the co-pyrolysis process improved the quantity and quality of pyrolysis oil; blending with lignite led to a higher asphaltenes and aromatic ratio; and biomass-derived oil can be upgraded via co-pyrolysis of biomass with lignite. [Received: August 27, 2018; Accepted: January 29, 2019]

Experimental investigation on mitigation of severe slugging in pipeline-riser system by quasi-plane helical pipe device

Efficient mitigation of severe slugging in pipeline-riser system can promote a higher level of flow assurance in offshore petroleum exploitation. However, for passive methods, challenges lie in developing a simple and efficient device which is convenient for both underwater installation and pigging operation. In this work, a quasi-plane helical pipe device without hampering both underwater installation and pigging operation was proposed for mitigating severe slugging in pipeline-riser system. The effect of the quasi-plane helical pipe device on severe slugging was illustrated through detailed comparisons between the conditions with and without the quasi-plane helical device on aspects of flow pattern, differential pressure, and liquid production. The experimental results proved the feasibility of the quasi-plane helical pipe device. The velocity ranges of typical severe slugging and of unstable flow on the flow pattern map have been shrunken dramatically with the device, i.e. smaller maximum liquid and gas velocities for the occurrence of severe slugging and unstable flow; and the occurrence of large-amplitude pressure fluctuation in the pipeline and the intermittency of liquid outflow has also been reduced.

Solid-liquid phase-change thermal storage and release behaviors in a rectangular cavity under the impacts of mushy region and low gravity

The work aims to address the effects of mushy zone constant (1 × 104 ≤ C ≤ 1 × 108 kg m−3 s−1) and gravitational acceleration (1.635 ≤ g ≤ 9.810 m s−2) on the thermal storage/release behaviors of paraffin wax (phase change material, PCM), by performing numerical investigations in a rectangular cavity with partially thermal active walls. The enthalpy-porosity method is employed to simulate the solid–liquid phase-change process and flow evolution at the PCM interface. The numerical model is validated by the published literature data. It is confirmed that the thermal storage behaviors are significantly influenced by the mushy zone constant and gravitational acceleration. PCM liquid fraction is essentially increased as decreased in mushy zone constant and increased in gravitational acceleration, with maximum discrepancies are reached 88%. However, very limited impacts are conducted on the thermal release process with maximum PCM liquid fraction discrepancy only 2%. Furthermore, the proposed equations regarding how to calculate the value of mushy zone constant are also outlined and commented. Therefore, proper examination and verification for mushy zone constant is very important and necessary before solid–liquid phase-change thermal storage process is accurately simulated by enthalpy-porosity model.

Turbulence Structure in a Stratocumulus Cloud

The growth of computing power combined with advances in modeling methods can yield high-fidelity simulations establishing numerical simulation as a key tool for discovery in the atmospheric sciences. A fine-scale large-eddy simulation (LES) utilizing 1.25 m grid resolution and 5.12 × 5.12 km 2 horizontal domain is used to investigate the turbulence and liquid water structure in a stratocumulus cloud. The simulations capture the observed cloud morphology, including elongated regions of low liquid water path, cloud holes, and pockets of clear air within the cloud. The cloud can be partitioned into two broad layers with respect to the maximum mean liquid. The lower layer resembles convective turbulent structure with classical inertial range scaling of the velocity and scalar energy spectra. The top and shallower layer is directly influenced by the cloud top radiative cooling and the entrainment process. Near the cloud top, the liquid water spectra become shallower and transition to a k − 1 power law for scales smaller than about 1 km .

Upgrading of Scenedesmus obliquus oil to high-quality liquid-phase biofuel by nickel-impregnated biochar catalyst

This work investigated the optimization of process parameters in the upgrading of the oil extracted from Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae using a novel nickel-impregnated biochar catalyst. The effects of temperature, dodecane-to-oil mass ratio and pressure on the upgraded liquid-phase biofuel yield were evaluated and optimized by central composite design of the response surface methodology (RSM). The model equation generated from RSM showed that dodecane-to-oil mass ratio and pressure, as well as the quadratic effects of all the three factors, were significant model terms in predicting the yield of upgraded liquid-phase biofuel. Maximum liquid biofuel yield was attained at 246.89 °C, 3.72 (w/w) dodecane-to-oil mass ratio, 3.84 MPa hydrogen pressure and 6 h processing time. Validation runs resulted in an upgraded biofuel yield of 69.4%, which was in close agreement with predicted values generated by RSM. The upgraded biofuel comprised of 100% green liquid hydrocarbons containing 94% alkanes and 6% alkenes. Its main fuel properties, such as heating value (43.78 MJ kg−1), elemental composition, density, and viscosity, exceeded those of the fatty acid methyl ester standard and were found comparable to those of petroleum diesel. More importantly, the results of the ultimate analysis and confirmed by the findings from Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy analyses, showed significantly low oxygen and nitrogen content and absence of sulfur in the upgraded biofuel.

Primary breakup dynamics and spray characteristics of a rotary atomizer with radial-axial discharge channels

An experimental investigation of primary breakup dynamics and spray characteristics of a rotary atomizer with high aspect ratio radial-axial discharge channel is described. A high-resolution shadow imaging technique with pulsed backlight illumination was used for spray visualization. For the rotary atomizer with high aspect ratio discharge channel and radial-axial orientation, visualization showed the occurrence of Centripetal–Coriolis-induced stream-mode injection for all operating conditions. In this mode of injection, a crescent liquid film forms in the channel exit and issues from the orifice as a liquid column or a thin liquid sheet depending on atomizer operating conditions. It was found that the liquid Weber number value determines the state of the injected liquid stream (column or sheet) during the breakup process. The breakup process was studied with the variation of rotational speed and liquid volume flow rate. A morphological classification of the different modes of breakup is obtained from the flow visualizations. Four breakup modes have been observed for the present range of test parameters. These include Rayleigh, bag, stretched ligament, and shear breakup modes. These modes are separated by transitional regimes. The results suggest qualitative similarities between the primary breakup of the present rotary atomizer with a non-turbulent liquid jet and a fan like liquid sheet under a gas cross flow. The maximum liquid stream penetration height was measured for some operating conditions. It is concluded that this parameter is depend on the momentum flux ratio and liquid Weber number. To further evaluate features of the spray, the droplet size measurements have been conducted using the PDIA technique. The results indicate that there is a relatively strong correlation between the SMD values and liquid Weber number, while a properly non-dimensionalized droplet size is well correlated with the momentum flux ratio and Rossby number.

Influence of Zinc Sulfide Wetting in Surfactants Presence on Leaching Parameters

This paper is describing an investigation of surfactants influence on zinc sulfide wetting by non-polar liquids and sphalerite concentrates pressure leaching parameters. Zinc sulfide preferential wettability by oil was tested in presence anionic surfactants with different chemical structures. Interfacial tension was determinated by the maximum liquid drop volume method. It allows to determine surfactant potential effectivity on pressure leaching of sphalerite concentrate. It is found that SDBS decreases zinc sulfide wettability by non-polar liquids in a greater degree than SDS and Ls. Combined addition of Ls and SDBS allowed to receive residues with optimal coarseness, eliminate pellet formation and increase zinc extraction.

Hydrodynamics and mathematical modelling in a low HRT inverse fluidized-bed reactor for biological sulphate reduction.

Biological reduction of sulphate at low hydraulic retention time (HRT) is presented in this paper. A sulphidogenic inverse fluidized-bed bioreactor (IFBB) was operated successfully at a progressively decreasing HRT from 1 to 0.125days for a total of 155days. Synthetic wastewater containing sulphate at a concentration of 745 (± 17)mg/L was used. COD was supplied as lactate in variable concentrations at COD/SO42- ratios of 1.2-2.4. The pH of the feed ranged between 5.2 and 6.2. The highest measured removal rates were 2646 and 4866mg SO42-/Lday at an HRT of 0.25 and 0.125days, respectively, using a COD/SO42- ratio of 2.3. The biological sulphate reduction was limited by the influent COD concentrations at a COD/SO42- ratio < 2.3. The IFBB ensured biomass retention at a maximum liquid residence time of θ = 3.84 (± 0.013), according to the residence time distribution analysis. Hydrodynamic studies were carried out at recirculation rates of 0, 200, 300, 350, 400, and 500L/h to measure the relative bed expansion, the mixing pattern, and the fluidization characteristics of the reactor. A dynamic model is also developed based on COD and sulphate as the two limiting substrates in a Monod-type kinetic equation describing the kinetics of lactate oxidation by SRB. A set of the following parameters [Formula: see text] = 0.23mg COD of VSS/mg lactate, µmax = 1.758day- 1, KCOD = 956mg COD of lactate/L, [Formula: see text] = 316mg SO42-/L, kd = 0.024day- 1, tres = 5.7days, and kexchange = 0.4day- 1 simulated adequately the residual effluent COD and sulphate concentrations, the produced sulphide concentration as well as the pH of the IFBB effluent. Low HRT values, shown efficient in this study, are prerequisite for industrial applicability and economic feasibility of the sulphur reduction process. In addition, the developed model can be used for optimum experimental design and further process upscale and development.

Extraction of bio-oil during pyrolysis of locally sourced palm kernel shells: Effect of process parameters

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of particle size, pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the pyrolysis of locally sourced palm kernel shells and to characterize the bio-oil products. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at pyrolysis temperatures between 350 °C and 550 °C and particles sizes of 1.18 mm, 2.36 mm and 5 mm for a residence time not greater than 120 min. The maximum bio-oil yield was 38.67 wt% at 450 °C for a feed particle size of 1.18 mm with a residence time of 95 min. It was observed that the percentage of liquid collection was 28% of the total biomass feed for particle size of 1.18 mm. In terms of the effect of temperature, the lowest bio-oil yield was 28% of the total biomass feed at temperature of 550 °C. For the variation in residence time and the associated effects, the maximum liquid product was 38.67 wt% of biomass feed, at a particle size of 1.18 mm for 95 min. As observed, the optimum residence time was 95 min as times either side led to a decrease in the liquid yield. The bio-oil products were analysed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The FTIR analysis showed that the bio-oil was dominated by phenol and its derivatives. The phenol (38.44%), 2-methoxy-phenol (17.34%) and 2, 6-dimethoxy phenol (8.65%) that were identified by GC-MS analyses are highly suitable for extraction from bio-oil as value-added chemicals. The highly oxygenated oils can therefore be upgraded in order to be used in other applications such as transportation fuels.

Microresonator-on-Membrane for Real-Time Mass Sensing in Liquid Phase

Microresonator-on-membrane (MRoM) is presented in this article as a new approach to address the performance deterioration of microscale resonators in contact with a liquid media. An MRoM is composed of a rectangular piezoelectric-on-substrate resonator formed on top of an isolating membrane, which can operate in its length and width extensional (LE and WE) resonance modes. In the proposed scheme, the solution under a test is added into a microcavity on the back side of the MRoM chip. In this manner, the contact surface of the resonator to liquid is minimized to reduce mechanical losses caused by viscous damping, leading to a higher resonator quality factor ( Q ). Simultaneously, isolation caused by the membrane eliminates electrical interference of ionic solutions on a resonator performance. Despite enabling such advantages, the membrane underneath the resonator causes further anchoring losses, which reduces the Q s of MRoMs operating in air. To minimize such losses, in-plane primary and secondary circular acoustic reflectors are located around the resonator leading to higher Q s. Consequently, the MRoMs with secondary reflectors exhibit the Q s as high as 3500 for operation at both LE and WE resonance modes of 39 and 83MHz, respectively, when operating in air, showing adequate suppression of anchoring loss caused by the presence of the membrane. Also, maximum liquid phase Q s up to 410 are achieved for the MRoMs, which operate in the WE mode. As mass sensors, the MRoMs demonstrate mass sensitivity of 12 Hz.cm2ng while operating at the same mode.

Study on the Catalytic Effect of Nitric Acid Activated Myanmar Natural Clay for the Degradation of Plastic Wastes

In this study, the performance of different acid treated Myanmar Natural Clay (Mabisian) was conducted the pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes, 40% high density polyethylene, 30% polypropylene, 25% low density polyethylene and 5% polystyrene. Mabisian clay was refluxed with different concentration of nitric acid (2M, 4M, 6M, 8M, 10M, 12M and 14M) at 100ºC for 3hrs followed by calcination at 500ºC for 1hr. The physico-chemical characteristics of resulted leached clay were studied by X-Ray Fluoresence spectroscopy (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The pyrolytic oil was characterized by Gas Chromatography – mass spectopy (GC-MS). XRF and FTIR studies indicated that acid treatment under reflux condition lead to the removal of octahedral Al3+ cations along with other impurities. The chemical treatment increased the Si/Al ratio. The maximum liquid yield (75%) was obtained at 12 M nitric acid, 3hr reaction time and 100 º C reaction temperatures. In addition, the percent peak area of gasoline range hydrocarbon was obtained 55.6% at optimum condition. Thus, the treated clay can be used as promising as catalyst support.

Study on the Catalytic Effect of Nitric Acid Activated Myanmar Natural Clay for the Degradation of Plastic Wastes

In this study, the performance of different acid treated Myanmar Natural Clay (Mabisian) was conducted the pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes, 40% high density polyethylene, 30% polypropylene, 25% low density polyethylene and 5% polystyrene. Mabisian clay was refluxed with different concentration of nitric acid (2M, 4M, 6M, 8M, 10M, 12M and 14M) at 100ºC for 3hrs followed by calcination at 500ºC for 1hr. The physico-chemical characteristics of resulted leached clay were studied by X-Ray Fluoresence spectroscopy (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The pyrolytic oil was characterized by Gas Chromatography – mass spectopy (GC-MS). XRF and FTIR studies indicated that acid treatment under reflux condition lead to the removal of octahedral Al3+ cations along with other impurities. The chemical treatment increased the Si/Al ratio. The maximum liquid yield (75%) was obtained at 12 M nitric acid, 3hr reaction time and 100 º C reaction temperatures. In addition, the percent peak area of gasoline range hydrocarbon was obtained 55.6% at optimum condition. Thus, the treated clay can be used as promising as catalyst support.

Co-pyrolysis of waste polypropylene and rice bran wax‒ production of biofuel and its characterization

The present study aims to investigate the interaction during co-pyrolysis of Polypropylene (PP) and Rice bran wax (RBW). Initial characterization of feedstock was found to be suitable to carry out further experimental sets. Further, the pyrolysis experiments of PP, RBW and different blends (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1) were carried out in a semi-batch reactor. As per TGA analysis the temperature range between 400 °C and 650 °C at a constant heating rate of 25 °C/min was determined. The maximum liquid yield of PP, RBW was approximately 76%, 86% at the temperature of 500 °C and 600 °C respectively. Whereas maximum liquid yield from co‒pyrolysis was obtained at 1:3 blend i.e. 81% at 550 °C.GC‒MS results inferred the highest percentage of hydrocarbon whereas 1:3 blends has lower oxygen containing groups than RBW in liquid products. FTIR data of all blends indicates higher range of alkyl and aromatic compounds. H1 NMR results also confirmed the higher compounds into aliphatic region than aromatics or heteroaromatics groups. Further, most of the fuel properties of 1:3 blend falls within the range of gasoline and diesel properties. Study was extended to know crystallization behaviour of fuel by DSC analysis from two consecutive heating and cooling cycles of −50 to 60 °C and reversed till −50 °C at 10 °C min −1. Two peaks at −24 °C and 26 °C were observed during heating cycle whereas single peak at 23 °C during cooling cycle. 1:3 blend residual char characterization was also included in the work. Unfortunately, the SEM and BET results inferred that the char was not highly porous.

Pyrolysis of rapeseed oil cake in a fixed bed reactor to produce bio-oil

With increasing environmental issues, production of bio-fuel represents a viable source of renewable energy and constitutes an alternative for the replacement of fossil fuel and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, the effect of particle size, pyrolysis temperature, carrier gas flow rate (N2) was analyzed for obtaining of bio-oil from pyrolysis process of rapeseed oil cake. Optimum parameters obtained for the maximum liquid quantity and bio-oil yield (≈49.8% and 38.7%, respectively) were particle size range ≤0.5 mm, 500°C and 100 mL/min (N2) carrier gas flow rate. The calorific value of bio-oil was of 36.25 MJ/kg and the characterization of bio-oil was performed by FTIR, GC–MS and NMR and this demonstrates that can be a viable alternative fuel for public transport and agriculture sectors.

Production of Bio-oil through Fast Pyrolysis of Baobab Waste Shells

The increasing demand for transportation fuel, due to increased urbanization, is now compounded by depleting and unstable crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the volatile market and the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the usage of biomass as a potential energy source. Of particular interest are biomass waste and baobab shells present an interesting option. The objective of this study is to produce bio oil by a fast pyrolysis process from baobab shells. The effect of reaction temperature, biomass particle size and fluidizing gas flow rate on the liquid product yield are investigated. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 36.6% at 500 OC at a N2 gas flowrate of 11.6 l/min and a particle size of less than 0.5 mm.

Production of Bio-oil through Fast Pyrolysis of Baobab Waste Shells

The increasing demand for transportation fuel, due to increased urbanization, is now compounded by depleting and unstable crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the volatile market and the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the usage of biomass as a potential energy source. Of particular interest are biomass waste and baobab shells present an interesting option. The objective of this study is to produce bio oil by a fast pyrolysis process from baobab shells. The effect of reaction temperature, biomass particle size and fluidizing gas flow rate on the liquid product yield are investigated. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 36.6% at 500 OC at a N2 gas flowrate of 11.6 l/min and a particle size of less than 0.5 mm.

Kinetic analysis of hydrocarbon generation based on saline lacustrine source rock and kerogen samples in the western Qaidam Basin, China

Tertiary carbonate rocks from the Qaidam Basin in China are typical plateau saline lacustrine source rocks. Despite the fact that this set of source rocks has a relatively low abundance of organic matter (major frequency of total organic carbon, 0.4–0.6%), the organic matter has a high hydrocarbon conversion rate and commonly forms low-maturity oil. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted on Tertiary source rock and kerogen samples from the Qaidam Basin using a kinetic experiment of hydrocarbon generation. The objectives of the study were to investigate the mechanism of hydrocarbon generation from source rock to low-maturity oil and the catalysis of kerogen pyrolysis by minerals. The results showed that both the source rock and kerogen samples reached a maximum liquid hydrocarbon yield during the low-maturity stage. Eighty percent of the hydrocarbons were expulsed before the Easy Ro reached 0.8%. Special algal parent materials in the saline lacustrine basin could be the primary cause that leads to generating low-maturity oil. Compared to the kerogen samples, the source rock was more prone to hydrocarbon generation via pyrolysis. The latter had a higher liquid hydrocarbon yield per unit organic matter and a lower activation energy; thus, it entered the hydrocarbon generation threshold earlier. The key factor for the aforementioned differences might be catalysis by minerals (particularly carbonate minerals) and the presence of soluble organic matter in the source rocks.

Continuous catalytic pyrolysis of oily sludge using U-shape reactor for producing saturates-enriched light oil

Continuous catalytic pyrolysis of oily sludge was carried out in a special U-shape reactor for producing saturates-enriched light oil. The sludge underwent thermal pyrolysis first and then catalytic pyrolysis. During the thermal pyrolysis, chain hydrocarbons were first cracked and further polymerized into aromatics. The effect of temperatures (400–800 °C) on the products was investigated and the maximum liquid yield (67.7%) was obtained at 500 °C. High temperature promoted polymerization, thus the distribution of aromatics in the liquid product was increased and was more concentrated in polyaromatics at 800 °C. In the catalytic upgrading stage, dolomite was used as catalyst and aromatics were adsorbed on it, either aggregated or decomposed. As a result, a light oil product with 57.0% saturates was obtained at the residence time of 8.9 s due to the conversion of aromatics and heavy hydrocarbons into light aliphatic hydrocarbons such as straight chain hydrocarbons. Compared with the oil phase in the raw sludge sample, the content of saturates was increased by 45.0% and that of the asphaltenes was reduced by 88.5%. Meanwhile, the inherent moisture in the oily sludge could participate in the steam reforming reaction, promoting the decomposition of aromatics and leading to an increase in the H2 generation. Moreover, the release of H2S was reduced from 0.132 to 0.005 mol per kg sludge and the sulfur content of the oil product was also decreased in the presence of dolomite. The deactivation of dolomite can be attributed to the carbonization of CaO and deposition of polyaromatic coke on the catalyst surface.

Production of benzene/toluene/ethyl benzene/xylene (BTEX) via multiphase catalytic pyrolysis of hazardous waste polyethylene using low cost fly ash synthesized natural catalyst

The valuable aromatics benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) were effectively produced from waste polyethylene (PE) using fly ash synthesized catalyst. The BTEX yield was enhanced significantly using multiphase catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene. Low cost natural catalyst was synthesized from fly ash (FA) in 5 different synthesized form i.e., fly ash in natural form (FAN), fly ash calcined at 600 °C (FA-600), 700 °C (FA-700), 800 °C (FA-800) and 900 °C (FA-900). The thermal and catalytic pyrolysis both were conducted in a specially designed semi-batch reactor at the temperature range of 500–800 °C. Catalytic pyrolysis were performed in two different phases within the reactor batch by batch systematically, keeping the catalyst in a liquid phase (A-Type) and liquid and vapor phase/multiphase (B-Type), respectively. The maximum liquid yield of 78.20 wt% was obtained at a temperature of 700 °C using FA-800 catalyst in A-type arrangement. Total aromatics (BTEX) of 10.92 wt% was obtained for thermal pyrolysis at a temperature of 700 °C. In contrary, the aromatic (BTEX) contents were significantly increased for the catalytic pyrolysis in both reactor arrangement A and B types, nearly doubled from 10.92 wt% (thermal pyrolysis) to 21.34 wt% for A-type and 22.12 wt% for B type/multiphase. The pyrolysis oil was characterized using GC-FID, carbon residue test and other fuel testing methods to evaluate the suitability of its end use and aromatic content.