Maximum Roughness Height Research Articles

Functional behaviour of novel multi-layered deposition via twin wire arc additive manufacturing: Microstructure evolution and wear tailoring characteristics

Twin wire arc additive manufacturing offers advantages such as high deposition rates and the ability to use a wide variety of materials, making it suitable for large-scale metal part production with enhanced efficiency and flexibility. Functionally graded deposition (FGD) based structure of dissimilar steels (SS316LSi and ER70S-6) fabricated via twin wire arc additive manufacturing and their detailed performance analysis are accomplished in the current research work. Microstructural, mechanical, and tribological characteristics of the deposited structure were investigated and analysed. Microstructure reveals polygonal ferrite, widmanstatten ferrite, skeletal ferrite, lathy ferrite, ferrite solidification, and ferrite to austenite (F/A) transformation. FGD structure possessed a microhardness of 371 HV. Average ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation percentage were 675.98 MPa, 414.21 MPa, and 38.37 %, respectively. In wear analysis, the average coefficient of friction value of WAAM-processed FGD samples is 0.44–0.49. 3D profilometer analysis reveals that average values of roughness, maximum height of roughness, and maximum roughness valley depth are significant with increasing applied loads. The findings of the present research focus on the quality and appropriateness of dissimilar steels for structural applications and provide a novel method for creating high-strength components.

3D fractal model with experimental analysis for assessing surface topography in EDM

This work presents a novel three-dimensional fractal model designed specifically for morphological analysis of specimens made by the EDM. Within the 3D fractal framework, an algorithm is developed to estimate fractal parameters such as fractal dimension and periodic length. AISI 316 stainless steel, dielectric media, electrode materials, and powder variations were used in experimental trials to validate the 3D fractal model. Fixed pulse time ratios were used to control the EDM process. The specimen having the lowest fractal dimension, the shortest periodic length, the least amount of surface roughness, and the least amount of ten-point height was discovered to be the one machined using kerosene oil dielectric, brass electrode, graphite powder, and 1.0 pulse ratio time. On the other hand, the specimen machined using copper electrode, graphite powder, transformer oil dielectric, and 1.5 pulse ratio time produced the largest periodic length, maximum surface roughness, fractal dimension, and ten-point height. The developed 3D fractal model evaluates the EDM process well and provides insightful information on how to improve surface properties.

Parametric optimization of the machining performance of Al-SiCp composite using combination of response surface methodology and desirability function

In this study, machining parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of cut were optimized for maximum material removal rate (MMR) of Al-SiCp composite turned with a tungsten carbide tool using response surface methodology based central composite design while keeping tool wear and surface roughness within specified limits. The influence of turning factors on flank wear and surface roughness height was investigated using regression models. ANOVA analysis is used to assess the appropriateness of the projected models and the significant factors for response optimization using the desirability method. The percentage contribution of the significant machining parameters and their interactions for optimization of the response is determined using ANOVA technique. Cutting speed is found to be the most significant factor for flank wear, average roughness height Ra and maximum roughness height Rt with contribution of 65.38%, 58.7% and 37.9% respectively for optimization of the response. Confirmation tests were carried out and the percentage error between observed and predicted value of the responses is found to be within acceptable limits, demonstrating that the created models correlates well with the experimental data. Under optimal conditions, utilizing a tungsten carbide tool can prove to be a cost-effective alternative for turning Al-SiCp composite.

Parametric investigation of ultrashort pulsed laser surface texturing on aluminium alloy 7075 for hydrophobicity enhancement

Hydrophobicity plays a pivotal role in mitigating surface fouling, corrosion, and icing in critical marine and aerospace environments. By employing ultrafast laser texturing, the characteristic properties of a material’s surface can be modified. This work investigates the potential of an advanced ultrafast laser texturing manufacturing process to enhance the hydrophobicity of aluminium alloy 7075. The surface properties were characterized using goniometry, 3D profilometry, SEM, and XPS analysis. The findings from this study show that the laser process parameters play a crucial role in the manufacturing of the required surface structures. Numerical optimization with response surface optimization was conducted to maximize the contact angle on these surfaces. The maximum water contact angle achieved was 142º, with an average height roughness (Sa) of 0.87 ± 0.075 µm, maximum height roughness (Sz) of 19.4 ± 2.12 µm, and texture aspect ratio of 0.042. This sample was manufactured with the process parameters of 3W laser power, 0.08 mm hatch distance, and a 3 mm/s scan speed. This study highlights the importance of laser process parameters in the manufacturing of the required surface structures and presents a parametric modeling approach that can be used to optimize the laser process parameters to obtain a specific surface morphology and hydrophobicity.

Вплив шорсткості поверхні камери енергетичної установки на низькочас-тотні автоколивання холодного робочого газу

Dynamic processes in the combustion chamber have a significant effect on the characteristics of the working processes of solid-propellant rocket engines (LPREs). Pressure jumps and a sharp increase in the local temperature of the combustion products in non-stationary engine operation modes can lead to overrating values of operating parameters and a failure of the LPRE combustion chamber structure. The dynamic processes in the LPRE combustion chamber develop in a complex interconnection of a large number of physical and chemical processes that occur in the gas-dynamic part of the working space of the engine chamber and often lead to self-oscillating modes of engine operation. This is evidenced by numerous data on LPRE fire tests. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the effect of the LPRE chamber inner surface roughness on LPRE operating parameter low-frequency self-oscillations. The study was made using up-to-date computer simulation means and analysis. Low-frequency (up to 1,000 Hz) oscillations in an LPRE combustion chamber were studied for a power plant test chamber in cold operation with the use of two different approaches to numerical modeling of the dynamics of in-chamber processes: the development and study of a 3D model of the dynamic system of combustion chamber structure – combustion products using the finite element method and the development and study of an axisymmetric 2D model of engine chamber gas flow using the finite volume method. The study revealed a self-oscillatory flow regime caused by combustion product vorticity and acoustic feedback due to vortices colliding with the chamber components or the LPRE nozzle. It was shown that accounting for the wall roughness increased gas vorticity in the gas–solid dynamic interaction zone and the chamber gas oscillation amplitude (on the average, by a factor of 2.5 at a maximum wall roughness height of 56 ?m). The calculated gas flow pattern in the vorticity zones of the chamber and the low-frequency gas pressure oscillation parameters are in qualitative agreement with the experimental ones.

3D morphology and formation mechanism of fractures developed by true triaxial stress

As main part of underground rock mass, the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of natural fractures plays an important role in rock mass stability. Based on previous studies on 3D morphology, this study probes into the law and mechanism regarding the influence of the confining pressure constraints on 3D morphological features of natural fractures. First, fracture surfaces were obtained by true triaxial compression test and 3D laser scanning. Then 3D morphological parameters of fractures were calculated by using Grasselli’s model. The results show that the failure mode of granites developed by true triaxial stress can be categorized into tension failure and shear failure. Based on the spatial position of fractures, they can be divided into tension fracture surface, S-1 shear fracture surface, and S-2 shear fracture surface. Micro-failure of the tension fracture surface is dominated by mainly intergranular fracture; the maximum height of asperities on the fracture surface and the 3D roughness of fracture surfaces are influenced by σ 3 only and they are greater than those of shear fracture surfaces, a lower overall uniformity than tension fracture surface. S-1 shear fracture surface and S-2 shear fracture surface are dominated by intragranular and intergranular coupling fracture. The maximum height of asperities on the fracture surface and 3D roughness of fracture surface are affected by σ 1 , σ 2 , and σ 3 . With the increase of σ 2 or σ 3 , the cutting off of asperities on the fracture surface becomes more common, the maximum height of asperities and 3D roughness of fracture surface further decrease, and the overall uniformity gets further improved. The experimental results are favorable for selecting technical parameters of enhanced geothermal development and the safety of underground mine engineering.

Machining and optimization of the external diamond burnishing operation

ABSTRACT Surface characteristics are effectively improved using diamond burnishing. This study proposes and optimizes the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube-minimum quantity lubrication-based diamond burnishing (HMDB) operation to decrease the total carbon emission (CBE), air pollution (AP), and the maximum height of profile roughness (MPR). The HMDB factors are the spray distance (DA), spray angle (SA), pressure inlet (PI), and lubricant quantity (LQ). The Entropy method is employed to compute the weights of HMDB responses. The multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) is utilized to determine the best scenario. A novel manufacturing cost (MC) model is developed regarding the HMDB parameters to compute machining expenses. The observed results indicated that the optimum findings of the DA, SA, PI, and LQ were 15 mm, 45 deg., 4 Bar, and 70 ml/h, respectively, while the CBE, AP, MPR, and MC were decreased by 3.8%, 26.5%, 34.3%, and 11.6%. The optimizing technique comprising the Taguchi, Entropy, and MOORA could be named as a prominent solution to solve complicated optimization issues. The optimal data could help the machine operator to improve the HMDB performances for saving trial costs and essential efforts. The proposed hybrid cooling-lubrication system could be widely applied to different machining processes.

軸対称非球面研削における研削条件の最適化

With the recent increase in the size and image quality of optical equipment, there is a strong demand for higher precision aspherical lenses. Generally, an aspherical glass lens or its mold is formed by grinding and then finished by polishing. Since the shape accuracy deteriorates in this polishing process, it is necessary to keep the polishing amount small. Therefore, it is desirable to optimize the grinding conditions and reduce the grinding surface roughness. In this paper, to optimize the grinding conditions of axisymmetric aspherical surface, maximum height roughness of axisymmetric aspherical ground surface is analyzed theoretically utilizing the statistical grinding theory. From the view point of relationship between the grain cutting direction and workpiece feed direction, grinding can be classified into parallel grinding and cross grinding. And it is found that the parallel grinding is suited to axisymmetric aspherical grinding.

Evaluation of Relation between Friction Coefficient and Oil Film Thickness of Ground Gear

Matsumoto's equation, which determines the ratio of the friction coefficient between boundary lubrication and fluid lubrication by the ratio of the maximum height roughness and minimum oil film thickness, is often used to predict the friction coefficient on gear tooth surfaces. Recently, however, several papers using gears with highly smoothed tooth surfaces have reported discrepancies between the measured friction coefficient of tooth surface and Matsumoto's equation. It seems that the problem of how to determine the boundary lubrication friction coefficient lies behind these discrepancies. In this paper, the coefficient of tooth friction is determined under a wide range of lubrication conditions using ground spur gears, and the experimental results are compared with the calculation results of Matsumoto's equation to reevaluate the relationship between the two. The friction coefficient of boundary lubrication was found to vary with surface roughness of tooth surface.

Influence of surface roughness of die sinking EDM on mold releasability in compression molding of thermosetting phenol resin

Improvement in metal mold characteristics such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance and mold releasability is essential for plastic molding. In this study, factors of the mold releasability were investigated by quantitative evaluations of adhesion forces between the processed metal mold surfaces and the molded resins in compression molding of thermosetting phenol resin. Die sinking EDM was employed as the processed surfaces of the metal molds. As the mold releasability tests, the molded thermosetting phenol resin onto the EDMed surface was pulled up in the perpendicular direction from the surface. Consequently, the mold releasability could be quantitatively evaluated by measuring a maximum tensile load which means a mold release force when the molded resin is separated from the EDMed surface.Several workpieces with different surface roughness as the EDMed surfaces were prepared by varying discharge currents and pulse durations. As a result of investigations on relationships between surface roughness parameters and measured mold release forces, the mold release forces tended to increase as maximum height roughness RZ and average length RSm of the surface roughness parameters increase. On the other hand, the mold release forces tended to decrease as peak count RPc increases. Accordingly, it is considered that anchor effects become higher with increase of undulation on the EDMed surfaces. Therefore, the undulation is one of the factors affecting the mold releasability, and it would be possible to improve the mold releasability by reducing the undulations on the EDMed surfaces with EDM conditions.

Surface and Wear Investigation on Microwave Sintered Nitinol Composite

The present research of the article is used to describe the microwave sintering of nitinol composite and its surface topography analysis by atomic microscopy (AFM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique is used to analyze the characterization and alloying composition of the composite. Silicon carbide is the reinforcing particle between nickel and titanium. Wear test is conducted to investigate the worn surface morphology of the sintered specimen. The synthesized composite has exceptional material properties such as ultimate tensile strength of 1020MPa, 16% of elongation to fracture, 7.51 g/cc of density and hardness of 310 HV. Low wear rate of 0.01 mg/m is perceived at minimum load and minimum sintering time. Surface roughness is varied from 22.87 to 54.05nm at different sintering time. Maximum roughness height of 327.6 nm is observed in the surface profile of the composite.

Effect of cutting edge geometry change due to tool wear on hole quality in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics using advanced ceramic coated tools

This paper aims to study the evolution of cutting edge geometry due to tool wear and discuss its impact on the hole quality of a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate. A drilling experiment was conducted using three types of twist drills: uncoated, BAM (AlMgB14) coated, and (AlCrSi/Ti)N nanocomposite coated tungsten carbide tools. After generating 120 holes, the uncoated drill had the largest cutting edge radius (∼36 µm), while the BAM coated drill had the most extensive flank wear (∼287 µm) among the three drills. This relatively rapid tool wear results in a reduction of average hole size and a considerable variation on the hole profiles. The worn drills with the cutting edge radius greater than 19.3 µm form the fiber pull-outs in not only the 135° plies but also the adjacent 45° and 90° plies from the cutting direction, creating deep void networks. This type of networked fiber pull-out damage was observed with the holes machined by the uncoated and BAM coated drills. The (AlCrSi/Ti)N coated drill, which experienced the least amount of flank wear and the least increase of cutting edge radius, generated consistently sized holes up to 120 holes. However, the relatively sharp (AlCrSi/Ti)N coated tool results in the higher arithmetic roughness average (Ra) and the maximum roughness height (Rz) values than the other tools due to the localized fiber pull-outs and the absence of severe matrix smearing.

Accuracy and Wear Evaluation of the Customized Zirconia Guided Sleeves

This in vitro study investigated the accuracy and wear conditions of three drill sleeve distances (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mm) for 3D-guided stents in simulated clinical dental implant surgery. Fifteen sets of upper and lower partially edentulous epoxy tooling board models with four edentulous first molar sites were prepared in a Nissin Simple Manikin II and set on a dental chair. Sixty computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) designed and guided stents with three drill sleeve distances were prepared in this study. The maximum height (Sz) of the wear roughness of drills, maximum deviation, and drilling time were observed. The highest maximum horizontal deviations were observed at the upper first molar (0.48 ± 0.12 mm, p < 0.001). The highest maximum vertical and angular deviations were observed at the lower left first molar (1.08 ± 0.35 mm and 5.61° ± 1.21°, respectively, p < 0.001). Only angular deviation significantly differed among the three drill sleeve distances (p = 0.046); the 0.03 mm distance exhibited the maximum angular deviation (3.92° ± 1.87°). The bigger drill sleeve distance (0.03 mm) was associated with more wear roughness (8.70 ± 2.29 µm) of the drills. Guided stents with varying drill-sleeve distances (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mm) exhibited no significant difference in preparation drilling time and abrasive wear. In practice, the optimal drill sleeve distance for single-type CAD/CAM-guided stents of dental implantation was 0.01 mm.

Improvement in Surface Roughness and Hardness for Carbon Steel by Slide Burnishing Process

Slide burnishing process, which is a surface severe plastic deformation technique, offers an attractive post-machining alternative due to its chip-less and relatively simple operations. The purpose of the present work is to investigate effects of initial turned surface roughness on the burnished surface roughness and hardness in slide burnishing. The carbon steel samples those have different roughness surfaces being treated were prepared by turning by varying the feed. Slide burnishing was then carried out by a silicon nitride ceramic ball that was loaded and fed on the turned surface of a rotating specimen using a lathe machine. It was found that the turned surfaces were smoothed drastically by the burnishing process, and that the Ra and Rz values were reduced at most by a factor of 52 and 21, respectively. However, the smoothing effect of burnishing has limit, and the limited maximum height roughness (Rz*) for burnishing smoothing increased under a higher burnishing force and with a larger ball diameter. When the Rz values of initial turned surfaces were less than the Rz*, the roughness of the burnished surfaces did not depend on the roughness of the initial turned surface and the burnishing force. There was no significant difference in the burnished microstructure and hardness under a specific burnishing force among the initial turned surface roughness, while a higher burnishing force caused a greater increase in surface hardness.

The Effect of Speed and Amper on Roughness of the Cutting Surface Edge Depth of 10 mm Al Using PAM

The study aims to investigate the effect of both the cutting speed and ampere on the roughness properties of the cutting surface edge of the thickness of 10 mm Al using plasma arc cutting (PAC) to optimize the kerf quality of the surfaces. Various values of cutting speed and amps were used as control parameters for these characteristics. The study followed the experimental approach in operating the Al sppecimens. The values obtained from the experiments were recorded for both cutting speed and amps. The different types of cutting surface edge roughness were investigated for three specific sppecimens. The sppecimens of the lowest, medium and high speeds were chosen and the capacity of 150 amps was used in all of them. The results of the following different surface roughness types Ra, (Ry, Rz), Rq were evaluated. The kerf quality was monitored by checking and measuring the roughness at 4 different points at the edge depth of the cutting surface for each type of roughness. Among the most important results, it was found that the maximum reading of roughness average of the cutting surface edge depth of the sppecimen surface No.10 at 150 amp and 800 mm/ min was Ra = 21.28 mµ. In addition, the lowest reading was 3.91 mµ, which is the lowest, compared to the rest of the sppecimens 1 and 19 at point 1 closest to the cutting edge from above. Point 4 is the closest to the cutting edge is straight down, respectively. The quality was at the highest level at the lowest amp and the lowest cutting speed, and all roughness types readings were the lowest and the best for achieving a higher cut quality, compared to the rest of the sppecimens 1 and 19. At points 2 and 3 for the specimen No. 10, the maximum height of the profile reading of roughness was Ry, Rz = 102.3mµ and the lowest reading was 25.71mµ. At points 2 and 3, the highest reading of the mean square root of surface roughness deviations was Rq = 26.49 mµ and the lowest reading was 5.38 mµ at point 4. Comparing all sppecimen readings No. 10 with sppecimen readings No. 1 and 19, it was observed that they were the lowest readings of all types of roughness at all points of measurement. It was also the best for achieving higher cutting quality. It was also found that the maximum reading of the roughness average of the cutting edge depth of the sppecimen surface 1 was Ra = 33.37 mµ. The lowest reading was 19.91mµ, which is the highest reading, compared to the rest of the sppecimens 10 and 19 at point No. 1, and 2 respectively, at 150 amp and 1100 mm/ min. The quality was low and at the lowest level at the lowest amp and at an average cutting speed. It was noteable also that the highest readings of roughness and is the largest and gave poor cut quality. At points 2, and 1 for specimen No. 10, the highest reading for maximum roughness height was Ry, Rz = 141.4 mµ and the lowest reading was 83.06mµ respectively. The highest reading of the mean square root of surface roughness deviations was 39.3 mµ and the lowest reading was 23.16 mµ at points 2 and 1. Comparing sppecimen readings No. 1, it was observed that it was the highest roughness readings, compared to sppecimens No. 10 and 19 which are worse for a lower cut quality. It was also found that the maximum reading of roughness average of the cutting edge depth of the sppecimen surface No. 19 was Ra = 21.01 mµ. The lowest reading was 8.29 mµ, which is average readings, compared to the rest of the sppecimens 10 and 1 at points 2 and 1, respectively at 150 amp and 1400 mm/ min

Morphological behaviors of brushite/vivianite nanocomposites and their potency for Se(IV) and Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions

Designing of high efficient composition for heavy metal removal from solutions has become a pivotal demand to keep people's health level. In this issue, nanocomposites containing different contributions of brushite and vivianite phases were fabricated using a facile technique. The obtained compositions were characterized using XRD, TEM, FESEM, and XPS. Upon TEM investigation, it was shown that brushite was formed as ellipsoidal particles with dimensions of 47.6 × 50.1–76.2 × 107.3 nm, while vivianite was formed as elongated fibers with diameters of 18.2 nm and lengths over 270 nm. The surface morphology of 0.2Br/0.8Viv seems to be multilayered rectangles of brushite stacked in a cauliflower configuration with lengths of 4.8 μm and decorated with vivianite fluffy grains with dimensions of 0.8–1.6 μm. Moreover, the maximum height of roughness developed from 262.7 to 373.3 nm for 1.0Br/0.0Viv and 0.2Br/0.8Viv, respectively. In addition, the superficial charges of the compositions were estimated using Zeta potential and displayed a growth from −20.8 ± 4.91 to −27.4 ± 6.26 mV from pure brushite to vivianite, respectively. Furthermore, the removal behavior of Se(IV) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions was conducted. It was shown that the highest removal efficiency upon variation of contact time was saturated after 6 h and after 24 h, reached around 83.2, 87.6, 89.5, 91.3, 95.0 and 98.1% for Se(IV) and 86.8 to 87.7, 91.5, 93.7, 96.0 and 98.5% for Cd(II) upon compositions of for 1.0Br/0.0Viv, 0.8Br/0.2Viv, 0.6Br/0.4Viv, 0.4Br/0.6Viv, 0.2Br/0.8Viv and 0.0Br/1.0Viv, respectively. The obtained behaviors of these nanocomposites encourage their utilization for numerous water filtration applications.

Multi-responses optimization of finishing honing process for surface quality and production rate

The finishing honing process is an effective machining to enhance surface properties. The objective of this work is to optimize the machining parameters, including the tangential speed (H), linear speed (L), and grit size (G) for minimizing the average roughness (Ra), maximum height roughness (Ry), and machining time (TM). The honing experiments were performed with the aids of an industrial machine and the Box–Behnken experimental matrix. The nonlinear relationships between machining parameters and honing responses were developed using response surface method models. Subsequently, two optimization techniques, including the desirability approach and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II), were used to solve the trade-off analysis among three technological responses and find the optimal factors. Finally, the machining time reductions were assessed in consideration of constrained roughness properties. The obtained results showed that surface roughness and machining time were strongly influenced by abrasive grit size, followed by the tangential speed and linear speed. The optimal values of the H, L, and G were 36.0 m/min, 9.5 m/min, and 220 FEPA, respectively. The reductions in the average roughness, maximum height roughness, and machining time are 53.13%, 8.93%, and 13.95%, respectively, as compared to common values used. Moreover, the genetic algorithm-based approach could be employed to produce reliable values in comparison with the desirability approach. The outcome is expected as a technical solution to enhance the surface properties and productivity of the finishing honing process.

Effect of active MgO nano-particles dispersion in small amount within magnesium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte matrix

This paper reports effect of dispersing active MgO nano-particles in small amount within magnesium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte matrix. The electrolyte films are prepared by solution casting techniques and experimental techniques are employed to carry out structural, electrochemical and mechanical analysis. SEM and AFM micrographs demonstrate a variation in surface morphology and maximum roughness height with the incorporation of MgO nano-particles within the polymer electrolyte matrix. The nano-composite polymer electrolyte film with optimized concentration of 1 wt% MgO nano-particles delivered an ionic conductivity of 1.49 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C, though its crystallinity is higher than the pristine. In depth, ion-conduction has been probed with the help of dielectric and modulus behavior of electrolyte system as a function of MgO nano-particles concentration, frequency and temperature. The mechanical studies reveal a Young’s modulus of 150 N mm−2, mechanical strength of 2.7 Kgf and stress of 2.6 N mm−2 at a maximum load of 10 Kgf for the optimized electrolyte film. The reported electrolyte can be utilized in rechargeable Mg batteries due to its high conductivity, flexibility and mechanically stability.

Surface Quality of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Parts Machined by Laser Cutting

This paper investigates high power CO2 laser cutting of 5mm-thick Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets, aiming to evaluate the effects of various laser cutting parameters on surface roughness. Using multiple linear regression, a mathematical model based on experimental data was proposed to predict the maximum height of the surface Sz as a function of two laser cutting parameters, namely cutting speed and assist-gas pressure. The adequacy of the proposed model was validated by Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Experimental data were compared with the model’s data to verify the capacity of the proposed model. The results indicated that for fixed laser power, cutting speed is the predominant cutting parameter that affects the maximum height of surface roughness.

Flexible magnesium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte membranes: mechanical, structural, thermal, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic properties

This paper reports investigations on flexible magnesium-ion-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes using mechanical, structural, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis. XRD studies reveal significant changes in structural character on varying the concentration of propylene carbonate-diethyl carbonate (PC-DEC) organic solvent within the polymer electrolyte matrix. SEM and AFM studies indicate variation in surface morphology and maximum roughness height by introducing PC-DEC in increasing amount. The plasticized polymer electrolyte membrane with optimum concentration of 15 wt% PC-DEC demonstrates magnesium-ion conductivity of 3 × 10− 5 s cm− 1at room temperature. This flexible electrolyte has Young’s modulus of 100 N mm− 2, mechanical strength of 2 Kgf, and ability to withstand stress of 6 N mm− 2 and strain of 7 N mm− 2 at a maximum load of 10 Kgf. The electrolyte membranes do not show any degradation after stretching and rolling it for hundred times. The electrolyte membrane offer electrochemical stability window of ~ 3.5 V and Mg2+ transport number of 0.32. The reported electrolyte membranes can be employed in fabricating flexible magnesium batteries.