Maximum Percentage Inhibition Research Articles

Evaluation of botanicals against growth of Rhizoctonia solani under in vitro condition

Rhizoctonia solaniis a multiphagous widely distributed plant pathogen. Web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani causes huge yield loses in urdbean (Vigna mungo). All the commercially grown varieties are susceptible. Being a typical soil borne fungus, its management through chemicals is expensive and not feasible, because of the physiological heterogeneity of the soil and other edaphic factors etc. Integrated approaches of the disease management are paying more attentiveness in terms of sustainability. The study was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (M.P) during 2018-19. It was carried out to know the efficacy of different botanicals on the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani under in vitro condition. From the present study it could be concluded that all eight tested phytoextracts evaluated for their efficacy inhibiting R. solaniat different concentration of 10% and 20% under in vitro conditions using poisoned food technique significantly inhibited the growth of R. solani. The maximum percent inhibition in growth was recorded by onion and garlic bulb extracts.

Pyromellitic dianhydride crosslinked soluble cyclodextrin polymers: Synthesis, lopinavir release from sub-micron sized particles and anti-HIV-1 activity.

We report the synthesis of water soluble cyclodextrin (CD) polymers prepared by crosslinking pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) with two CD derivatives (methyl-β-CD - MβCD and (2-hydroxy)propyl-β-CD - HPβCD) and their evaluation as functional sub-micron sized carriers in the development of antiretroviral drug delivery systems. Using the protease inhibitor lopinavir (LPV) as model drug, LPV loaded CD polymers (pHPβCD and pMβCD) were prepared and fully characterized. The physicochemical characterization and in vitro drug release confirmed the successful synthesis of pHPβCD and pMβCD, the formation of sub-micron sized particles and a 12-14 fold increase in LPV solubility. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that both pHPβCD and pMβCD were able to improve the safety profile of LPV while the viral infectivity assay revealed a concentration independent anti-HIV-1 effect for both pHPβCD and pMβCD with a maximum percentage inhibition (MPI) of 79 and 91% respectively. After LPV loading, the antiviral profile of pHPβCD was reversed to the sigmoidal dose-response profile of LPV, while pMβCD maintained its dose-independent profile followed by a LPV mediated increase in viral inhibition. Overall, both pHPβCD and pMβCD demonstrated anti-HIV-1 activity, while drug loaded pMβCD indicated its potential as functional sub-micron sized drug delivery polymers for achieving synergistic anti-HIV activity.

Synergistic effect of iodide ions and bark resin of Schinus molle for the corrosion inhibition of API5L X70 pipeline steel in H2SO4

AbstractThe synergistic effect of bark resin of Schinus molle (BRSM) and iodide ions in 0.5 M sulfuric acid has been studied for the first time by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements; also, the surface morphology has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic analysis in the present work. The results show that the BRSM and iodide ions have an evident synergistic inhibition effect in a 0.5‐M sulfuric acid solution. The adsorption of the BRSM/iodide ion system follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and acts as a mixed‐type inhibitor in sulfuric acid. The BRSM/iodide ion system is an effective inhibitor for API5L X70 pipeline steel in the 0.5‐M sulfuric acid solution. The maximum percentage inhibition efficiency is equal to 99% at 1 g/L BRSM + 2 mM KI.

Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of a Medicinal Herb <i>Phyllanthus amarus</i> on the Activity of <i>α</i>-Amylase, Pepsin and Trypsin

The medical herb Phyllanthus amarus play a crucial role in indigenous medicine. Therapeutically, these plants’ extract acts as potential players that inhibits several digestive enzymes that are relevant to the management of Peptic ulcers and Diabetes Mellitus, which occur due to the overproduction of such enzymes. Evaluation of inhibitory effect of this extract was carried out against Pepsin, α-amylase, Trypsin enzymes along with the effect of thermal stability and ammonium sulphate precipitation on these inhibitory assays. P. amarus leave’s extract with different concentration gradients were used in this research analysis. Results obtained along with the literature analysis revealed photochemical compounds such as polyphenols causes inhibitory nature in the extract. Maximal percentage of inhibition of amylase, pepsin and trypsin were found to be 71% (0.32 mg/ml), 85% (0.08 mg/ml) and 87% (1.28 mg/ml) respectively. In thermal stability assay the maximum percentage of inhibition for amylase, pepsin and trypsin was observed at 30% (80°C), 68% (4°C) and 5% (37°C). Enzymes inhibitory assays on ammonium sulphate precipitation elicited maximum percentage of inhibition for amylase, pepsin and trypsin as 42% (at 45% of (NH4)2SO4), 58% (at 15% of (NH4)2SO4) and 40% (at 30% of (NH4)2SO4) respectively. This research concluded that Phyllanthus amarus leave extracts are potential inhibitors of α-amylase, pepsin and trypsin enzymes. Ammonium sulphate precipitation was helpful to purify the polyphenols the active compounds to a good extend. Also, thermal stability was helpful to check the stability of these active photochemical compounds present in the extract. Thus, P. amarus is an effective inhibitor to be used as supplements in the disease management.

Systematics Evaluations of Morphological Traits, Chemical Composition, and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Varieties of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Elettaria cardamomum is cultivated in the Southern part of India showed great extinct of differences in their morphotypes and chemical compositions. In the present study, we have selected three varieties of Elettaria cardamomum “Valley Green, Palakuzhi, and ICRI”, to analyze the morphological perturbations, chemical compositions, and antimicrobial activities. The differences in the morphological character of cardamom varieties (Valley Green, Palakuzhi, and ICRI) were carried out on the basis of panicles, capsules shape, plant height, tiller, and seeds per capsule. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils resulted in the identification of 27, 29, 30 compounds representing over 97.4%, 95.2%, and 98.8% of the Valley Green (VG), Palakuzhi (PAL), and ICRI fruit oils respectively. Monoterpene, α-terpinyl acetate varied from 35.4 to 47.5%, a major constituent while 1,8-cineole (22.8% to 27.4%) observed the second major compounds revealed in oils of these cultivars. Further, the antimicrobial activities of each essential oils were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The maximum inhibition percentage against the microbes was observed in Valley Green essential oil as compared to oils of other varieties.

Glycoxidative profile of cancer patient serum: A clinical result to associate glycation to cancer.

The influence of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the biological processes contribute to the life-changing complications such as progression of cancer, diabetes and other chronic disorders. The receptor of AGEs while interacting with its ligands causes a never-ending irregularity in the cell-signaling communication. Hence, AGEs are considered as an important link between progression and contribution to cancer. This study focuses on the presence and/or absence of oxidative and glycative stress in the serum samples of various cancer patients. During analysis of the early and intermediate glycation product in cancer patient's sera, our result indicates an increasing trend of both the adducts as compared to normal healthy subjects. Similarly, one of the AGEs i.e., carboxymethyllysine was found to be enhanced in cancer sera as compared to NHS. The binding characteristics of circulating auto-antibodies in cancer patient's sera against human serum albumin (HSA)-AGEs were assessed through ELISA and furthermore, the maximum percent inhibition against HSA-AGEs was observed as 57-63%, 46-62% and 42-64% in prostate cancer, lung cancer and head and neck cancer. Hence, our result successfully assisted the presence of AGEs in all the cancer patient's sera though it is not clear which specific cancer is more potent to AGEs.

Spectrophotometric determination of sun protective factor (SPF) and antioxidant potential of different solvent extracts of graptophyllum pictum

Natural substances extracted from plants have been gaining attraction as protective agents due to their safety and responsible for multiple biological effects on skins. The present study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), and antioxidant potential of different solvent extracts of Graptophyllum pictum leaves. The dried powdered leaves were extracted by the cold maceration method, using three different solvents, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and water. The extracted leaves was tested for antioxidant activity using of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). Total phenolic content was determined using the Follin-Ciocalteu and for total flavonoid content with used the aluminium chloride. The SPF of all extracts were analyzed by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The total phenolic content is the highest in methanol extract (377.61±0.31 µg/ml), and total flavonoid content is the highest in ethanol extract (158.06 ± 0.18 µg/ml). For DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ethanolic extract showed the maximum percentage of inhibition, and for SPF, methanol extract had displayed the highest. The study recommends that methanol is a good solvent for the extraction of sun-protective constituents from G. pictum.

Millet phenolics as natural antioxidants in food model systems and human LDL/VLDL cholesterol <em>in vitro</em>

Dehulled grain flour of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and phenolic extracts of millet hulls were evaluated for ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in several food model systems, namely cooked comminuted pork and fish, roasted peanut butter and gingelly oil. Food samples were kept for 14 days with added millet hull extracts and dehulled grain flours. The percentage inhibition of production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during storage was determined. Inhibitory activities of phenolic extracts of finger millet dehulled grain and finger millet foods, namely, Rotti, Pittu, Halapa, Thalapa and porridge, against human very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were determined by measuring the production level of conjugated dienes (CD) in vitro. Finger millet had higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities compared to the respective proso and foxtail millet samples. Finger millet hull extracts exhibited the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation in food model systems. The maximum percentage inhibition of TBARS in pork, fish, and peanut with added finger millet hull extracts were observed at days 3, 7, 5, and 14, respectively. The percentage inihibition of TBARS in cooked pork and fish with added millet hull extracts ranged from 4.4 to 12.8% and 63 to 77%, respectively at the end of the second week. Millet grains and desolventized millet phenolic extracts can act as natural sources of antioxidants at different degrees in pork, fish, peanut and gingelly oil to prevent lipid oxidation during storage.

Anticancer activity of plant leaves extract collected from a tribal region of India.

The goal of this research was to explore the preliminary anticancer properties of five plants namely Calotropis procera, Moringa oleifera, Millettia pinnata, Basela alba and Euphorbia neriifolia available in Jharkhand which is used for the medicinal purpose by local tribes. In the present study, plant leaves from five species were collected, dried and extracted with solvents of increasing polarity, followed by assessment of their cytotoxicity in A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells. In the antimicrobial assay, the methanol extract of the M. pinnata leaves exhibited comparatively higher zone of inhibition of 0.7 ± 0.20cm against a Salmonella typhi culture than the other extracts. M. pinnata leaves extract also displayed the maximum percentage inhibition in the DPPH, 83.97 ± 0.01 FRAP, 193.14 ± 3.01mM assays. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the chloroform (37.45 ± 1.04) and ethyl acetate extracts (34.20 ± 0.81) of M. pinnata against A549 cells was found relatively higher with respect to another extract. In contrast, a study with the L132 normal epithelial lung cell line revealed less toxicity from the chloroform extract (0.33 ± 0.19) compared to the ethyl acetate extract (6.65 ± 0.59). Based on these findings, phytochemical investigation on chloroform and ethyl acetate extract of M. pinnata was performed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealing the presence of β-sitosterol, lanceolatin B, karanjin, and stigmasterol. Congruently, a complete phytochemical and cytotoxic investigation of the M. pinnata extract constituents might infer the potency of this extract/s as anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Electrochemical Properties of a New Green Corrosion Inhibitor Derived from Prosopis farcta for St37 Steel in 1 M Hydrochloric Acid

This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Prosopis farcta extract on the electrochemical properties and corrosion of St37 steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid medium. The investigation showed that Prosopis farcta extract contains a mixture of oily compounds, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which give it notable corrosion inhibition ability. The results of Tafel polarization, electrochemical impedance, and weight loss tests were consistent in confirming the corrosion inhibition effect of this extract. The maximum percentage inhibition achieved in the Tafel test, EIS test, and weight loss test was 91%, 94%, and 82% respectively. Experiments showed that Prosopis farcta extract classifies as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition effect of this extract is the product of the adsorption of its molecules in the electrolyte–metal interface, and this adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption activation energy of Prosopis farcta extract for St37 steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid was calculated to $$- 10.945{\text{kJ}}/{\text{mol}}$$ , which shows the spontaneity of this adsorption in this system.

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, superb essential oil and its major components on peptic ulcers: in vivo combined in silico studies.

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague is used for treating gastrointestinal disorders. Several studies indicated gastric antiulcer activity of T. ammi extract, yet the effect of its essential oil has not been studied on. The present study evaluates chemical composition of T. ammi essential oil and anti-peptic ulcer effect of the essential oil as well as its three major components in ethanol induced-gastric ulcers in rats. Primarily chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Rats received the essential oil (500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25mg/kg), thymol (30, 100mg/kg), para-cymene (100, 150mg/kg) and gamma-terpinene (100, 150mg/kg) using gavage tube along with ethanol 80%. Finally, dissected stomachs were assessed both macroscopically and microscopically to evaluate anti-ulcerative effect of the essential oil and the pure compounds. Moreover, molecular docking was utilized to explore the interactive behavior of the main components with active site residues of H+/K+ ATPase. Analysis of the essential oil indicated that para-cymene (37.18%), gamma-terpinene (35.36%) and thymol (20.51%) are the main components. Administration of different doses of the essential oil noticeably diminished the number of peptic ulcers in a dose-dependent manner. Among the main components, thymol was more potent than para-cymene and gamma-terpinene. Administration of the essential oil (500mg/kg) and thymol (100mg/kg) observed maximum inhibition percentage (98.58% and 79.37%, respectively). Molecular docking study provides the evidence of thymol ability to inhibit H+/K+ ATPase. The findings revealed that T. ammi essential oil can be applied to treat gastric ulcer as a natural agent. Graphical abstract.

Furan formation from ingredient interactions and furan mitigation by sugar alcohols and antioxidants of bamboo leaves in milk beverage model systems.

Furan is a potential carcinogen that can be formed in various heat-treated foods, including milk beverages. Studies on the formation and mitigation of furan in milk beverages are rare. In the present study, the effects of ingredients on furan formation and the reduction of furan by sugar alcohols and antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) were investigated in a milk beverage model system. The results obtained demonstrated that the Maillard reaction is the major pathway for furan formation in a milk beverage model system, and the type of sugar has a great influence on furan formation. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS 55) was more favorable for furan formation than sucrose. Thermal oxidation of ascorbic acid and lipids significantly enhanced furan generation. Xylitol, sorbitol and mannitol inhibited furan formation in model systems by replacing sucrose or HFCS. The maximum inhibition percentage of furan formation was observed when sucrose/HFCS was substituted completely by xylitol and the inhibition rate was 78.28% and 88.64% separately for the sucrose/HFCS-containing system. AOB significantly inhibited furan formation and the inhibition rate reached 32.13% and 28.52% separately for the sucrose/HFCS-containing system. The present study demonstrates that the use of sugar alcohols and AOB could be a feasible way of reducing furan formation in thermally processed milk beverages. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Rainforest fungal endophytes for the bio-enhancement of banana toward Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4

As a safe alternative to fungicides, 155 endophytic fungi from 20 selected plants from Mt. Apo rainforest, Davao, Philippines were tested for their activity on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (FocTR4) causing Fusarium wilt of banana. Maximum inhibition percentage of more than 75% against FocTR4 was observed using antagonistic method from FusariumCGP150, PenicilliumCGP116, TrichodermaCGP106, PestalotiopsisCGP117 and SchizophyllumCGP119. Amylase, cellulase and protease were produced by the five fungal endophytes. Only PestalotiopsisCGP117 did not produce chitinase while the rest were positive. FusariumCGP150, PestalotiopsisCGP117, PenicilliumCGP116 and SchizophyllumCGP119 showed lipase activity and only SchizophyllumCGP119 produced laccase. SchizophyllumCGP119, TrichodermaCGP106, PestalotiopsisCGP117 and PenicilliumCGP116 significantly (p = 0.05) reduced Fusarium wilt in both GCTCV 219 and Gran Naine when used as protectant. Only SchizophyllumCGP119 showed eradicative ability against FocTR4 in GCTCV 219 but ineffective in Gran Naine. SchizophyllumCGP119 was found the most promising isolate whose identity was confirmed through DNA sequencing as Schizophyllum commune.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, HPTLC FINGERPRINT PROFILE AND DPPH FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ASSAY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF MARTYNIA ANNUA LINN SEEDS

Objective: To investigate the photochemical constituents present in methanol extract of martynia annua seeds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy(GC-MS), High-Performance Thin–Layer Chromatography(HPTLC) analysis and study antioxidant activity.
 Methods: Methanol extract of Martynia annua seeds were subjected to GC-MS and HPTLC analysis. HPTLC analysis was carried out using GAMAG system with a linomate5 applicator, system mobile phase (Toluene: Chloroform: Ethanol (4:4:1 V/V/V)), two different volume of extract was applied 2 µl and 5 µl. GC-MS analysis was carried out on JEOL GC MATE ΙΙ, column HP 5 MS and Quadruple double focusing mass analyzer. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay.
 Results: GC-MS analysis provided 17 peaks indicating the presence of seventeen different phytochemicals in methanol extract of martynia annua seeds. HPTLC fingerprint showed 6 peaks at both size 2 µl and 5 µl at 254 nm whereas 4 peaks, 9 peaks were detected at 366 nm for 2 µl and 5 µl respectively. After derivatization with 10 % methanolic sulphuric acid, 8 peaks, 11 peaks were detected for 2 µl and 5 µl respectively when the derivatized plate was scanned at 540 nm. DPPH free radical scavenging result showed EC50 value of 44.1±1.1 µg/ml.
 Conclusion: The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids, ester, aldehydes and ketones whereas in HPTLC different peaks at different UV-lights before and after derivatization were observed. Maximum percentage inhibition using DPPH assay was found 74 at concentration of 50 µg/ml.

In vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Virgin Coconut oil and White Palm Kernel Oil on Candida Species-Experimental Study

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of virgin coconut oil and the white palm kernel oil on the growth of six species of the genus Candida.
 Study Design: This study is an experimental study.
 Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology of the University of Yaoundé I. Laboratory of Bacteriology, Yaoundé University teaching Hospital between April to September 2017.
 Methodology: We included six species of Candida. The method of diffusion discs in agar medium was used for Sensitivity tests and macro-dilution in liquid medium was used for dilution.
 Results: Majority of the species tested were resistant to conventional antifungals used. Candida hoemulonii was the most sensitive species to virgin coconut oil with percentages of inhibitions higher than 50 % when the concentration of oil was only 3.125 mg/mL and a maximum inhibition percentage of 90.10 % when the concentration of oil was 100 mg/mL. Candida albicans, was the least susceptible species to virgin coconut oil with a maximum inhibition percentage of 59.85 % when the concentration of oil was 100 mg/mL. Candida lipolytica was the most sensitive specie to white palm kernel oil with a maximum inhibition percentage of 90,26 % when the concentration of oil was 100 mg/mL and Candida parapsilosis was the least susceptible species to white palm kernel oil with a maximum inhibition percentage of 52,69 % at the same concentration. In addition, the white palm kernel oil which was more active (P˂0.05) than virgin coconut oil was introduced in the Sabouraud broth and the MIC and MFC obtained with Fluconazole was lower on Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis compared to activity of Fluconazole without palm kernel oil in the medium. Nystatin showed also lower MIC and MFC values on Candida parapsilosis when palm kernel oil was present in the culture medium.
 Conclusion: These results prove that these oils can be used to develop antifungals drugs.

Antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activities of Fumaria officinalis and its antidiabetic potential against alloxan induced diabetes

Fumaria officinalis belongs to family papaveraceae and is traditionally used to treat hypertension, hepatitis and diabetes. The current study was conducted to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Fumaria officinalis. Aerial parts of the plant were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on all extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition method. In vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was performed on all extracts by using dinitrosalicylic acid. Effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of F. officinalis on blood glucose was evaluated in normo-glycaemic rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Glimepiride 0.2 mg/kg was used as standard therapy in diabetic rats. Results showed that methanolic extract exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of DPPH (86.30%) and alpha-amylase inhibition (94.01%) at 500 µg/ml and 16 mg/ml concentration respectively. Administration in normo-glycaemic rats did not show any significant decrease in blood glucose level at 500 and 750 mg/kg dosage. Aqueous and methanolic extracts exhibited a significant hypoglycaemic effect (p˂0.05) at all doses. A significant increase in the body weight and an improvement in liver and kidney function tests of diabetic rats were observed. These extracts also reduced the damage to the cells of glomeruli, interstitial inflammation, necrosis of tubular cells and thrombosis in the kidney, the enlargement of sinusoids and steatosis in the liver of diabetic rats. This study concludes that F. officinalis may have antidiabetic potential possibly due to its antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIHEMOLYTIC, AND PHYOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FICUS BENJAMINA, FICUS INFECTORIA, AND FICUS KRISHNAE

Objective: The study was conducted for the evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, antihemolytic, and phytochemical activity of Ficus benjamina (FB), Ficus infectoria (FI), and Ficus krishnae (FK). 
 Methods: The antioxidant analysis of FB, FI, and FK was done by 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay. Evaluation was performed for antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus by an agar well diffusion method. Hemolytic assay was performed with red blood cell suspension for evaluating antihemolytic activity. Standard protocols were used for phytochemical activity.
 Results: In the results of DPPH antioxidant activity assay, it was found that DPPH inhibition was significantly increased with increasing amount of extract. For NO scavenging assay, ANOVA revealed that the inhibition of NO is not significantly affected with an increase in the amount of extract used. Results of antibacterial activity revealed that methanolic extract of FI shows a maximum zone of inhibition (30.5 mm) against S. aureus and aqueous extract of FK shows a maximum zone of inhibition (28 mm) against C. perfringens. The antihemolytic activity of FB, FI, and FK was performed by measuring percentage inhibition of plant extracts at different concentrations. FK has shown maximum percentage inhibition activity, i.e., 28.64 % at 60 μg/ml, whereas FB shows minimum inhibition activity, i.e. 2.7 % at 40 μg/ml. Flavonoid content was found to be 0.593 μg/ml, 0.783 μg/ml, and 1.023 μg/ml, whereas phenolic content was found to be 0.267 μg/ml, 0.298 μg/ml, and 0.355 μg/ml for FB, FI, and FK, respectively.
 Conclusion: FB, FI, and FK extracts contain various phytochemicals which confirm that these plants can be used for therapeutic use and traditional medicine. The methanolic as well as aqueous extracts of the plants have shown the potential to kill the tested microorganism (C. perfringens and S. aureus) and hence can be used as an antibiotic and potential antibacterial.

Valorization of the essential oil of Zingiber officinale by its Use as inhibitor against the corrosion of the carbon steel in acid medium hydrochloric acid 1M

In this work, we are interested in the study of the protection of ordinary steel in acid medium (HCl) 1M by adding Zingiber officinale EO rhizomes essential oil at different concentrations: 0.5g / L, 1g / L, 1.5g / L and 2g / L.The technique used is an electrochemical technique based on the recording of intensity-potential curves in potentio-kinetic mode. The inhibitory action exerted by the essential oil is revealed by tracing the transient curves of the impedance Z to determine in a first step the percentage of inhibition and the stationary curve in order to confirm the first result.The main results have shown that the essential oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale) can slow down or inhibit corrosion in acid medium (hydrochloric acid), steel. The maximum percentage inhibition is 96%. It should be noted that it is obtained with the concentration 1.5g / L of essential oil.

Evaluation of Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments and Genotoxicity in the Wetland Macrophyte Bidens laevis Exposed to Tebuconazole.

The fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) has been used to prevent terrestrial fungi in agroecosystems, but it can also induce negative effects to non-targeted aquatic organisms, such as plants. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the potential cyto- and genotoxicity of TBZ in the aquatic macrophyte Bidens laevis, exposed to a range of concentrations of 0.1-100µg/L. Mitosis in root tips were analyzed showing decreased mitotic index and an increase of chromosomal aberrations at 10 and 100µg/L. The regression of TBZ concentration vs. aneugenic aberrations was significant, indicating the mechanism of genotoxicity. The specific growth rate (Gr) for total length decreased in plants exposed to 0.1, 10 and 100µg/L. Gr for root decreased in plants exposed at 0.1 and 10µg/L, reaching a maximum percent inhibition root growth rate (Ir) of 68.8%. These results show that TBZ resulted cyto- and genotoxic to B. laevis at environmentally relevant levels.

ALPHA-AMYLASE AND ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CALLIANDRA HAEMATOCEPHALA AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Objective: The global burden and the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India signify the importance of its control with effective measures. Particularly, intestinal alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors reduce postprandial hyperglycemia and play a key role in preventing diabetic complications. Herbal plants also possess greater antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antihyperglycemic activities with minimal side effects. Hence, this study is done to elucidate the inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity and antidiabetic potential of Calliandra haematocephala.Methods: The leaves of C. haematocephala extracted by ethanol as a solvent were used to elucidate the blocking of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes for antidiabetic effect, and the absorbance was measured using spectrophotometry. The percentage of inhibition and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the plant and control were calculated.Results: The maximum percentage inhibition of C. haematocephala against alpha-amylase was 61% (IC50 value of 82.18 μg/ml) and alpha-glucosidase was 71% (31.07 μg/ml). The maximum percentage inhibition of acarbose against alpha-amylase was 92% (IC50 value of 42.65 μg/ml) and alpha-glucosidase was 89% (62.28 μg/ml).Conclusion: Hence, the above study proved the antidiabetic activity of C. haematocephala and its significant role in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus.