Maximum Equilibrium Temperature Research Articles

Enhancing core loss and thermal performance for wireless EV charging with a cross-laminated core structure

This paper explores the implementation of laminated cores in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems for wireless EV charging. Two conventional structures are initially evaluated: the horizontally laminated core (H-cores) and the vertically laminated cores (V-cores). Fe-based nanocrystalline materials are applied for these structures due to their excellent core loss properties. The study introduces material modelling and loss analysis methods that combine toroidal measurements with eddy current losses from norm flux. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations reveal that both structures experience significant flux density and thermal imbalances, creating operational challenges for IPT systems. To address these issues, a cross-laminated structure is proposed, combining the benefits of both horizontal and vertical laminations to reduce thermal imbalances. Simulation results show improved system performance, confirmed by experimental tests. Using the cross-lamination approach, the operational duration of IPT systems can be extended, and the maximum equilibrium temperature at an output current of 10 A is reduced by over 40°C, from 90.4 °C to 47.2 °C. Additionally, efficiency improves by over 0.4 % at 11.1 kW output power. This innovative core design provides a practical solution for implementing laminated cores in high-power wireless EV charging applications, enhancing efficiency and thermal performance.

History of Ceres’s Cold Traps Based on Refined Shape Models

Permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) in the north polar region of Ceres have been previously mapped by the Dawn spacecraft. Putative ice deposits are found in some of these PSRs, whereas most PSRs host no bright deposits, which is thought to be due to oscillations of the axis tilt with a ∼25 ka period. We use stereophotoclinometry to construct refined topographic models of PSR-hosting craters. Ray-tracing calculations reveal that no PSRs remain at the maximum axis tilt, which implies that the ice deposits are remarkably young. The bright ice deposits do not extend beyond PSRs at an axis tilt of 10°, which last occurred about 6 ka ago. This suggests that water is delivered to the polar regions or exposed within the craters by frequent and short-lived events. Surface temperatures are calculated with a terrain irradiance model to delineate cold traps. Based on maximum equilibrium temperatures, Cerean PSRs are too warm to trap supervolatiles.

Flexible MXene/Nanocellulose Composite Aerogel Film with Cellular Structure for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Photothermal Conversion.

With the rapid development of wearable devices and integrated systems, protection against electromagnetic waves is an issue. For solving the problems of poor flexibility and a tendency to corrode traditional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial MXene was employed to manufacture next-generation EMI shielding materials. Vacuum-assisted filtration combined with the liquid nitrogen prefreezing strategy was adopted to prepare flexible MXene/cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) composite aerogel film with unique cellular structure. Here, CNFs were employed as the reinforcement, and such a cellular structure design can effectively improve the shielding effectiveness (SE). In particular, the composite shows an outstanding EMI SE of 54 dB. Furthermore, the MXene/CNFs composite aerogel film exhibited prominent and steady photothermal conversion ability, which could obtain the maximum equilibrium temperature of 89.4 °C under an 808 nm NIR laser. Thus, our flexible composite aerogel film with appealing cellular construction holds great promise for wearable EMI shielding materials and heating applications in a cold and complex practical environment.

Analysis and Research of Compound Refrigeration based on Logic Control Battery

In order to ensure the safety and stability of the power battery, the design of refrigeration system is very important. Firstly, a battery model based on logic control and lumped heat parameters was established to determine the real-time and accurate state of battery heat generation, heat transfer, radiation heat dissipation and battery temperature. The feasibility of the simulation model is verified by the experimental results. Secondly, the refrigeration system of battery air cooling and liquid cooling is established, and a new composite cooling system is proposed and built. By changing the wind speed and flow rate, the variation of the cooling effect of air cooling and liquid cooling with the medium flow rate was analyzed. The results show that, in a certain range, the larger the flow rate, the more obvious the cooling effect of the cooling method, and the flow rate is positively correlated with the cooling effect. In order to compare the cooling effect of the new composite cooling system, the temperature rise curves, temperature difference curves and energy consumption of different cooling methods were analyzed under the discharge rates of 4C and 8C.he results show that when the system tends to be stable, the total energy consumption of liquid cooling and mixed cooling is almost the same, and the energy consumption of air cooling is the largest. According to the analysis of the maximum equilibrium temperature difference inside the battery unit when the temperature is stable, the temperature difference of the composite cooling method is the smallest, about 1℃. Moreover, by analyzing the fluctuation range of battery pack temperature when it is stable, the fluctuation of composite refrigeration is the smallest, only 2℃. In conclusion, the hybrid refrigeration system based on logic control has good cooling performance.

Study on the Influence of Friction and Wear Properties of High-Speed Rail Brake Materials under Humidity Environment and Temperature Conditions

A multi-functional friction and wear testing machine was used to test the pin disk wear of high-speed railway brake friction material under different disk temperatures (20 °C, 100 °C, and 200 °C) and different ambient humidities (55%, 95%). The test results show that the change in the disk temperature and different ambient humidities have significant effects on the frictional wear performance of the high-speed railway brake material. Under the conditions of 20 °C, 100 °C and 200 °C, the instantaneous friction coefficient and wear rate of the brake material decreased as the ambient humidity increased. The different ambient humidity caused severe surface damage to the brake materials, but the damage mechanisms were dramatically different. At constant temperature, the higher the ambient humidity, the lower the maximum equilibrium temperature of the disc.

Basic Physicochemical Concepts for Controlling the δ-Ferrite Content When Welding with Austenite-Ferrite Materials

Abstract—By the example of the metal of a seam obtained using welding materials based on 10Kh19N11M4F steel which are currently used for the welding of high-strength low-alloy steels, the influence of its chemical composition on the behavior of δ-ferrite throughout the entire temperature range of its existence is shown. On the basis of these studies, the prospects of the use of 10Kh19N11M4F steel for the welding of high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant steels with the retention of their nonmagnetization, including in the area of the welded joint, are shown. The critical parameters determining the behavior of δ-ferrite upon crystallization and subsequent cooling of solid steel are found using thermodynamic modeling. It is shown that the depth of the σ-ferritic transformation and the maximum equilibrium temperature of austenitization used for the interpretation of the experimental data obtained during hot physical modeling of welding are the most important among them. The areas of promising compositions of the metal of the seam in the case of welding of low-alloy high-strength and high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant steels without hot cracks and providing, if necessary, nonmagnetization of the seam are found and depicted on the fragment of the improved Scheffler–Speidel diagram.

Basic physical and chemical concepts for controlling δ-ferrite content when welding with austenite-ferrite materials

The paper shows the influence of steel chemical composition on δ-ferrite behavior throughout the entire range of temperature considering welding consumables. Materials for joints are manufactured of the 10Kh19N11M4F, currently used for welding high-strength low-alloy steels. This steel prospects for welding high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant steels saving their non-magnetism, including the zone of welded joint, were analyzed on the basis of these studies. Using thermodynamic modeling, critical parameters were found that determine the behavior of δ-ferrite during solidification and subsequent cooling of solid steel. The most important parameters are the depth of the σ-ferritic transformation and the maximum equilibrium temperature of austenitization, which were used to interpret the experimental data obtained during hot physical modeling of welding. The areas of promising compositions of materials for welding of low-alloyed high-strength and high-nitrogen corrosion-resistant steels without hot cracks and providing, if necessary, the non-magnetic seam were found and depicted on a fragment of an improved Scheffler – Speidel diagram.

Thermal and Crystallographic Properties of Tetra-n-butylammonium Bromide + Tetra-n-butylammonium Chloride Mixed Semiclathrate Hydrates

The thermal and crystallographic properties of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide + tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (TBAB + TBAC) mixed semiclathrate hydrates prepared from mixed aqueous solutions were investigated using phase equilibrium measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction. The equilibrium temperatures gradually vary with both xguest {i.e., the mole fraction of guests to (guests + water)} and xTBAB {i.e., TBAB to (TBAB + TBAC)}. The maximum equilibrium temperatures for each concentration changed from (xTBAB = 0.4 to 0) and were observed at xTBAB = 0 below xguest = 0.012. The dissociation enthalpies of tetragonal mixed hydrates are between those of the pure hydrates. In the tetragonal pure and mixed hydrates, these results indicate that the thermal stabilities are dependent upon the increase of hydration number by the relaxation of crystal distortion with decreasing xguest and xTBAB. In orthorhombic systems, a single endothermic DSC peak is split to a higher tempe...

Thermal-electronic behaviors investigation of knitted heating fabrics based on silver plating compound yarns

In this paper, three kinds of knitted heating fabrics (KHFs) were designed and fabricated by using silver plating compound yarns (SPCYs) and polyester staple fiber spun yarns (PSFSYs), and thermo-electric properties of KHFs and SPCYs were investigated by performing a series of experiments. Experimental results showed, with increasing ageing time and ageing temperature, the breaking strength of PSFSYs and SPCYs had nearly not changed, but resistances of SPCYs increased markedly. After performing 264 hours ageing at 120℃ environment temperature, resistances of SPCYs exceeded the measuring range of the multi-meter. By taking and analyzing infrared temperature images of KHFs and SPCYs, strong linear correlation can be observed between surface maximum equilibrium temperature (SMET) of KHFs and SPCYs and power consumption density. Furthermore, strong linear positive correlation is between power consumption density of KHFs and inner equilibrium temperature of mimetic clothing. KHFs will have wide application prospect in active warming field because of a lot of advantages, such as an even surface temperature field in the heating process, structure simplicity, flexibility, etc.

Preliminary Design of GDC System for KTX Device

KeDa Torus for eXperiment (KTX) is a reversed field pinch magnetic confinement fusion research device whose main parameters are between in the RFX and MST. The base vacuum of KTX is 1 × 10−6 Pa. Six sets of turbomolecular pumps parallel installed in the six horizontal ports which served as the main pumping system for KTX and the diameters of the ports are 0.15 m. Before plasma discharge, glow discharge cleaning (GDC) system is applied to clean C, O and hydrocarbon impurity on the vacuum vessel (VV) surfaces of KTX. An inflation system and residual gas analyzer system are designed to supply the working gas and monitoring the effect of GDC respectively. According to the GDC experiment practice, the working gas pressure of the KTX GDC system is designed as 0.3 Pa, with average current density of 0.15 A/m2. Two sets of the GDC probes are installed in KTX horizontal ports symmetrically with interval angle of 180o and the input current of each anode is 1.6 A. According to the current density distribution, the centre of the VV cross section is the superior working area for GDC anode, a screw-nut pairs with the cooperation of bellows can transfer the anode from its storage position to its working position, and the stroke of the screw-nut pairs is 0.5 m. Based on the temperature rise calculation, the maximum equilibrium temperature of the anode during glow discharge is about 275 °C (under 200 °C baking). The thermal stresses caused by the temperature distribution on the anode’s components especially in the vacuum brazing areas are inspected during GDC process. All the simulation results show that the structure and base material of the KTX GDC anode can work normally without additional active cooling system.

Sharp reduction in maximum fuel temperatures during loss of coolant accidents in a PBMR DPP-400 core, by means of optimised placement of neutron poisons

In a preceding study, coupled neutronics and thermo-hydraulic simulations were performed with the VSOP-A diffusion code for the standard 9.6wt% enriched 9g uranium fuel spheres in the 400MWth Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Demonstration Power Plant. The axial power profile peaked at about a third from the top of the fuel core and the radial profile peaked directly adjacent to the central graphite reflector. The maximum temperature during a Depressurised Loss of Coolant (DLOFC) incident was 1581.0°C, which is close to the limit of 1600°C above which the leakage of radioactive fission products through the TRISO coatings around the fuel kernels may become unacceptable. This may present licensing challenges and also limits the total power output of the reactor.In this article the results of an optimisation study of the axial and radial power profiles for this reactor are reported. The main aim was to minimise the maximum DLOFC temperature. Reducing the maximum equilibrium temperature during normal operation was a lesser aim. Minimising the maximum DLOFC temperature was achieved by placing an optimised distribution of 10B neutron poison in the central reflector. The standard power profiles are sub-optimal with respect to the passive leakage of decay heat during a DLOFC. Since the radial power profile peaks directly adjacent to the central reflector, the distance that the decay heat needs to be conducted toward the outside of the reactor and the ultimate heat sink is at a maximum. The sharp axial power profile peak means that most of the decay power is concentrated in a small part of the core volume, thereby sharply increasing the required outward heat flux in this hotspot region. Both these features sharply increase the maximum DLOFC temperatures in this hotspot. Therefore the axial distribution of the neutron poisons in the central reflector was optimised so as to push the equilibrium power density profile radially outward and to suppress the axial power peak near the middle of the core, while increasing the power density near the top and bottom of the core. This resulted in a huge reduction in the maximum DLOFC temperature from 1581.0°C to 1297.6°C, which may produce far reaching safety and economic benefits. However, it came at the cost of a 22% reduction in the average burn-up of the fuel. In a separate optimisation attempt a much smaller, but still significant, reduction in the maximum equilibrium temperature, from 1023°C down to 988°C, was achieved.

Noble and reactive gases of Palinpinon geothermal field (Philippines): Origin, reservoir processes and geodynamic implications

Palinpinon is a high-temperature, liquid-dominated volcano-geothermal system located on southern Negros Island, Philippines, associated with subduction of Negros-Sulu arc (Early Pliocene to Recent). In 2001, eleven (11) producing wells of the Palinpinon geothermal field were analyzed for major gas components and for noble gases isotopic composition. Geothermal gases are dominated by H2O, with CO2 and H2S being the most abundant species of the dry fraction. Chemical and isotope data indicate that two main components feed the geothermal system: (i) a deep component, enriched in CO2, H2S, H2 and He, related to volcano-hydrothermal interactions occurring in the roots of the geothermal system, and (ii) a surficial component, enriched in N2, Ar, Ne, related to natural meteoric recharge of the reservoir. The noble gas fraction is dominated by argon of atmospheric origin, as denoted by 40Ar/36Ar ratios between 295 and 310. Helium, in excess above the reference concentrations in air and air-saturated water (ASW), has an isotopic signature (3He/4He ratios between 6.96 to 7.94 RA) in the range of values normally observed for subduction-related volcanism. 3He/4He and CO2/3He (between 12.1×109 to 28.7×109) ratios support the hypothesis that most of the deep gases are directly derived from a magmatic source and/or from the scavenging of an organic-depleted, basalt-rich crust. Water–rock interactions cause some geothermal overprinting of the deep magmatic component, allowing redox conditions in the reservoir to be controlled by the Fe(II)–Fe(III) buffer. Based on CO2/CH4 and H2/Ar ratios, maximum equilibrium temperatures between 300 and 350°C have been estimated in the geothermal reservoir. Chemical data indicate that the geothermal reservoir is largely flushed by steam derived from the boiling of waters of meteoric recharge and reinjected brines.

DETECTION OF THERMAL EMISSION FROM A SUPER-EARTH

We report on the detection of infrared light from the super-Earth 55 Cnc e, based on four occultations obtained with Warm Spitzer at 4.5 microns. Our data analysis consists of a two-part process. In a first step, we perform individual analyses of each dataset and compare several baseline models to optimally account for the systematics affecting each lightcurve. We apply independent photometric correction techniques, including polynomial detrending and pixel-mapping, that yield consistent results at the 1-sigma level. In a second step, we perform a global MCMC analysis including all four datasets, that yields an occultation depth of 131+-28ppm, translating to a brightness temperature of 2360+-300 K in the IRAC-4.5 micron channel. This occultation depth suggests a low Bond albedo coupled to an inefficient heat transport from the planetary dayside to the nightside, or else possibly that the 4.5-micron observations probe atmospheric layers that are hotter than the maximum equilibrium temperature (i.e., a thermal inversion layer or a deep hot layer). The measured occultation phase and duration are consistent with a circular orbit and improves the 3-sigma upper limit on 55 Cnc e's orbital eccentricity from 0.25 to 0.06.

Major and trace element geochemistry of neutral and acidic thermal springs at El Chichón volcano, Mexico: Implications for monitoring of the volcanic activity

Four groups of thermal springs with temperatures from 50 to 80 °C are located on the S–SW–W slopes of El Chichón volcano, a composite dome-tephra edifice, which exploded in 1982 with a 1 km wide, 160 m deep crater left. Very dynamic thermal activity inside the crater (variations in chemistry and migration of pools and fumaroles, drastic changes in the crater lake volume and chemistry) contrasts with the stable behavior of the flank hot springs during the time of observations (1974–2005). All known groups of hot springs are located on the contact of the basement and volcanic edifice, and only on the W–SW–S slopes of the volcano at almost same elevations 600–650 m asl and less than 3 km of direct distance from the crater. Three groups of near-neutral (pH ≈ 6) springs at SW–S slopes have the total thermal water outflow rate higher than 300 l/s and are similar in composition. The fourth and farthest group on the western slope discharges acidic (pH ≈ 2) saline (10 g/kg of Cl) water with a much lower outflow rate (< 10 l/s). Water–rock interaction modeling of main types of the El Chichón thermal waters using regular log Q/ K graphs (saturation indices vs temperature) showed maximum equilibrium temperature slightly higher than 200 °C. Acidic waters are equilibrated with some clay minerals at about 120 °C. Three main sources of the salinity of thermal water are suggested on the basis of mixing plots and isotopic data: a magmatic source for CO 2, boron, sulfur and a limited part of Cl; volcanic rock source for the major cations and trace elements; the oil-bearing evaporitic basement source (oil-field brine?) for NaCl, Br, a part of Ca and some trace elements. All flank thermal springs end up in the river Rio Magdalena that has a variable seasonal flow rates from 4 to 20 m 3/s. Any changes in the chemistry of springs must notably change the composition of the streams draining hot springs and eventually, Rio Magdalena. A monthly geochemical monitoring of Rio Magdalena and streams draining main hot springs would be a useful tool for surveying the activity of the volcano.

Approximate Calculation of Required and Available Lateral Range Achieved in a Spacecraft Descent to a Preset Point on the Earth's Surface

The results of calculation of the required lateral range are presented for the orbital reentry of a spacecraft having a preset inclination and preset ascending node longitude to land at a preset point on the Earth's surface. The suboptimum laws of roll angle variation in velocity are determined, which allows one to reach the maximum available lateral range for a given value of constant lift-to-drag ratio taking into account constraints imposed on the maximum equilibrium temperature.

A comparison study of sample dissolution media in headspace analysis of organic volatile impurities in pharmaceuticals

Abstract Four sample dissolution media, N , N -dimethylacetamide (DMA), N , N -dimethyl-formamide (DMF), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and water were studied and compared in gas chromatographic headspace analysis of organic volatile impurities (OVIs) in drug substances. Emphasis was placed on fundamental parameters of headspace analysis such as maximum equilibrium temperature, precision, sensitivity and accuracy. The impacts of equilibrium time, temperature and salting out effect were determined and discussed in detail. It is found that the partition of an analyte in the sample solution influence not only the sensitivity but also the precision and accuracy of the analysis. Although the boiling point of DMI was much higher than those of DMF and DMA, they show the same maximum equilibrium temperature (110 °C). Salting out effect in aqueous sample solution diminishes the matrix effect of headspace analysis and increases the sensitivity of polar analytes. It is concluded that: (1) Water and DMI are the best hydrophilic and hydrophobic medium, respectively; (2) Anti-polarity effect is an approach to enhance the sensitivity; (3) Polar and high boiling point OVIs tend to involve problems of analysis precision, sensitivity and accuracy.

Phenocryst abundances and glass and phenocryst compositions as indicators of magmatic environments of large‐volume ash flow sheets in southwestern Nevada

The Topopah Spring, Tiva Canyon, Rainier Mesa, and Ammonia Tanks tuffs are large‐volume, silicic ash flow sheets that provide samples of four magmatic systems in southwestern Nevada. Successively erupted within a span of 2 m.y. from the same source area, they allow comparison of the sequential evolution of large, mature Cordilleran magmatic systems. Each large‐volume sheet has a rhyolitic lower zone and quartz latitic upper zone. Coeval basaltic andesite and basalt show petrochemical continuity with these sheets and may represent mantle contributions that triggered eruptions of the midcrustal silicic portions. Abundances of phenocrysts and accessory phases increase upward with whole rock Fe (FeOt) from the base of all four sheets to maximum values unique for each system. Although maximum abundances of each mineral are unique for each sheet, each maximum occupies the same relative position within each sheet. High‐temperature minerals such as plagioclase increase in abundance continuously with FeOt in each system, showing a decrease with FeOt only within basaltic andesite at the base of the Rainier Mesa system. Late crystallizing minerals such as quartz and sphene show maximum abundances at much lower FeOt, at or near the top of the rhyolitic zone. Minerals that normally form at intermediate stages of crystallization, such as sanidine, show maxima at intermediate FeOt for each sheet. A continuum of glass and phenocryst compositions occurs within the Topopah Spring and Rainier Mesa sheets. Variations in phenocryst compositions with FeOt are generally consistent with those expected for crystallization within magma reservoirs characterized by vertical thermal and compositional gradients. However, simple fractional crystallization does not adequately explain the close relationship in each sheet among the mineral chemistry, glass (magma) chemistry, and phase assemblages, which indicate a close approach to equilibrium within each magma system. Nor does fractional crystallization account for resorption textures and maximum abundances for phenocrysts, which demonstrate dissolution rather than crystal growth within the deepest parts of each magma system. We hypothesize that phenocrysts reequilibrate as they gravitationally settle into higher‐temperature magma at greater depth or dissolve if the phase becomes unstable. In either case, lower‐density liquids are produced that should buoyantly migrate upward. Their compositions suggest that glasses and minerals with the lowest FeOt, in the base of each sheet, equilibrated at 3.5 kbar water pressure and ∼660°C. Phase assemblages and mineral chemistries indicate progressively higher temperatures with increasing FeOt within each sheet. Maximum equilibrium temperatures, ∼900°C, are obtained for the most Fe‐rich assemblage, basaltic andesite, also found at the base of the Rainier Mesa sheet. The phase assemblages indicate water saturation or near saturation for the entire magmatic system and thus indicate depths of ∼10 km to the top of each magmatic system. Considering similarities in magmatic environments of the four sheets, the distinctive petrochemical differences among rhyolitic zones probably reflect chemical differences inherited from their source regions.

Some problems associated with the use of boron carbide neutron filters for reactor epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA)

The radiation heating caused by the10B(n, α)7Li-reaction in boron carbide (B4 C) neutron filters used for epithermal neutron activation analysis has been examined by measuring rates of temperature rise and steady-state temperatures of sintered and powdered B4C filters placed in dry air and reactor pool-water during irradiation, respectively. Maximum equilibrium temperatures of 195°C for air-cooled sintered, and 50°C for water-cooled powdered B4C were observed, confirming the necessity for efficient cooling of the filter during irradiation. It is noted that the accumulation of the10B(n, α)7Li-reaction products in B4C and other boron compounds may severely limit the reuse of the filters in subsequent irradiations.

The metamorphic history of LL-group ordinary chondrites

A study of feldspar grain size and microprobe analysis of coexisting orthopyroxene, olivine, diopside, and metal in twenty equilibrated LL-group chondrites and clasts defines the conditions of metamorphism, indicates the relative position of samples within the parent body, and suggests an accretionary-metamorphic history. Variation of mineral chemistry indicates a range of equilibrium temperature and parallels textural variation, providing two continuous relative temperature scales, based on mean feldspar grain size and the calcium content of orthopyroxene coexisting with diopside. Maximum equilibrium temperatures range from less than 600° up to 950°C. The total Tschermak's component in orthopyroxene indicates that maximum pressure was less than 1 kbar, and a pressure gradient correlates directly with temperature. A reduction sequence, evident from systematic variation of iron in ferromagnesian silicates and metal, correlates inversely with temperature. The maximum permissible sampling depth for the formation of surface breccias (2/10 r) also limits pressure to less than 1 kbar. The LL parent body had a minimum radius of 200 km, determined using the permissible sampling depth and published cooling rates. The data are broadly consistent with simple reheating of colder material within a completely accreted body. This model may have problems with volatile depletion, a required lack of impact sampling during metamorphism, and the timing of the event. The data are more consistent with accretion of colder material on a hot but cooling surface. Both models apparently require a recycling process during accretion to account for the reduction sequence.

Thermodynamic properties and phase diagram of ternary sodium alloys I. The system sodium + cadmium + indium

Electromotive force measurements in the temperature range 670 to 760 K have been used to determine the thermodynamic properties of sodium in ternary mixtures of sodium + cadmium + indium. Darken's method was used to calculate the partial excess functions for the cadmium and indium. The solid-liquid equilibrium surface for the system was also determined using thermal analysis. The maximum equilibrium temperature recorded was 745 K.