Maximum Head Diameter Research Articles

Study on anthropometric measurements of head in medical faculty students and their relation with intelligence quotient

Questions about intelligence have always occupied scientists’ minds, and many types of research have been conducted to find answers to these questions. Although inheritance and environmental factors together are influential in the development of intelligence, the belief that intelligent people are biologically and physically different is a common presentation. There are a significant number of studies which aim to find the association between cognitive abilities and anthropometric measurements. The purpose of this study is to research whether there is association between anthropometric measurements taken from the head regions of university students and their IQ values. Our study was conducted with 84 right-handed male students studying at AnA¶nA¼ University Faculty of Medicine. The students were first given R.B. Cattell Culture Free Intelligence Test. After their ages, heights and weights were recorded, and head circumference, bigonial breadth, morphological facial height, head height, head breadth, frontal breadth, maximum head diameter, nose to back of head, distance between gnathion-traction and skull height measurements from the head region were taken. IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 program was used for the statistical analysis of the results. p

Sex estimation based on femoral measurements using multidetector computed tomography in cadavers in modern Japan

We aimed to reproduce the anthropometrical measurements of femoral dimensions using multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) computed tomography (CT); to assess the feasibility of sex estimation using femoral measurements through this approach, and to establish the corresponding sex estimation thresholds in the modern Japanese population. We used data on 224 cadavers (116 male and 108 female) that were subjected to postmortem CT and subsequent forensic autopsy at our department between October 2009 and July 2016. Four femoral measurements were obtained. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to test the overall ability of the variables in sex estimation, while the accuracy of the sex estimation was measured by the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The femoral bicondylar breadth showed the largest AUC values (left; 0.973, right; 0.974), followed by the maximum head diameter (left; 0.951, right; 0.955), and maximum femoral length (left; 0.885, right; 0.887). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to assess sex estimation based on femoral measurements, using MPR CT images.

The effect of radial head prosthesis diameter on posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to investigate how different diameters of radial head replacement affect posterolateral translation with a valgus and supination force. We hypothesized that there would be less posterolateral rotatory translation with larger implant diameter. MethodsEleven cadaveric arms were stressed at 30 and 60° of flexion with a consistent supination and valgus stress force under five conditions: native radial head, radial head excision, and with 3 sizes of radial head prosthesis. Displacement of the radial head posteriorly in relation to the capitellum on radiographs was measured. Displacement was expressed as a percentage relative to the average of the maximum and minimum native radial head diameters. FindingsThe native radial heads had average minimum and maximum diameters of 23.3 mm and 25.2 mm, respectively. The angle of testing did not significantly change translation of the radial head. There was increased posterior translation relative to native head as the radial head sizes decreased from 24 mm to 20 mm and with excision of the radial head. Compared to the native head, the differences in displacement were statistically significant for the 20 mm radial head, but not for the 22 mm or 24 mm replacements. Radial head translation significantly increased after radial head excision. InterpretationsThis cadaveric study illustrates that patients treated with radial head excision and radial head prosthesis with undersized diameters have increased posterior translation with a valgus and supination stress. The larger the radial head prosthesis (closer to native radial head), the more closely it approximated the amount of translation of the native radial head.

The Influence of Body Size and Bone Mass on Cortical Bone Histomorphometry in Human Ribs

This study examines the influence of human adult body size and bone mass on cortical bone histomorphometry, and explores microstructural variation in mid-thoracic ribs. The sample consists of 213 individuals (n female = 82, n male = 131, mean age-at-death = 47.96 ± 15.71 years) from the Kirsten Skeletal Collection, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Maximum femur length and femur maximum head diameter are used as proxies for height and weight; total cross-sectional area, endosteal area, and cortical area are used to derive measures of bone mass. Histomorphometric variables include osteon population density (OPD) and osteon area (On.Ar). Partial correlations, controlling for age, test for significant relationships among variables. A hierarchical regression model is used to determine unique variable contributions to On.Ar and OPD. Body size measurements do not correlate with either bone mass or histomorphometric variables, suggesting that size-standardization may not be necessary in studies of rib bone microstructure. Age is the most significant factor affecting OPD, while OPD is the best predictor of On.Ar. These findings suggest that age-related secondary osteon crowding affects osteon geometry. Understanding the biological mechanisms that direct bone remodeling and determine microstructural variation is essential for interpreting histological data. Anat Rec, 301:1788-1796, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Radiometry versus osteometry in sex assessment: a study of the Cretan radius

Sex estimation is vital for biological profiling, thus qualitative and quantitative methods have been developed for every skeletal part in humans. However, somehow the radius has been neglected. This study aims to develop a sex estimation method on radiographs of the radius applicable in situations when classical osteometry cannot be applied. A total of 103 left radii were used in this study. Three classical measurements (maximum length, head diameter and distal breadth) were taken on the dry bones. Digital radiographs of the same radii were taken using a portable X-ray machine (Technix TCA 4R PLUS). Eight landmarks are selected on the radiograph of the proximal and six on the radiograph of the distal radius, generating in total 43 linear distances. ANOVA detected three osteometric and 24 radiometric variables that differed significantly between males and females (p<0.05). Classical osteometry resulted in up to 91% classification accuracy while the best multivariate formula of the radiometric method gave 88% correct classification. The study proposes a rapid and inexpensive alternative method for sex screening based on digital radiographs of the radius, a method that could be particularly advantageous in cases of mass disasters with numerous mutilated and/or burnt bodies where maceration is not an option.

Reconstruction of femur length from its proximal fragments in a Bulgarian modern population

Estimation of stature from bones has anthropological and forensic importance. It is well known that the intact femur has the highest correlation with stature. However, the intact femur is not always recovered in forensic cases. The current study introduces a method of estimating the length of femur from partial proximal elements specific to the Bulgarian population. One-hundred and forty adult femora belonging to known age and sex were studied. The method is based on several landmarks and distance between them, such as vertical head diameter, transverse diameter of the head, maximum head diameter, head circumference, sagittal subtrochanteric diameter, transverse subtrochanteric diameter and supero-inferior neck diameter. Simple and multiple linear regressions were obtained to define these estimates. For males, regression formula, which included head circumference measurement, provided the best fit of the data, resulting in the highest correlation and lowest standard error of estimate compared with all other variables. For females, the vertical diameter of the head showed the best correlation with maximum length. A combination of all variables into a single equation only improved the standard error of the estimate. The regression formula suggested that the proximal end is the best estimator of femur length. The derived formulae are population and sex specific.

Effect of planting dates on the yield of broccoli genotypes

This experiment was conducted during September, 2011 to March, 2012 in the experimental field of Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur to find out the effect of planting date on the yield of broccoli genotypes. There were five genotypes viz. Early green, Forest green, Green calabrese, Premium crop and Green king and four planting dates viz. 2 October, 27 October, 21 November and 16 December. The treatment effects were statistically analyzed and found significant in most of the characters studied. Genotype Green calabrese was the highest in average plant height (53.70 cm). Green king produced the maximum spread diameter (69.23 cm), stem diameter (30.35 mm) and early initiation of floral head. Genotype Early green performed the best regarding head weight (343.87 g), yield per plant (477.4 g) and yield (19.10 t/ha). Broccoli planted on 21 November initiated early flower head, maximum head diameter (16.99 cm), head weight (314.49 g), yield per plant (453.64 g) and total yield (18.15 t/ha). The genotype Early green planted on 21 November showed the best performance in yield per plant (580.17 g) and yield hectare (23.21 t/ha).Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(3): 465-478, September 2015

Estimation of Purkait's triangle method and alternative models for sex assessment from the proximal femur in the Spanish population.

The current study was undertaken to test the validity and reproducibility of the Purkait triangle method and some alternative proposals for sex prediction from the proximal femur in the adult population of Spain. To that end, sexual dimorphism of the maximum femoral head diameter and the minimum femoral neck diameter were also evaluated. The study was conducted on 186 femora (109 males and 77 females) taken from the San José collection of identified individuals (Southern Spain). Discriminant function analyses (DFA) employing the jackknife procedure for cross-validations were considered. Overall, more than 94% of individuals of both sexes were correctly classified. The most dimorphic single variable from the triangle method was the intertrochanteric apex distance (BC) that reached 85.5% accuracy, falling below those obtained for the femoral head and femoral neck diameter, respectively, (89.8 and 91.9%). Combining BC with the neck diameter, the predictive ability increased to 92.5%; when femoral head diameter was added to the latter two, the classification success rate improved further up to 94.6% (94.1% after cross-validation). We conclude that the classification success rates of the Purkait's method remained considerably below any of those obtained with the models proposed in the present study which proved to be a much better and more reliable choice both as single predictors and in combination with other variables.

The effect of fracture comminution on the reliability and accuracy of radial head sizing

Radial head implant sizing can be based on the maximum head diameter (D-MAX), the minimum head diameter (D-MIN), or the articular dish diameter (D-DISH). The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the different radial head sizing techniques and to investigate the effect of radial head fracture comminution on measurement accuracy. Ten observers measured 11 cadaveric radial heads with 3 radial head features (D-MAX, D-MIN, and D-DISH diameter). Radial heads were then fractured into 2, 3, and 4 parts, and the measurements were repeated. Variability was assessed by intraclass correlation. The measurements were compared with the intact state to assess the effect of radial head fracture comminution on sizing accuracy. D-MAX and D-MIN measurements were the most reliable among all observers (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.980, 0.973). The D-DISH measurement was less reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.643). Radial head comminution did not significantly affect the reliability of any measurement (P > .2). Fracture comminution, however, significantly affected measurement accuracy with D-MAX and D-DISH. With fracture comminution, D-MAX underestimated radial head diameter (-0.4 ± 0.3 mm; P < .001), whereas D-DISH overestimated diameter (+0.5 ± 0.4 mm; P < .001). Comminution did not significantly affect D-MIN (-0.1 ± 0.3 mm; P = .13). The D-MAX and D-MIN measurements were more reliable than D-DISH for diameter sizing of intact and comminuted radial heads. Overall, increasing comminution did not significantly affect measurement reliability. However, the accuracy of the D-MIN technique was least affected by comminution, suggesting that D-MIN should be used in selecting the diameter of a radial head implant.

Sex estimation using the femur of Austrians born in the 19th to the middle of the 20th century.

Sex estimation of human bones or bone fragments is crucial for the identification process of unknown bodies. Regional differences and secular changes lead to ever changing osteometric standards for different populations. This study provides femoral dimensions of Austrians born between 1822 and 1949 and evaluates the discriminating power of sex estimation functions developed by discriminant analyses. Depending on the state of preservation up to 127 femora of adult individuals (72 females and 55 males) were measured. The following means and standard variations were obtained: Maximum length (male: 449.7 ± 16.7mm, female: 413.9 ± 16.3mm), head circumference (148.5 ± 7.8 vs. 133.8 ± 6.4mm), vertical (46.9 ± 2.4 vs. 41.9 ± 2.1mm), transverse (46.3 ± 2.4 vs. 41.5 ± 2.0mm), and maximum head diameter (47.0 ± 2.3 vs. 42.0 ± 2.1mm), as well as sagittal (28.3 ± 2.2 vs. 26.2 ± 1.8mm), transverse (27.9 ± 2.5 vs. 26.1 ± 2.0mm), and maximum midshaft diameter (29.2 ± 2.1 vs. 27.3 ± 1.6mm) and finally condylar width (79.6 ± 4.6 vs. 71.9 ± 3.8mm). The (cross-validated) discriminant analysis for single measurements showed that the best classification is obtained using femur head dimensions, with correct sexing rates between 84.8 % for the circumference and 87.8 % for the maximum diameter. The maximum length achieved a similarly high rate of correct classification with 86.5 %, whereas the rate for the condylar width (80.6 %) was somewhat lower. The potential of midshaft dimensions for sex estimation was substantially weaker (62.3 to 70.8 %). With regard to a multivariate analysis, a stepwise selection procedure favoured a combination of maximum length and vertical head diameter with 90.1 % being correctly classified. A combination of maximum length, maximum head diameter and maximum midshaft diameter resulted in an even higher rate of 91.5 %. These Austrian standards may provide additional possibilities for sexing unknown bodies and skeletal remains born in the 19(th) to the middle of the 20(th) century.

Regression equations for the estimation of radial length from its morphometry in South-West Nigerian population

Background to the Study: Where natural or man-made disasters present bone fragments as it occur in forensic cases, regression equations derived from measurement of these bones fragments have been used to determine the length of the intact long bone. This study reports on the morphometry of the radius and the estimation of its length using regression equations in a Nigerian population. Methods: The maximum length of the radius was measured using an osteometric board. The distal breadth, sagittal diameter at mid-shaft, transverse diameter at mid-shaft (TDM), vertical radial head height (VRHH), maximum head diameter (Max. HD), and minimum head diameter (Min. HD) were measured using digital vernier caliper while the circumference of the radial head and the circumference at the radial tuberosity were measured using an anthropometric tape. Pearson correlation and Persian regression were used to derive the linear regression equations for the measured parameters that showed a correlation with the length of the radius. Result: Estimation of the length of the radius from the measures of Max. HD, VRHH, and TDM were achieved with relative accuracy. In deriving regression equations for the length of the radius of the right and left sides, irrespective of sides, the Max. HD and TDM were both significant in estimating the length of the radius; on the right side only the Max. HD exhibited significant correlation while on the left side, both the Max. HD and VRHH exhibited significant correlation. Conclusion: These findings may help in anthropometric, forensic, and archaeological investigation for the estimation of the stature of the remains of unknown bodies using regression equations and could serve as the basis of comparison for future studies in a Nigerian population.

Effect of planting dates on production of broccoli under different agro-climatic conditions

A field experiment was conducted with an objective to determine the effect of planting dates on growth and yield of broccoli variety ‘Palam Smridhi’ under different environments. The experiment was laid out with 3 factorial randomized block design comprising of two planting seasons (February-June and July-November) two locations (L1-Bajaura 1000m above msl and L2-Kais 1400m above msl) and three planting dates under each season with 3 replications in each treatment combination. Variety ‘Palam Smridhi’ gave highest marketable head yield of 121.3 q/ha when planted during 25–28 July at L2 with maximum head weight of 339.9 g/plant and maximum number of leaves/plant (22.5). Maximum head diameter (18.6cm) was observed at L2 under 21–25 March planting of the crop. The planting date 21–25 March gave earliest first harvest of broccoli heads 68.4 days after transplanting whereas 20–25 August planted crop was able to give first harvest 96.8 days after transplant. Individually irrespective of the location and seasons the planting date of 25–28 July was found to be the best as it gave maximum head yield of 109.74 q/ha, 95.12 days after planting with maximum head weight of 305.69 g/plant. July November season was found to be better time for getting maximum green head yield broccoli and L2 as the best location for production of broccoli heads.

Sexing based on measurements of the femoral head parameters on pelvic radiographs

Background and aimPrevious studies have shown that the collo-diaphysial angle varies by race and sex in different populations. This study was performed to compare the femoral head parameters in the two sexes using pelvic radiography in Iranian adults during the August 2011 to August 2012 period. Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was done on 100 male and 100 female. After taking hip radiography, collo-diaphysial angle, maximum femoral head diameters and minimum femoral neck width were measured on both sides. Dominant hand, height, weight and body mass index were also recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Sex differences were tested using independent t-test and ROC curve. ResultsThe mean of the right and left maximum femoral head diameters and the minimum width of the femoral neck were significantly higher in men than in women (p < 0.001). The mean of the right collo-diaphysial angle of the femur was significantly higher in men than in women (p = 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the left collo-diaphysial angle in the two sex. The accuracy of sex prediction with the right and left maximum femoral head diameter was 78%. This figure is 77% for the right and left minimum femoral neck widths and 59% for the right collo-diaphysial angle. ConclusionIf only the proximal part of the femur is available, the sex can be predicted with a relatively high accuracy by taking a radiograph. In our study, the evaluation of the collo-diaphysial angle was not very helpful in sexing.

Effect of Nitrogen and Mulches on the Yield and Economics of Chinese Cabbage (&lt;i&gt;Brassica campestris&lt;/i&gt; var. Pekinensis)

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from October 2005 to December 2005 to study the effect of nitrogen and mulching on the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage. The highest fresh weight of head (2.43 kg) was recorded in N3 (250 kg N/ha) on the other hand the lowest fresh weight (1.57 kg) was recorded in N0 (control). The maximum thickness and diameter of head (25.18 and 17.06 cm) of Chinese cabbage was recorded in N3 (250 kg N/ha) and the minimum thickness and diameter of head (18.98 and 14.21 cm) was recorded in N0 (control). The highest marketable yield per hectare of Chinese cabbage (120.06 ton) was recorded in N3 (250 kg N/ha) and the lowest yield (67.90 ton) was recorded in N0 (control). The highest fresh weight of head/plant of Chinese cabbage (2.44kg) was recorded in M1 (black polythene) and the lowest fresh weight of head (1.72kg) was recorded in M0 (control). The maximum thickness and diameter of head of Chinese cabbage (24.74 and 16.86 cm) was recorded in M1 (black polythene) and the minimum thickness and diameter of head (18.98 and 15.10 cm) was recorded in M0 (Control). The highest marketable yield per hectare of Chinese cabbage (123.27 ton) was recorded in M1 (black polythene) and the lowest yield (76.51 ton) was recorded in M0 (control). In and every case maximum growth and yield contributing characters and yield was observed in N3M1 (250 kg N + black polythene) and the reverse result was recorded in N0M0 (control). In the combination of different doses of nitrogenous fertilizer and different mulches highest benefit cost ratio (3.56) was attained from the treatment combination N3M1 (250 kg N + black polythene) and the lowest (1.22) was obtained in N0M0 (Control).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16855 Progress. Agric. 20(1 &amp; 2): 79 – 84, 2009

The bicipital tuberosity and distal radius are unreliable landmarks for radial head implant alignment

As more anatomic asymmetric radial head implants emerge, it is necessary to determine the optimal landmarks to ensure correct rotational orientation. The bicipital tuberosity and distal radius are possible bony landmarks that can be used for rotational alignment of asymmetric prostheses; however, they have not been validated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the bicipital tuberosity and distal radius as rotational landmarks for orientation of asymmetric radial head prostheses. Measurements were made from computer tomography scans of 50 elbows in order to determine the rotational relationships between the radial head, bicipital tuberosity, biceps tendon footprint, and distal radius. The maximum radial head diameter was oriented 65° ± 28° from the bicipital tuberosity, 119°±38° from the biceps tendon footprint, 82° ± 29° from the radial styloid, and 76° ± 28° from the volar surface of the distal radius. All of these landmarks had a significantly greater variance than a proposed acceptable clinical tolerance of 10° (P < .001). The results demonstrate that the measured landmarks show no consistent rotational relationship with the maximum diameter of the radial head. In order to maximize the utility of more anatomic asymmetric radial head implant systems, further studies are necessary to identify more reliable rotational landmarks to ensure optimal implant positioning.

Comparison of osteometric femoral bone dimensions among the South Africans of different ethnic groups and South African whites

The main objective of this paper was to use femoral data to determine whether the different South African ethnic groups should be considered as a homogenous population, as has been assumed in previous studies. Furthermore regression equations for each ethnic group were constructed. Three standard femoral variables were used; bone length (BL), maximum head diameter (HD) and bicondylar width (BCB). The eight South African ethnic groups (Zulu, Tswana, Swazi, Sotho, Xhosa, Shan, Venda and Ndebele) were considered as the independent variable. They were also compared with femora from South Africans of European Descent (SAED). In total 230 male femora were obtained from the Dart’s Collection at Wits University, South Africa. There were not any significant differences in bone length between the eight South African ethnic groups. However, bone length for SAED was significantly longer than for six of the ethnic groups, all except Zulu and Ndebele. Similarly all of the ethnic groups were significantly smaller than SAED for head diameter and bicondylar width. The Zulu and Ndebele femora were significantly larger than the other six African ethnic groups for HD and BCB. Regression equations were derived for the maximum length of femur from the maximum head diameter for all the groups separately. Femora from SAED were significantly larger than for six of the eight African ethnic groups that were considered. However, the data from the Zulu and Ndebele femora suggest that they constitute a separate ethnic grouping. Thus we conclude that these eight South African ethnic groups cannot be considered as a homogenous population and that the Zulu and Ndebele groups should be considered as a distinct population.

The anatomy of the proximal radius: implications on fracture implant design

The proximal radius features a complex anatomy. Several studies have been published on the anatomy using different technical approaches; however, most of these studies were conducted with a special focus on parameters relevant to radial prosthetic design. The purpose of our study was to explore the complex geometry of the proximal radius with regard to fracture implant design. Our computed tomography-based measurements of 78 multiplanar reformatted radii allow for exact assessment of its geometry and offer a scientific rationale towards the design of fracture implants. We conducted measurements on the radial head, the radial neck, the radial tuberosity, the radial head-to-neck angle, and the safe zone. A wide range of normal anatomy has been demonstrated for all parameters. Sex differences are statistically significant in all registered parameters, except the radial head-to-neck angle. Although measurements of maximum vs minimum radial head, neck, and tuberosity diameters show close correlation, diameter-to-length correlations, such as radial head diameter vs radial head height and radial neck diameter vs radial neck length, are low. Besides the wide range in size, intraindividual parameter variations have to be taken into account in the design of anatomically precontoured plates. The results of this study indicate that these plates will still need to offer the ability of "bend to match."

English

Two field experiments were established at Research Farm, Bahauddin Zakariya University, (BZU) Multan, Pakistan, during the spring season of 2009 to study the interactive effect of sunflower (Helianthus annuus&nbsp;L.) hybrids in terms of growth, fraction of intercepted radiation (Fi), intercepted photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR), yield components and oil contents to planting geometries and nitrogen rates. Experiment 1 comprised nine treatments having combinations of three hybrids (H1= 19012; H2&nbsp;= Hysun-33; H3&nbsp;= DK-4040) and three planting geometries (PG1&nbsp;= flat sowing; PG2&nbsp;= ridge sowing; PG3&nbsp;= bed sowing) while, experiment 2 comprised 16 treatments having combinations of four hybrids (H1&nbsp;= 00989; H2&nbsp;= 01087; H3&nbsp;= 00997; H4&nbsp;= 010226) and four nitrogen rates (N0&nbsp;= control; N1&nbsp;= 75; N2&nbsp;= 150 and N3&nbsp;= 225 kg ha-1). The results revealed that, the ontogeny maximum plant height ranged from 32 to 216 cm and from 36 to 299 cm in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The ontogeny maximum number of leaves plant-1&nbsp;were 21, 32, 28, 21 and 14 in experiment 1 and 20, 33, 29, 20 and 9 in experiment 2, respectively on respective harvest dates. The ontogeny maximum head diameter was 17, 22 and 25 cm and 20, 21 and 29 cm on respective dates for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The ontogeny Fi&nbsp;values for experiments 1 and 2, ranged from 0.11 to 0.99 and from 0.09 to 0.99, respectively. The cumulative intercepted PAR ranged from 492 to 812 MJ m-2&nbsp;and from 627 to 897 MJ m-2&nbsp;in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The achene weight ranged from 69.7 to 127.5 g and from 65.4 to 93.4 g in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The number of achenes head-1&nbsp;ranged from 919 to 1868 and 925 to 1678 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The achene oil contents ranged from 38.1 to 43.1% and 34.5 to 47.6% for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, average oil contents value was 41% for both experiments. From the results, the use of higher nitrogen rates and ridge or bed sowing techniques are recommended for the management practices for the newly developed sunflower hybrids farmers. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Sunflower hybrids, planting geometries, nitrogen rates, intercepted PAR.

Determination of Sex From Femur: Discriminant Analysis

The present study was conducted on 80 left femora (40 male and 40 female). Seven measurements of femur were taken. The mean values of all the seven measurements were significantly higher in males as compared to females (P<0.001) with univariate analysis. The most dimorphic single parameter on the basis of discriminant analysis was maximum diameter of head of femur with accuracy 72.5% in males and 85% in females. The second best variable according to stepwise discriminant analysis was maximum anteroposterior diameter of shaft with 67.5% accuracy in males and 80% accuracy in females. The combination of maximum diameter of head and maximum anteroposterior diameter of shaft provided better results with 82.5% accuracy in males and 92.5% accuracy in females.

Seed and Oil Yield Productivity of Sunflower (Helienthus annus L.) Hybrid Varieties in Different States of India

The Field trials on sunlower crop were conducted in different in states of India during the year from 2005-6 to 2006-7. The Regional Station Fof Fodder Production Demonstration,Government of India, Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying Fishries provided all inputs to conduct the tirals in the area under their juridiction to evaluate the suitable hybrids varieties of sunlower crop, their optimum sowing season,numbers of irrigations vs rainfed conditions of cultivation including other agronomic package of practices. Government of India has strong feed and fodder development organization. There are several centrally sponsered schems like estabishment of fodder banks, development of forage crops through biotechnology research, minikits distribution in the country. Central government distributed latest variety seeds in the country to a tune of cost of Rs 7.00 crores through eight Regional Station for Fodder Production and Demonstrations. The sunflower is a multi purose crop and may be good source of animal feeds as an un-conventional feed resource. Sunflower can be grown with forage crops also. RSFPDs organised sunflower trials in different states to evaluate sunflower production in northern and southern parts of India. The varieties and hybrids released by AICRP (Sunflower) for different regions were selected for field trials. India has tropical and subtropical climate from south to north, respectively. Tamilnadu and Maharastra face the tropical while, Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh experience a sub-tropical type of climate having February and March as spring season in northen India. All India released hybrid varieties PSFH-118 and HSFH-848 were grown at Ludhiana, Punjab and Hisar in Hariyana under irrigated conditions. Hybrid vaiety HSFH-848 performed better with seed yield (1712.3 kg/ha) than PSFH-118 1635.5 kg/ha. Data shows that oil content (38.6%) was higher in the seeds of cultivar HSFH-848. Maximum plant hieght (165.4 cm) and head diameter (16.2 cm) were found higher in the variety HSFH-848 at Hisar. Hybrids namely TCSH-1, LSFH-35, RSFH-1 (Tunga), NDSH-1 were grown at Alamadi (TN), Gunegal (A.P.), Akola (M.H.), Hesarghatta (KA) on government farms under irriagated conditions during 2005-6-2006-7. Sunflower hybrid produced maximum oil content/yield was recorded 40.8% NDSH-1 in southern India. Sunflower hybrids RSFH-1 and LSFH-35 has higher productivity under irrigated conditions in tropical climate.