Maximum Grafting Research Articles

Preparation, Thermal Properties and Decomposition Course of Highly Resistant Potato Starch Graft Poly(Cinnamyl Methacrylate) Materials.

The properties of starch graft poly(cinnamyl methacrylate) copolymers were presented. The "grafting from" method and different ratios of starch to methacrylic monomer were used. The copolymers with the maximum grafting percent (G: 55.3% ± 0.4) using a ratio of starch to methacrylic monomer of 1:3 were obtained. The heterogeneous, non-porous structure materials were prepared. They were characterized by significant lower swelling in polar solvents and moisture absorption but higher swelling in non-polar solvents compared to unmodified potato starch. The chemical resistance in acidic, alkaline and neutral environments for all the tested copolymers was significantly higher compared to the chemical resistance of potato starch. The tested copolymers decomposed in at least three main stages in inert conditions and in at least four main stages in oxidative conditions. Their pyrolysis with the emission of the mixture of volatiles such as aldehyde, acid, ester, alcohol, aromatic, alkene, alkane, H2O, CO2 and CO based on the TG/FTIR studies was proved. The oxidative decomposition included pyrolysis processes combined with oxidation and combustion reactions of volatiles and the formed residues. As a result, the emission of the unsaturated and saturated compounds with carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl and/or ester groups, alkane, alkene, aromatics and its oxidized forms, H2O, CO2 and CO, was observed.

Evaluation of the Palatal Features in Relation to Graft Harvesting in the Saudi Population.

Background and Objectives: The palate's morphological characteristics are of great importance, especially in periodontology, where the palatine tissue represents a source of tissue graft for multiple mucogingival surgeries. This study aimed to estimate the amount of donor tissue available through the average palatal height and average location of the greater palatine artery in the Saudi population according to age and gender. Materials and Methods: Digital casts for adult Saudi patients at the age of 18-60 years old with a mean age of 37.76 ± 12.68 years were collected and analyzed using EXOCAD software. The digital casts were evaluated, and measurements of arch width at molars and canines, palatal vault height (PVH), palatal height index (PHI), and extension of the palatal rugae were registered. Finally, the amount available for soft tissue graft harvesting was calculated. Results: Overall, 109 maxillary casts for Saudi patients, 52 (47.7%) males and 57 (52.3%) females, were analyzed. The maxillary inter-molar arch width, inter-canine width, and palatal vault height significantly differed between males and females (p < 0.05). The mean PHI was 45.51% ± 8.12%, and 27.5% were classified as orthostaphyline, while 72.5% were categorized as hypsistaphyline, with no significant difference between the genders. The mean maximum graft width was 11.45 mm, and the graft width was significantly different between males and females (p < 0.005), while the mean maximum graft length was 17.78 mm, and the graft length showed no significant difference. Conclusions: The results of this study provide specific clinical guidelines for periodontal procedures by emphasizing the importance of gender-specific anatomical considerations. Data on graft dimensions and palatal measurements will enable the exact planning of soft tissue harvesting to minimize surgical risks and optimize mucogingival surgery outcomes in the Saudi population.

Synthesis and Optimization of Polypyrrole-Grafted Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids

Herein, we have synthesized polypyrrole grafted graphene oxide (GO-g-PPy) nanohybrids by a free radical emulsion graft polymerization method. GO was used as the substrate for pyrrole grafting. The parameters of the graft polymerization reaction were optimized. The optimum concentrations of surfactant, monomer and initiator were 0.25 wt. %, 3 vol.%, and 7 wt.%, respectively. The maximum grafting percentage was 989.6% at these optimal reaction parameters. The formation of the grafted nanohybrids was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal stability studies were carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GO-g-PPy naohybrids can be used as functional additives or conductive materials for EMI shielding applications.

Study of Different Aged Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) Rootstocks on Softwood Grafting Success under Different Environmental Conditions

An investigation was conducted to find out the optimum Jackfruit rootstock age for softwood grafting and to find out the suitable environmental condition for the success of Jackfruit grafts was conducted at Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College of Horticulture, Kolar, Karnataka during the year 2023. Six different aged Jackfruit rootstocks (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days old) were softwood grafted and evaluated under three environmental conditions (Shadenet, Polytunnel and Polyhouse) in a factorial completely randomised design with four replications. The morpho-physiological results revealed that, 15 days old rootstock grown under shadenet took highest number of days for sprout initiation (24.02 days) compared to others. Significantly highest graft success (50.20 %) was recorded in 90 days old rootstock grafts grown under polyhouse condition 30 days after grafting. Maximum number of leaves per graft (4.95, 6.95 and 9.15) and maximum RWC % (83.63, 86.98, and 90.61 %) was recorded in 90 days old rootstock grown under polyhouse at 30, 60 &amp; 90 days after grafting respectively. Similarly, significantly highest chlorophyll (4.70 mg/g FW), root length (18.52 cm), root fresh weight (9.43 g/plant), root dry weight (1.35 g/plant) and root biomass (3.64 g/plant) found in 90 days old rootstock grafts grown under polyhouse conditions. The maximum root-to-shoot ratio was recorded on fresh weight (0.73 g) and dry weight (0.56 g) in 90 days old rootstock grown under polyhouse condition. Significant maximum graft survival (44.71 %) recorded in 90 days old rootstock grafts grown under polyhouse. Significantly highest graft dry matter (3.95 g/plant) was recorded in 90 days old rootstocks grafts grown under polyhouse whereas least in shadenet (2.99 g/plant). In conclusion, it is found that grafting of 90 days old Jackfruit rootstocks performed better under polyhouse conditions for most of the traits.

Emulsion graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto bamboo fiber composites for efficient removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions

The emulsion graft polymerization process was used to synthesize a novel polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted silanized bamboo fiber composites. The grafting percentage was assessed by varying surfactant, initiator and monomer concentrations. The surface morphologies and thermal behavior of the biocomposites were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA techniques. In batch adsorption studies, the effect of adsorption parameters like pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dose and solution temperature were examined on the adsorption efficiency of lead ions. The adsorption capacity of biosorbent composites was enhanced through conversion of epoxy group of Poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) into sulfonic acid groups via sulfonation process. The sulfonic acid groups were incorporated into VMBF-g-PGMA by stirring the grafted sample in H2SO4 (98 %) for 2 h at 90 °C to obtain sulfonated grafted polymer (VMBF-g-PGMA-S). By increasing the concentration of monomers up to 5 %, the maximum grafting percentage (289 %) was achieved. The grafting % increases rapidly from 0.5 to 0.20 g initiator and at 0.20 g of initiator, the highest grafting yield was 512 %. The maximum Pb+2 adsorption capacity of adsorbent was 200 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters for pb+2 adsorption revealed an exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption process, and the entropy change showed that there are no substantial structural changes occurred in biosorbent material. The experimental results confirmed that sulfonated biosorbent composites are effective, economical, and promising adsorbent which could be used for removal of lead and other ions from aqueous solution.

Surface Modification of Calcined Kaolinite for Enhanced Solvent Dispersion and Mechanical Properties in Polybutylene Adipate/Terephthalate Composites.

In order to regulate the surface properties of calcined kaolinite for the purpose of achieving uniform distribution within various polar dispersion media, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and phenyl glycidyl ether were employed to chemically modify calcined kaolinite. The grafting rate, surface properties, and dispersion properties of calcined kaolinite particles in different polar organic media were changed by varying the dosage of the modifiers. FT-IR analysis confirmed successful surface modification, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated a maximum graft coverage of 18.44 μmol/m2 for the modified particles. Contact angle measurements and particle size distribution analyses demonstrated the effective adjustment of surface characteristics by the modifiers. Specifically, at a mass ratio of 1.0 of modifier to kaolinite particles, the modified particles exhibited a contact angle of around 125°, achieving uniform dispersion in different polarity media. Particle size distribution ranged from 1600 nm to 2100 nm in cyclohexane and petroleum ether, and from 900 nm to 1200 nm in dioxane, ethyl acetate, and DMF, showcasing a significant improvement in dispersion performance compared to unmodified particles. Concurrently, to improve the mechanical properties of PBAT, modified particles were incorporated into the PBAT matrix, and the effect of modified particle addition on the tensile strength and fracture tensile rate of the composites was investigated. The optimal amount of modified particles is 6 wt.%~8 wt.%. This article aims at synthesizing modifier molecules containing different hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups to chemically graft onto the surface of calcined kaolinite. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups on the modified particles can adapt to dispersed systems of different polarities and achieve good distribution within them. The modified particles are added to PBAT to achieve good compatibility and enhance the mechanical properties of the composite material.

Anatomic double-bundle transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction restores graft length changes but leads to larger graft bending angles.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the femoral tunnel position using a modified anatomic transtibial (TT) double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (DBACLR) and to investigate the knee kinematics, graft length and graft bending angle following DBACLR. Ten patients who underwent DBACLR using the modified TT technique were included in the study. All patients performed a single-legged lunge under a dual fluoroscopic imaging system to assess the 6 degrees of freedom tibiofemoral kinematics. Femoral tunnel position was evaluated via postoperative three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography. The area centroids of anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles were determined on 3D knee models. The lengths of AM and PL bundles, as well as graft bending angle at the femoral tunnel aperture, were measured by created virtual fibres. The reconstructed knee rotated more externally compared with the contralateral knee between 0° and 60° (p ≤ 0.049). There is no significant difference in the length change of AM bundle (n.s.) and PL bundle (n.s.) between the two sides from 0° to 120° during the lunge motion. The maximum graft bending angle at the femoral tunnel aperture occurred at 0° of knee flexion, with the AM graft bending angle was 72.6° ± 9.0° and the PL graft bending angle was 90.3° ± 9.7°. The modified TT technique used in this study could achieve anatomical ACL reconstruction, restoring graft length change patterns compared to contralateral knees. However, residual rotational instability of the reconstructed knee was observed after DBACLR, despite achieving anatomic tunnel placement. Therefore, double-bundle reconstruction may not sufficiently address the persistent rotational instability of the knee. Additionally, larger graft bending angles at the femoral tunnel aperture were found with the modified TT technique. Therefore, further improvement to the TT technique should focus on reducing the graft's curvature while maintaining the anatomical properties of the knee joint. The findings of this study highlight the need for improved surgical techniques to address residual rotational instability and optimise graft curvature. These improvements are crucial for enhancing patient outcomes and long-term joint function following ACL reconstruction. Level II.

Synthesis and study of free radical graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate on gamma-irradiated graphene oxide

This study reports on the synthesis of a novel poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted graphene oxide (GO) by using a free radical-induced emulsion graft polymerization method. PGMA was grafted onto a gamma irradiated and vinyl functionalized GO substrate, and the parameters of graft polymerization (i.e., the concentration of monomer, initiator, and surfactant) were optimized to achieve the maximum grafting percentage. Remarkably, a PGMA grafting percentage of up to 2626 % was obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. The developed materials were characterized by different characterization techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of characteristic peaks of PGMA in FTIR spectra and changes in morphology of GO sheets after the grafting process confirmed the successful PGMA grafting onto GO. The thermal stability of the grafted samples was also significantly enhanced and increased with an increase in grafting percentage. This work discloses the tailoring of the properties of nanohybrid material obtained by free radical-induced emulsion graft polymerization. The prepared PGMA grafted GO nanohybrids can be further modified to develop adsorbents for metal uptake.

A Novel Approach towards the Preparation of Silk-Fibroin-Modified Polyethylene Terephthalate with High Hydrophilicity and Stability

Silk fibroin (SF) has been widely used in biomedical applications for the hydrophilicity modification of high molecular polymer materials. However, the challenge remains to immobilize SF with high structure stability and strong adhesion strength between SF and the substrate. Here, we propose an effective two-step process for modifying polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with SF: dipping PET film in SF solution and subsequently carrying out plasma-assisted deposition in SF aerosol. The structure and property analysis revealed that the SF-modified PET (PET-SF) prepared using the two-step method exhibited superior structural stability and stronger adhesion strength compared to the dip-coating method and the plasma-assisted deposition method. In addition, PET-SF prepared using the two-step method resulted in a higher concentration of SF and an increased content of active groups on its surface, enhancing its hydrophilicity compared to the other two methods. Additionally, the influence of dipping time and deposition time in the two-step method was investigated. The results demonstrated that the dipping time for 6 h and the deposition time for 3 min resulted in maximum SF grafting amount with a highly stable structure. Furthermore, the PET-SF exhibited satisfactory hydrophilicity when the deposition time was more than 3 min and showed the most hydrophilicity surface at 8 min.

Propagation Studies on Different Rootstocks of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii skeels)

Jamun is propagated by seeds as well as vegetatively and the grafts raised on seedling rootstocks of unknown source resulting in variation among the plants. Hence, there is a need to identify the suitable rootstock for propagating jamun to get maximum graft success. The time of grafting is the most important factor for highest graft success and influenced by the climatic conditions prevailing in particular season in addition to the type of rootstocks. Considering the above factors the research was carried out at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during 2018-2019 to study suitable season and rootstock for the jamun variety AJG-85, which is more popular variety in and around Belgaum district. Jamun variety AJG-85 grafted on its own rootstock during October recorded the maximum number of sprouts (3.92, 4.49 and 4.56 respectively), sprout length (7.91, 16.18 and 22.20 cm respectively), per cent graft success (79.39, 88.80 and 90.94% respectively), per cent graft survival (93.96 and 89.30% respectively) at different days after grafting and minimum number of days taken for sprouting (19.15).

Synthesis and characterization of alginate-polyacrylic acid/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite with efficient removal for nigrosine dye

ABSTRACT The current study detailed the efficacy of a simply prepared alginate-polyacrylic acid/functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Alg-PAA/f-MWCNTs) composite for adsorption of nigrosine dye (acid black II) from aqueous environments. Firstly, preparation of the Alg-PAA/f-MWCNTs composite was achieved via gamma radiation-induced template polymerization of AA onto the Alg/f-MWCNTs surface. The maximum grafting efficiency (GE%) of AA onto the surface of Alg/f-MWCNTs was ~ 82% under the optimized conditions: (2.5 wt% Alg, 30 wt% AA, 0.5 wt% f-MWCNTs, 0.6 wt% N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), and irradiation dose ~ 20 kGy). The structural characteristics, thermal features as well as the morphological appearance of the Alg-PAA/f-MWCNTs composite were validated using different analyses including FTIR, TGA, DTA, XRD and SEM. Additionally, the composite exhibited uniform particle size distribution (~150.7 nm), point of zero charge at pH = 6.28, and negative Zeta potentials of a minimum at pH = 2. The adsorption batch experiments showed good adsorption capacity for the nigrosine dye from their aqueous media with adsorption efficiency up to 83% using the batch technique at pH = 2.0 for 420 min. The adsorption of nigrosine dye onto Alg-PAA/f-MWCNTs is favorable thermodynamically, obeying the Freundlich isotherm model and controlled by a chemisorption mechanism. Additionally, the composite showed a good regeneration ability up to five times with almost the same removal of ~80%. The results demonstrated that the Alg-PAA/f-MWCNTs composite could be a promising candidate for the removal of nigrosine dye from industrial aqueous environments.

Clinicopathologic Spectrum and Outcomes of Infections Diagnosed on Graft Biopsies and Nephrectomy in Live Renal Allograft Recipients: An Institutional Experience.

Modern immunosuppressive regimens have reduced rejection episodes in renal allograft recipients but have increased the risk of opportunistic infections. Infections are considered to be the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular complications in renal allograft recipients. Data on opportunistic infections affecting the allograft itself are scarce. The present study describes the spectrum of renal opportunistic infections and their outcomes diagnosed on renal allograft biopsies and nephrectomy specimens. Our retrospective observational study was conducted from December 2011 to December 2021. We analyzed infectious episodes diagnosed on renal allograft biopsies or graft nephrectomy specimens. We obtained clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory details for analyses from hospital records. BK virus nephropathy was the most common opportunistic infection affecting the allograft, accounting for 47% of cases, followed by bacterial graft pyelonephritis (25%). Mucormycosis was the most common fungal infection. The diagnosis of infection from day of transplant ranged from 14 days to 39 months. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 10 years. Mortality was highest among patients with opportunistic fungal infection (62%), followed by viral infections, and graft failure rate was highest in patients with graft pyelonephritis (50%). Among patients with BK polyomavirus nephropathy, 45% had stable graft function compared with just 33% of patients with bacterial graft pyelonephritis. BK polyoma virus infection was the most common infection affecting the renal allograft in our study. Although fungal infections caused the highest mortality among our patients, bacterial graft pyelonephritis was responsible for maximum graft failure. Correctly identifying infections on histology is important so that graft and patient life can be prolonged.

Drug delivery in thermo-responsive silicone catheters by grafting of N-vinylcaprolactam using gamma radiation

Radiation-induced graft polymerization of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) onto silicone catheters by direct irradiation method was studied. The effects of the irradiation dose, as well as the monomer concentration, on the grafting efficiency were studied. The conditions for achieving maximum grafting yield were observed at 30% of monomer concentration in toluene at 50 kGy. The graft polymerization was examined by different characterization methods, including measurements such as thermogravimetric analysis, infrared, water contact angle, and swelling. The temperature-responsive behavior of smart grafted copolymer was studied by swelling at different temperatures. Differently from pristine silicone catheter, the N-vinylcaprolactam-grafted catheters were able to load vancomycin and sustain the release for 30 h.Graphical abstract

Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma for skin graft preservation: an experimental comparative study.

In this experimental study, we aimed to determine whether platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a suitable preservative for dermo-epidermal grafts. An additional objective was to investigate how long grafts can be stored without biological degradation. We compared pig skin graft preservation using PRP versus saline solution and crystalloid Custodiol®, which is used for hypothermic preservation of organs for transplantation. Grafts (10 × 10 mm) were placed on gauze impregnated with one of the tested solutions, and stored for 3, 7, 11, and 15 days at a constant temperature of 4°C. We evaluated a total of 240 pig skin samples: 120 by histopathology and 120 by fluorescence optical microscopy. Overall, Custodiol® solution appeared to be the best medium for preservation of dermo-epidermal grafts, with beneficial properties manifested on days 7 and 11. Although we expected PRP to be a better preservative than saline, this was not confirmed by our results, as we found no significant difference between these two media. In fact, by day 3, the histopathological results were better with standard saline solution than with PRP. On day 15, with each tested solution, some samples showed histological changes that are incompatible with graft viability. Overall, Custodiol® appears to be the best medium for dermo-epidermal graft preservation. Moreover, the present findings suggest a maximum graft storage time of 11 days in all of the tested solutions. We do not recommend using grafts stored for 15 days, due to isolated signs of graft biodegradation with all solutions.

Polypyrrole fabricated Laponite RD conductive nanocomposites: influence of grafting efficiency on structural and conductive properties.

In the present work novel conductive organic-inorganic nanocomposites were produced by grafting of pyrrole monomer onto silanized Laponite RD utilizing emulsion graft polymerization. Influence of some important factors like concentration of monomer, initiator and surfactant were investigated on grafting efficiency. Grafting of polypyrrole chains onto modified Laponite RD was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the spherical particles of nanocomposite with average diameter of 271.5 nm. XRD pattern showed that molecular framework of pure polypyrrole almost remains same in nanocomposite. Surface area and pore volume of Laponite RD, measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, was also altered indicating effective grafting of polypyrrole chains onto modified substrate. Maximum grafting efficiency (%), determined gravimetrically, was 87.3% at monomer, initiator, and surfactant concentrations of 1.50, 1.00, and 0.50% respectively. Prepared nanocomposites with grafting efficiency of 87.3% have displayed maximum electrical conductivity of 0.23 × 10-2 Scm-1. These nanocomposites can be used for manifold applications like biomedical and energy storage devices.

Multiplication performance of monkey jack by cleft grafting on single source seedling rootstock

The present research work was undertaken to study the fate of cleft grafting of five potential monkey jack genotypes during 2020-2021 at the Germplasm Center, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. Scions from five in situ conserved promising mother plants named as Dumki-Al-S1, Dumki-Al-S2, Dumki-Al-S3, Dumki-Al-S4 and Kalapara-Al-S5 were cleft grafted on seedling rootstock (Dumki-Al-R1) of single genotype. A pot experiment was set in two-factor (Scions and Days after grafting) RCBD with 10 replications. The time required to break bud varied significantly among the treatments and ranged from 14 to 20 days. Dumki-Al-S1 required the maximum time to bud break (20 days) followed by Dumki-Al-S3 (18 days). Dumki-Al-S2 took minimum time (14 days) for bud breaking. The maximum increased length of rootstock found in Dumki-Al-S2 which were 55.00, 55.70, 56.44 and 65.30 cm at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days after grafting (DAG), respectively, followed by Kalapara-Al-S5 (61.80, 54.80, 55.30, and 57.12 cm at 21, 42, 63 and 84 DAG, respectively). Kalapara-Al-S5 showed maximum diameter of rootstock (1.44, 1.70, 1.80 and 1.94 cm at 21, 42, 63 and 84 DAG, respectively) followed by Dumki-Al-S4 (1.08, 1.24, 1.34 and 1.42 cm at 21, 42, 63 and 84 DAG, respectively). The length and diameter of scion of Dumki-Al-S4 and Kalapara-Al-S5 were higher and statistically identical at 84 DAG. The maximum graft height was recorded in Kalapara-Al-S5 (70.60, 73.40, 76.00 and 77.10 cm at 21, 42, 63 and 84 DAG, which was statistically similar with Dumki-Al-S2. Kalapara-Al-S5, Dumki-Al-S3 and Dumki-Al-S4 showed maximum number of leaves per graft at 84 DAG. The maximum graft success of 40% was observed in both Dumki-Al-S1 and Dumki-Al-S3 at 84 DAG, whereas, other treatments had less than 20% graft success. Kalapara-Al-S5 and Dumki-Al-S2 showed significantly higher and identical number of sprouted shoots at 84 DAG. Dumki-Al-S1 showed the maximum lengths and diameters of shoot at 84 DAG. The overall performance of the stionic combinations indicated that Dumki-Al-S1 and Dumki-Al-S3 were found promising for further grafting trials with seedling rootstocks.

Performance of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grafts for Yield and Bacterial Wilt Resistance

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major biotic stress that affects tomato production and reduce the fruit yield and quality. Grafting was done using different public/ private sector determinate/ semi-determinate hybrids as scion onto the wilt resistant brinjal variety “Haritha” as rootstock. The investigation was carried out as two experiments, production of grafts and evaluation in a bacterial wilt infested field. The minimum number of days taken for graft union was observed in Unito and Swaraksha (3.67 days). Grafts of Thenito, Arka Rakshak and Vijay showed maximum grafting success rate (96.71 %) and most of the grafts showed cent per cent field establishment. The highest yield per plant was recorded in the grafts of NS-526 (801.15 g), followed by that of Sivam (770.42 g), Arka Rakshak (748.81 g) and Megha (730.61 g). Cent percent resistance to bacterial wilt disease was observed in all the grafted treatments, while non-grafted control Rasto showed cent per cent wilt incidence.

Direct observation of radiation-induced graft polymerization on a polyethylene film

Radiation-induced graft polymerization is widely used in the synthesis of polymeric materials with various functionalities; however, the details of the reaction mechanism are still unresolved. Herein, the initial stage of the graft polymerization reaction was investigated through atomic force microscopy (AFM). We used glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in methanol (monomer solution) and a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film with a well-ordered lamellar structure as the substrate. Using polymer film surfaces with a maximum grafting degree of 0.5%, AFM can distinguish between crystalline and amorphous polyethylene (PE) phases as well as a grafted polymer GMA (PGMA) phase. The graft polymerization reaction started from the interface between the crystalline and amorphous PE phases. As the reaction proceeded, the PGMA covered the crystalline PE phase: i.e., the entire surface of the PE film were covered by the PGMA. Further, the crystalline lamellae of the PE film eventually became a scaffold for the formation of aggregates comprising grafted polymer chains alone. The graft polymerization reaction mechanism was explained by comparing the solubility parameters of the monomer solution, substrate, and grafted polymer chains. Understanding the reaction mechanism at a low grafting degree obtained in this study may contribute to enhancing the efficiency of the graft polymerization reaction on any polymeric material.

Alveolar Bone Morphologic Predictors for Guided Bone Regeneration Outcome in Anterior Maxilla

This study aimed to explore the influence of alveolar bone morphologic variables on the outcome of guided bone regeneration (GBR) in the anterior maxilla region. Twenty-eight patients who received single maxillary anterior tooth delayed implant placed simultaneously with GBR were recruited. Baseline data including age, gender, implant site, implant brand, and bone graft materials were recorded. The resorption rate of the grafted bone (RRGB), labial bone width at 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm apical to the implant platform at Tn (LBW0Tn, LBW2Tn, LBW4Tn), implant angulation (IA), maximum bone graft thickness (MBGT), bone graft volume (BGV), and the initial bone morphologic variables bone concavity depth (BCD) and bone concavity angulation (BCA) were measured. The Pearson correlation analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and optimal binning method were used to explore the potential predictors for GBR. Among 28 patients, the labial bone width of implant and bone graft volume decreased significantly when measured 6 months after surgery. The mean percentage of RRGB was 49.78%. RRGB was not correlated with gender, age, bone graft material, IA, MBGT, bone graft volume at T1, implant site, and implant brand (P > .05). BCD and BCA were each moderately correlated with RRGB (r=-0.872 [P < .001] and r=0.686 [P < .001], respectively). A BCD ≥1.03 mm and a BCA <155.30° resulted in a significantly lower percentage of RRGB (P < .001). A significant grafted bone materials volume reduction was detected after GBR with collagen membrane and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM). The initial bone morphology can influence GBR outcome, and a bone concavity with a depth ≥1.03 mm and an angulation <155.30° led to a lower RRGB. BCD and BCA can be used as variables to predict the outcome of GBR.

Effect of Different Rootstocks and Scions Compatibility Study on Rosa sp

An investigation entitled, “Effect of different rootstocks and scion compatibility study on Rosa sp.’’ was conducted to study the graft compatability and growth performance of grafted rose plants and the experiment was conducted in Vegetable Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Palur, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu during the year 2022. It was carried out using completely randomized design (CRD) with fifteen treatments (T1- Andhra red rose + Dog rose, T2-Andhra red rose + Button rose, T3-Andhra red rose + Ebb tide rose, T4- Andhra red rose +Fairy rose, T5- Andhra red rose + Edward rose, T6- Edward rose+ Dog rose, T7-Edward rose + Button rose, T8-Edward rose+ Ebb tide rose, T9-Edward rose + Fairy rose, T10-Edward rose+ Edward rose, T11-Damask rose + Dog rose, T12-Damask rose + Button rose, T13-Damask rose + Ebb tide rose, T14-Damask rose+ Fairy rose, T15-Damask rose+ Edward rose) and two replications. The results indicated a significant difference between the different treatment combination for graft union, success percentage, survival percentage, plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), days taken for leaf initiation. The experiment data revealed that the maximum graft success (90) and graft survival percentage (80), length of leaves (3.9 cm) and plant height (67.6) was recorded in the treatments T7 (Edward rose + Button rose). It can be concluded that the combination of rootstock as Edward rose and scion as Button rose is said to be most compatible and can be recommended for commercial cultivation.