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Effect of PGRs and micronutrients on granulation disorder of citrus cv. Rangpur lime (Citrus limon)

Present study was carried out at research Farm of College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh during 2019–20 to find out effect of PGRs and micronutrients on granulation disorder of citrus cv. Rangpur lime. Results observed significant effect of PGRs and micronutrient on minimizing granulation and increasing the yield of fruits. Among all the treatments NAA @300 ppm + GA3 @15 ppm + ZnSO4 @0.5% + CuSO4 @0.5% (T6) showed maximum improvement in yield and reducing the granulation disorder in which maximum increase in number of fruits/tree (799.25 fruits/tree), fruit weight (161.48 g), yield (129.06 kg/ tree) and minimum granulation (17.80%) was recorded as compared to control (35%). Maximum viable seeds/fruit (12) were also attributes from the treatment T6 which was at par with NAA @250 ppm + GA3 @10 ppm + ZnSO4 @0.5% + CuSO4 @0.5% (T5) as compared to control (4

Temporal Trends in the Utilization and Outcomes of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty in the Pre-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) and TAVI Eras

We used a nationwide cohort to (1) compare characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) in pre-transcatheter aortic valve transplantation (TAVI) and TAVI eras, (2) examine trends in utilization and outcomes of BAV from 2005 to 2017, (3) assess the association of BAV procedural volume with hospital-based TAVI volume, and (4) understand trends and outcomes of BAV in TAVI and non-TAVI centers in the TAVI era. Pre-TAVI era included hospitalizations from 2005 to 2011, and TAVI era included hospitalizations from 2012 to 2017. In the TAVI era, hospitals were classified into quartiles based on the number of TAVI procedures performed. Trends in volume of BAV procedures from 2012 to 2017 were assessed in non-TAVI and TAVI centers (based on TAVI volume). Between 2005 and 2017, a total of 6,962 hospitalizations for BAV were identified. There were no significant differences in in-hospital mortality or stroke between pre-TAVI and TAVI eras (mortality: pre-TAVI, 8.5% vs TAVI era, 9.3%, p=0.354; stroke: pre-TAVI, 1.9% vs TAVI era, 1.3%, p=0.083). However, acute kidney injury was more prevalent in the TAVI era and blood transfusion in the pre-TAVI era. Importantly, patients who underwent BAV in the TAVI era were more likely to have a greater number of co-morbidities and to undergo nonelective procedures. From 2005 to 2017, there was 10-fold increase in utilization of BAV. In the TAVI era, the maximum increase in number of BAV procedures was seen in hospitals with highest TAVI volume. In conclusion, although BAV procedural volume increased approximately 10-fold between 2005 and 2017, with concomitant expansion of TAVI, rates of mortality and stroke have remained stable. Despite this, the rate of BAV utilization continues to increase, thereby indicating a significant opportunity to improve outcomes in this patient population.

Evaluation of Bacillus and Rhizobium Strains to Enhance the Growth of Vigna radiata (L.) under Drought Stress

In the present study, strains of Bacillus and Rhizobium were evaluated for their efficacy to produce auxin and to enhance the growth of Vigna radiata (L.) under drought stress. Colorimetric analysis indicated the production of auxin in bacterial culture supernatants in the presence of 0, 200, and 500 µg ml-1 L-tryptophan. At 500 µg ml-1 of L-tryptophan, B. subtilis Z-24, and B. simplex Z-38 produced significant levels of 41.4 and 24.8 µg ml-1 auxin, respectively. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) also detected the auxin production by bacterial strains. In vitro rooting assay also recorded maximum increase in number of lateral roots with B. simplex Z-02, over control. For pot trials, seeds treated with single and mixed bacterial cultures were grown under 28%, 20%, and 10% field capacities (FC) of loamy soils. At 28% FC (normal water level), maximum increase of 28% dry weight was observed for R. rosettiformans Z-30; as compared to respective control. At 10% FC (highest water stress), significant increases of 87% and 70% in fresh weight and root length were recorded by B. cereus Z-59 and B. simplex Z-37, respectively. In case of mixed culture, C-3 (Z-38, Z-20, and Z- 30) and C-2 (Z-59, Z-20, and Z-23) were the most effective to enhance up to 68% dry weight and 13% shoot length of plants under drought stress (10% FC). Results showed that Bacillus and Rhizobium strains have the potential to produce auxin and improved the growth of mung beans under drought stressed conditions.

DISTRIBUTION AND QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF MAST CELLS IN GUINEA PIGS LUNG IN OVALBUMIN-INDUCED ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION

Background. One of the most important cells in local immunity in lung are mast cells. They are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses to inhaled allergens. The question of distribution of these both cell types in guinea pig lung in case of experimental allergic inflammation in most aspects remains open. Objective. The aim of this research is to study the distribution and quantitative changes of mast cells in lung of guinea pigs in ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation. Methods. the lungs of 48 male guinea pigs have been studied using histological, morphometric and statistical methods in cases of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation. The total number of mucosa related must cells and perivascular mast cells in guinea pig lungs were counted. Results. It has been established that mucosa related mast cells are normally more abundant in guinea pigs lung than perivascular ones. Maximum increase in a number of mucosa related mast cells was revealed in the early period of allergic inflammation, as evidenced by maximum increase coefficient of 1.4 in the 1st experimental group, compare to the control (P*/**<0.05). However, maximum increase in number of perivascular mast cells in 5 times was found during the late period of allergic inflammation in the 4th experimental group (P*/**<0.05). Conclusion. Experimental sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin leads to statistically significant increase in average number of both types of mast cells but predominantly the latter ones. It has been proved that cells dynamics is multidirectional.

Vestibular Compensation after Vestibular Dysfunction Induced by Arsanilic Acid in Mice.

When vestibular function is lost, vestibular compensation works for the reacquisition of body balance. For the study of vestibular dysfunction and vestibular compensation, surgical or chemical labyrinthectomy has been performed in various animal species. In the present study, we performed chemical labyrinthectomy using arsanilic acid in mice and investigated the time course of vestibular compensation through behavioral observations and histological studies. The surgical procedures required only paracentesis and storage of 50 µL of p-arsanilic acid sodium salt solution in the tympanic cavity for 5 min. From behavioral observations, vestibular functions were worst at 2 days and recovered by 7 days after surgery. Spontaneous nystagmus appeared at 1 day after surgery with arsanilic acid and disappeared by 2 days. Histological studies revealed specific damage to the vestibular endorgans. In the ipsilateral spinal vestibular nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, and the contralateral prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, a substantial number of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells appeared by 1 day after surgery with arsanilic acid, with a maximum increase in number by 2 days and complete disappearance by 7 days. Taken together, these findings indicate that chemical labyrinthectomy with arsanilic acid and the subsequent observation of vestibular compensation is a useful strategy for elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vestibular pathophysiologies.

Growth traits, physiological parameters and hormonal status of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sprayed with garlic cloves extract

ABSTRACTGarlic extract has been established to enhance the growth and yield of some plant crops, but little is known about its content of phytohormones. A field study was carried out, in two growing seasons, to evaluate the performance of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. ‘Paulista’ in terms of growth traits, biochemical parameters, hormonal status and yield characteristics in response to two-time foliar spray at 30 and 45 days after sowing with three concentrations (1:40, 1:20 and 1:10) of garlic cloves extract (GCE). The experiment was designed in completely randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement with three replicates. The hormonal analysis indicated that GCE contains high levels of various phytohormones particularly salicylates, auxins, and gibberellins. Plant height, leaf area, leaves number, plant weight, flowers number and leaf and pod chemical compositions were significantly enhanced in response to GCE. The high dose of GCE caused the maximum increase in number of pods, pod fresh weight as well as the total pod yield. This stimulating effect of GCE may be due not only to its nutritional factors but also to its richness of phytohormones and phenolic compounds, and it can be further used as a plant growth promoter (PGP).

Halotolerant rhizobacteria: beneficial plant metabolites and growth enhancement of Triticum aestivum L. in salt-amended soils

Salt-tolerant strains of Enterobacter asburiae, Bacillus thuringiensis, Moraxella pluranimalium and Pseudomonas stutzeri were evaluated for their ability to alleviate salt stress of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity of P. stutzeri S-80 and B. thuringiensis S-26 was 190 and 183 nmol h−1, respectively. Maximum levels of auxin were recorded with P. stutzeri S-80 (107 µg ml−1) and E. asburiae S-24 (143 µg ml−1) under normal and salt-stressed conditions (0.25M NaCl), respectively, with 500 µg ml−1 L-tryptophan. Auxin response mediated by rhizobacteria was also demonstrated by microscopically assaying the transgenic auxin-responsive reporter DR5::GUS expression tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. MicroTom). In pot trials, seedlings fresh and dry biomass witnessed highly significant improvements of 1- and 2.2-folds, respectively, with M. pluranimalium S-29 (at 100 mM NaCl) and E. asburiae S-24 (150 mM NaCl), over control. At final harvest, maximum increase in number of tillers (up to 94%) and seed weight (up to 40%) was recorded with E. asburiae S-24 and M. pluranimalium S-29 at 200 mM salt stress. In conclusion, newly isolated strains of M. pluranimalium S-29, E. asburiae S-24 and P. stutzeri S-80 enhanced the growth of T. aestivum by mitigating the salt stress of plants.

Effect of intercropping on plant growth, leaf area index and root development in Flemingia Semialata

The study was carried out to determine the growth behaviour and rooting pattern of Flemingia semialata at early stage with intercrops. The plant growth attributes increased significantly due to raising of vegetable crops in interspaces during kharif, rabi and zaid seasons. The maximum increase was recorded in plant height, basal girth, total and inoculable shoot length to the tune of 24.4, 20.0, 67.7 and 113.3 per cent, respectively under single row planting system of Flemingia semialata for winter lac crop with vegetable crops (Okra, Garlic and Bitter Gourd) as compared to sole single planting pattern (without intercrops). Whereas the maximum increase in number of leaves per bush and leaf area index (LAI) were 77.16 and 87.68 per cent, respectively at paired row planting for summer lac crop with vegetable crops Schedule I. The main root and rootlets length and number of rootlets per bush of the host plants increased by 13.82, 21.55 and 16.22 per cent, respectively on account of raising intercrops as compared to no intercrops (control).

Evaluating the social capital accrued in large research networks: The case of the Sustainable Forest Management Network (1995-2009)

This paper examines the social capital that evolved in the Sustainable Forest Management Network (SFMN), one of the Canadian Networks of Centres of Excellence. Our longitudinal study shows a sevenfold increase in the total number of researchers and a high density of relationships among (researchers from) provinces across the country. The results of a social network analysis revealed that 52.6 percent of the network researchers maintained the same number of collaborators while 46.7 percent increased their number of collaborators enormously: the maximum increase in number of collaborators being 6900 percent and the minimum 6 percent. A bibliometric analysis suggested that the number of publications was strongly correlated to measures of social capital. From a science and innovation policy perspective, the finding that more than half of the researchers in the SFMN did not increase their personal networks of collaborators raises important questions. A theoretical model is proposed to examine whether funding agencies should focus on fostering various network structures and evolutions or rely on competition in the distribution of research funds through networks. The proposed model is designed to measure the impact of various network structures on the development of social capital and research output.

Bounds on expansion in LZ'77-like coding

We investigate the maximum increase in number of phrases that results from changing k consecutive symbols in a string x having length n parsed using an LZ'77-like algorithm. We consider a class of compression algorithms that partition a sequence into a collection y of nonoverlapping, variable-length phrases and encode them. Each phrase either is a singleton or matches a substring that starts to its left. We show that changing a single symbol of x in position i can yield an expansion that is of order O(n-i)/sup 2/3/ as (n-i)/spl rarr//spl infin/. Our lower bound requires an alphabet size of O(n-i)/sup 1/3/. We also show that changing k consecutive symbols starting from position i can yield an expansion having a similar but somewhat more involved form. The paper contains both analytically derived upper and lower bounds, and algorithms for numerically computing tighter bounds. While deriving the bounds, we provide a detailed analysis of how expansion can arise when changing consecutive symbols. This problem is motivated by management policies for computer systems, such as the IBM Memory eXpansion Technology (MXT) or the IBM iSeries compressed disks, that use LZ'77-like coding on small compression units, such as 1-4 kbyte, and store the compressed data in memory or on disk tracks. Here, when a change of a portion of the compression unit occurs, for example, an L2 cache line, or a 512-byte disk sector, the data is recompressed and potentially stored in a different location. Knowing the maximum expansion, rather than the average expansion, is an important factor for designing policies for allocation and management of memory or disk space.

Up- and down-regulation of Helix command-specific 2 (HCS2) gene expression in the nervous system of terrestrial snail Helix lucorum

A novel gene named Helix command-specific 2 (HCS2) was shown to be expressed predominantly in four giant parietal interneurons involved in withdrawal behavior of the terrestrial snail Helix lucorum L. and several single neurons in other ganglia. Decrease in spontaneous electrophysiological activity of neurons in the isolated CNS by 24 h incubation in saline with elevated Mg 2+ concentration significantly decreased the number of HCS2-expressing neurons. Five short-term serotonin applications (each of 10 μM), during a 24 h incubation of the nervous system in saline induced expression of the HCS2 gene in many cells in cerebral, parietal, pleural and pedal ganglia. Dopamine applications under similar conditions were not effective. Application of anisomycin or cycloheximide, known to block protein synthesis, did not prevent the induction of HCS2 expression under serotonin influence. Skin injury elicited a significant increase in the number of HCS2-expressing cells 24 h later in pleural and cerebral ganglia. Incubation of the isolated nervous system preparations for three days in culture medium elicited close to a maximum increase in number of HCS2-expressing cells. Elevation of the normal Mg 2+ concentration in the culture medium significantly decreased the number of cells demonstrating HCS2 expression. Application of the cAMP activator forskolin (10 μM) increased the expression under Mg 2+, indicating that cAMP was involved in the up-regulation of HCS2. Application of thapsigargin (10 μM), known to release Ca 2+ from intracellular stores, was also effective in increasing expression, suggesting participation of Ca 2+ in regulation of HCS2 expression. Cellular groups expressing the HCS2 gene under different conditions seem to be functionally related since it was demonstrated earlier that some neurons constituting these clusters are involved in the withdrawal behavior and the response of the organism to stress stimuli. From these results we suggest that the HCS2 pattern of expression can be down-regulated by a decrease in synaptic activity in the nervous system, and up-regulated by external noxious inputs, as well as the application of neurotransmitters and second messengers known to be involved in the withdrawal behavior and maintenance of isolated ganglia in culture medium. When up-regulated, the HCS2 expression appears, at least in part in neurons, to be involved in the withdrawal behavior.

Changes in nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivities in unipolar brush cells in the rat cerebellar flocculus after unilateral labyrinthectomy

To elucidate the role of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated signaling in vestibular compensation, we examined effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) on the neuronal isoform of NO synthase (NOS) expression in the rat central vestibular system using immunohistochemical techniques. After UL, a substantial number of NOS-like immunoreactive (-LIR) neurons were observed in the granule cell layer in bilateral flocculi, and these neurons were determined to be unipolar brush cells (UB cells) by their unique morphology and location. NOS-LIR UB cells appeared by 12 h with a maximum increase in number 24 h after UL, and then gradually disappeared in accordance with the development of vestibular compensation. Continuous floccular infusion of N ω -nitro- l-arginine methyl ester ( l-NAME), an inhibitor of NOS, or 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), an inhibitor of NO, caused more severe vestibulo-ocular deficits at the initial stage after UL and slightly delayed the recovery from these symptoms. All these findings suggest that up-regulation of NO production in floccular UB cells facilitates vestibular compensation, especially at the initial stage after UL.

Diazepam attenuates the antagonism of haloperidol against apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior after subchronic but not acute treatment in rats.

Apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior was investigated in rats treated with diazepam or haloperidol and with the combination of both drugs in a one day trial or subchronically. The drugs were administered via the drinking water. Diazepam dose-dependently reduced apomorphine stereotypies after the subchronic (6 days) but not after the acute treatment. Haloperidol suppressed apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior dose-dependently after acute as well as after subchronic administration apparently without the development of tolerance. This discrepancy to other studies may be explained by the concomitant increase in maximum number of D2-receptors in the striatum. The apomorphine antagonistic effect of haloperidol was attenuated when the neuroleptic was administered subchronically in combination with the benzodiazepine. This finding was unexpected since both drugs reduced apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior when administered alone. The further increase in maximum number of D2-receptors due to combined treatment with low doses of diazepam, suggesting a sort of "over adaptation", possibly explains the haloperidol-antagonistic action of diazepam in the behavioral experiments. Binding studies on dopamine (D1), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) and benzodiazepine receptors revealed that modification of the apomorphine-induced stereotypies by the combined treatment with haloperidol and diazepam cannot be explained by interactions of the drugs at the level of the D1, 5-HT2 or benzodiazepine-receptors.

EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON THE SPONTANEOUS MOTOR ACTIVITY IN MICE

Changes in the spontaneous motor activity of mice induced by psychotropic drugs have been measured by a set of methods which were constructed for a differential observation in various aspects of behaviour. These observations consisted in a running activity measured by a revolving cage with counting device, small movements recorded by a electrical method reported by Utena and the auther, and a rating scale of motor activity as a whole.The drugs used were central stimulants (Methamphetamine, Pipradrol, Methylphenidate, Caffeine), central depressants (Chlorpromazine, Reserpine, Phenobarbital), and LSD-derivatives (LSD-25, BOL-148, LAE-32).For evaluating the stimulating effect on running activity were used the following criteria, i. e., the time course, the mean and maximum increase in number of revolution and the daily amount of revolution subsequent to the drug administration. Distinct qualitative difference in stimulating effects between the stimulants was evidenced in the time-revolution curve and in the recording of small movements, even in the doses which give the same mean increase in running activity. Methamphetamine was peculiar in its marked after-depression in spontaneous motor activity, which persisted for several days after the administration.Among the three kinds of central depressants, reserpine was much slow acting than the others. It was revealed that chlorpromazine was effective to extinguish response behaviour to external stimuli, this was demonstrated by the recordings of responsive movements.LSD-derivaties gave rise to bi-phasic effect on spontaneous motor activity, stimulating for a short duration and depressing slightly afterwards.