Maximum Dye Uptake Research Articles

Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Chemically Modified Algal Biomass: Equilibrium, Dynamic, and Surface Data

Sargassum muticum biomass was chemically modified to test its sorption capacity toward a model organic cation: methylene blue. Two different classes of treatments, specifically the esterification of the carboxylic acids and the extraction of the lipid fraction, have been applied. Chemical modification of the biomass increases the sorption capacity, especially if the lipid fraction is removed from the algae. The maximum dye uptake was obtained for biomass obtained after the extraction of the lipid fraction by means of acetone under reflux treatment, with a qe value of 860 mg·g−1 from the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum uptakes were found in the pH range of 4 to 10. The equilibrium was achieved in (30 to 60) min, depending on the algal pretreatment. The pseudo-first-order empirical model can describe the process as a whole. Plots of the sorption capacity qt versus the square root of time, at the initial stages of the sorption process, fit the intraparticle diffusion equation, so an intraparticle diffusion coefficient of 5.46·10−8 cm2·s−1 is obtained for methylene blue in chemically modified S. muticum. Specific surface areas of the involved biomaterials are calculated from maximum uptakes at equilibrium and critically analyzed.

Optimization of basic and reactive dye uptakes in binary dye solution using statistical experimental methodology

In the present study, the optimum adsorption conditions for the uptake of methylene blue (MB) and reactive orange 16 (RO16) in binary dye solution by ethylenediamine tetraacidic acid (EDTA) modified rice hulls was studied. By using the Plackett-Burman design, the significant variables in affecting the MB and RO16 uptake in binary dye solution were identified as pH and contact time. The combined effects of interaction between the variables were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The model predicted that at optimum conditions: pH 6.77 and contact time of 205.58 min, the MB uptake greater than 95% could be obtained. As for RO16, the RSM indicated that pH 3.17 and contact time of 205.59 min were optimal for maximum percent dye uptake. These predicted values were also experimentally validated to confirm the reliability of the models.

Dyeing properties and antimicrobial activity of silk fabric with extract of unripe Citrus Unshiu fruits

This study was carried out to optimize dyeing conditions of unripe Citrus Unshiu extract on silk fabric and to evaluate antimicrobial activity of the dyed fabric for its potential use as a functional natural dye. Unripe fruits of Citrus Unshiu in Jeju Island, Korea, extracted in 80 % Ethanol solution to final solid dye powder were dyed on silk fabric under a variety of conditions such as dye bath concentrations, temperature, and dyeing duration together with mordanting. Dyeing fastness properties to washing, rubbing, perspiration, and light were tested and the antimicrobial activities of the dyed fabric against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated quantitatively. As results, the fabric showed the maximum dye uptake (K/S) under the conditions of 80 °C for temperature, 30 min for duration, and 600 % (o.w.f.) for dye concentration. Both pre- and post-mordanting seemed not to be effective on increasing K/S values of the dyed silk fabrics under the optimum dyeing conditions. Fastness ratings to washing, rubbing, and perspiration were all very good (4–5 grades) for both 300 and 600 % dyed silk fabrics. Excellent antimicrobial activities over 99 % reduction rate against two both bacteria were exhibited for all of dyed fabrics undergone more than 300 % of dye concentration. From these results, it was concluded that the dye concentration of 300 % of unripe Citrus Unshiu could be employed to produce antimicrobial silk fabric. Furthermore, to get more saturated shades on the fabric by the citrus, higher dye concentration such as 600 % was available as well.

왕벚나무 꽃잎 추출물에 대한 견직물의 염색성과 색채특성

― This study was carried out to identify the optimum dyeing condi tions for maximum dye uptake of Prunus yedoensis Matsumura flower extract on silk fabric and to investigate hue/ tone characteristics and fastness properties of the dyed fabric s. As results, the flower extract was found to contain flavonoids by FT-IR and to show yellowish shade by UV-vis spectrum. Silk fabr ic was optimized for maximum dye uptake to five repetitions of dye ing at 80℃ for 60 min with an extract concentration of 600% owf in terms of both K/S and color differences. Pre-mordanting was more effective to dye uptake than post-mordanting for all of th e mordants used. Un-mordanted and pre-mordanted fabric showed YR( Yellow Red) while most of post-mordanted ones did Y(Yellow). Main tones of dyed fabrics were sf(soft) and lt(light) in the c ase of unmordanting or Al-mordanting whereas they were d(dull) and g(grayish) by post-mordanting with Cu, Cr, and Fe, respectively . The fastness grades to rub and dry cleaning were reasonably g ood for most dyeing conditions while those to light were poor. Fina lly dyeing condition for each hue/tone of the dyed silk with th e flower extract was optimized considering fastness properties.

Comparison of Remazol Black B biosorptive properties of live and treated activated sludge

Biosorption of Remazol Black B, a vinyl sulfone type reactive dye, from aqueous solution was investigated to compare the binding capacities of untreated (live) and treated (dried, autoclaved, acid (H 2SO 4)-treated, base (NaOH)-treated) activated sludge in this study. Remazol Black B uptake was strongly affected by the solution pH and optimum adsorption pH value was determined as 2 for all the live and treated activated sludge biosorbents. It was seen that the sorption capacity of each biosorbent enhanced with decreasing temperature. Dye uptake also increased with increasing initial dye concentration up to 500 mg l −1 for each biomass type. Contrary to assumption it is found that all the treatment methods diminished the dye biosorption capacity of activated sludge. Among the five biosorbents, live activated sludge had a maximum dye uptake capacity of 134.8 mg g −1 at 25 °C. The Langmuir–Freundlich adsorption model described the equilibrium data of each dye–biosorbent system accurately in the concentration and temperature ranges studied. The pseudo-second-order adsorption model defined the overall adsorption kinetics of each biosorption process exactly.

A novel bioactive fabric dyed with unripe Citrus grandis Osbeck extract part 1: dyeing properties and antimicrobial activity on cotton knit fabrics

In order to explore the potential use of Citrus grandis Osbeck in biomedical applications for improving human’s skin health, cotton knit fabric was dyed with the citrus extract under varied conditions including temperature, duration, pH, and dye concentration and evaluated for fastness and antimicrobial activity. The fabric was optimized for maximum dye uptake at a pH of 3, dyeing temperature of 60°C, dyeing duration of 60 min, and dye concentration of 800% owf. The dye fastness to rubbing, washing, perspiration, and light were reasonably good for 800% owf dyed fabrics. In terms of antimicrobial efficacy, fabric dyed with the high concentration showed excellent bacterial reduction rates against Staphylococcus aureus for up to five repetitions of laundering, which implies there is a need to improve antimicrobial durability. In a following work, the optimally dyed fabric will be tested for in-vivo dermal effects.

일단계 환원/염색에 의한 모직물의 천연인디고 염색

【One-step reduction/dyeing method was optimized for wool dyeing with natural indigo dye in this study. The effects of reduction/dyeing conditions including dye temperature and time, the pH of bath, concentration of dye, and reducing agent on dye uptake and color were investigated. The dye uptake was higher with no addition of alkali. Dyeing was carried out through the use of only sodium hydrosulfite in the bath. The maximum dye uptake was obtained at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30min and the dyed fabrics appeared in the PB Munsell color range. Dye uptake improved with the increase of a natural indigo dye concentration with the same sodium hydrosulfite concentration. At a higher dye uptake, the fabric color became more purplish and the maximum absorption shifted from 660nm to 620nm. Color reproducibility was reliable with a color difference in the range of 0.41~1.43. Regardless of color strength, washing and dry cleaning fastnesses were good with a 4/5 rating, and fastnesses to rubbing and light were acceptable with a 3/4~4 rating.】

광나무 열매 추출물을 이용한 견직물의 염색성

In this study the optimum dyeing conditions and blocking effect of UV deodorization efficiency of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb were investigated. Colorants were water-extracted from Ligustrum japonicum Thunb fruit and freeze-drided to obtain colorants powder. The effects of dye concentration, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and the number of dipping count were studied. Fastness to dry cleaning, rubbing, perspiration, and light were measured according to KS K 0644, KS K 0650, KS K 0715 and KS K 0700, respectively. In order to examine the dyeability according to dyeing conditions, reflectance of fabrics were measured by using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The bath ratio was 1:20. Dyeing concentration was 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500% on the weight of fiber. Dyeing time was 20, 40, 60, and 80 minutes. Dyeing temperature was 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100℃. The infrared high pressure dying machine was used. As dyeing concentration increased, dye adsorption increased up to 400% and it slowed down. Dye uptake was increased with raising themperature up to 80℃ and it slowed down. Dye adsorption occurred rapidly at first 20 minutes and then it slowed down and reached almost maximum dye uptake at 60 min. Dye uptake increased by repeated dyeing. Therefore, it is considered that optimum dyeing condition is 400%(o.w.f.), 80℃, 60 min. And repeated dyeing improves dye uptake. Color fastness to dry cleaning and rubbing was good, but light fastness and perspiration fastness was not good. Blocking effect of ultraviolet radiation and deodorization efficiency was good.

Methylene Blue biosorption by Rhizopus arrhizus: Effect of SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate) surfactant on biosorption properties

The biosorption of Methylene Blue, a cationic dye, onto dried Rhizopus arrhizus, a filamentous fungus, was examined in the absence and in the presence of increasing concentrations of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant. The fungus exhibited the maximum dye uptake at an initial pH value of 10 in the absence of surfactant. The addition of SDS did not change the initial pH of maximum dye uptake. Dye uptake by the fungus increased with increasing initial dye concentration up to 1100 mg l −1. The presence of 1 mM surfactant in biosorption medium enhanced the dye removal dramatically. The Freundlich model better described the equilibrium dye uptake than the Langmuir model. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum dye uptake was determined as 370.3 mg dye g −1 of dried biomass in the absence of surfactant. When 1 mM (288.4 mg l −1) SDS was added to the biosorption medium, this value raised to 1666.6 mg g −1 resulting in 4.5-fold increase in uptake capacity. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the biosorption kinetics accurately for all cases studied confirming that a chemisorption process controls the sorption rate.

Biosorption of C.I. Direct Blue 199 from aqueous solution by nonviable Aspergillus niger

The capacity and mechanism with which nonviable Aspergillus niger removed the textile dye, C.I. Direct Blue 199, from aqueous solution was investigated using different parameters, such as initial dye concentration, pH and temperature. In batch experiments, the biosorption capacity increased with decrease in pH, and the maximum dye uptake capacity of the biosorbent was 29.96 mg g(-1) at 400 mg L(-1) dye concentration and 45 degrees C. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were able to describe the biosorption equilibrium of C.I. Direct Blue 199 onto the fungal biomass. Biosorption followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model with high correlation coefficients (r(2)>0.99). Thermodynamic studies revealed that the biosorption process was successful, spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Synthesis and Application of a Basic Copolyamide as an Acid-dyeable PTT Fiber Additive

A series of basic copolyamides has been synthesized with adipic acid (AA), hexamethylene diamine (HMDA), and diethylenetriamine (DETA). The properties of copolyamides are studied using intrinsic viscosity (IV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis. The results indicated that molecular weight and thermal stability decrease and alkalinity increases when the fraction of DETA is increased. Then, acid-dyeable polytrimethylene terephthelate (PTT) fiber is prepared by admixing PTT with the copolyamides and given surlyn as a compatibilizer before extrusion. When the sum of the copolyamide and the compatibilizer is bellow 0.10 (WF), the deterioration of mechanical properties does not affect the regular applications of PTT fiber. The maximum dye-uptake of the acid dyes on PTT fiber reaches 95.83%.

Adsorption behaviour of azo disperse dyes on polyurethane fibre

Adsorption isotherms of disperse dyes were measured and the surfaces of dyed polyurethane, cellulose diacetate and polylactic acid fibres were observed using a scanning electron microscope and compared. Obvious crystal growth of the dyes occurred on the surface of the polyurethane fibres. The maximum dye uptake on polyurethane fibres and the degree of crystal growth varied greatly with the dye type. Factors such as the dye affinity for the fibre, crystallisation properties and dye solubility in the dyebath affect the sorbed state of the dye on the fibre surface. A mechanism is proposed for crystal formation on the fibre surface during dyeing of polyurethane fibre with disperse dyes.

천연인디고를 이용한 텐셀직물의 염색

전통적인 니남쪽염료 제조법을 기준으로 굴껍질가루 대신 칼슘하이드록사이드를 사용하여 천연인디고분말염료를 만들었다. 제조한 인디고분말염료에 대한 텐셀의 염색성을 몇 가지 실험조건에서 조사하였으며 염색견뢰도를 측정하였다. 제조한 인디고분말염료는 약 15.5%의 인디고 성분과 0.757%의 인디루빈 성분을 함유하는 것으로 분석되었다. 환원과 염색을 자동염색기로 one-step으로 하였으며 환원제로 소디움하이드로설파이트를 사용하였다. 최대염착량은 <TEX>$60^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 얻었으며 초기 20분 동안에 염착이 거의 이루어졌다. 본 연구의 실험조건 범위에서는 염료농도 4g/L까지는 2g/L의 환원제 농도에서, 염료농도 8g/L에서는 3g/L의 환원제 농도에서 최대염착량을 보였다. 텐셀은 염욕에 가성 소다를 넣지 않고 pH 5.75에서 염색할 때 훨씬 높은 염착량을 나타냈다. 염색견뢰도는 4/5-5등급으로 대체로 우수하였으며, 염착량이 낮을수록 더 높은 광퇴색을 보였다. Natural indigo dye in powder form was prepared by modifying traditional Niram method, using <TEX>$Ca(OH)_2$</TEX> instead of baked oyster powder for precipitating indigo dye. The prepared dye was applied to dyeing Tencel fabrics to investigate the effect of experimental conditions for the optimization of dyeing process. The indigo dye powder contained 15.2%(w/w) of indigo content and 0.757%(w/w) of indirubin content on the basis of HPLC analysis. Maximum dye uptake was obtained at <TEX>$60^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 20min. Almost saturated dye uptake was obtained at 2g/L of sodium hydrosulfite concentration up to 4g/L of indigo dye and then slowly increased for further increase of sodium hydrosulfite. Whereas at higher indigo dye concentration(8g/L) more than 3g/L of reducing agent concentration was required for obtaining the maximum dye uptake. At the same indigo dye and reducing agent concentration, K/S value of the sample dyed without sodium hydroxide(pH 5.75) was 15.19, much higher than one dyed in alkaline condition(K/S 5.76). There was no difference in colorfastness ratings among samples with different color strength. However, more fading was occurred for the sample with low color strength.

Theoretical maximum dye-uptake of acrylic fiber to basic dye

The theoretical maximum dye-uptake of the fiber to dye is considered to be related to the fraction of the polymer segment which is mobile. This is studied by dyeing the acrylic fiber at temperatures within a 40 °C range while treating the samples with different carriers. The relation of the equilibrium dye-uptake (dyeability) of the acrylic fiber to the structural parameter, \({\int_{20}^{\text{T}} {{\left( {\tan \delta } \right)}_{{\text{c}}} {\text{dT}}} }\), with the presence or absence of carrier in solution, is linear, confirming the validity of the hypotheses, where (tanδ)c is the loss tangent correlated at a temperature of 20 °C. Moreover, The effect of the carrier in swelling the amorphous region of the acrylic fiber was less effective as temperature rose beyond T g(mechanical).

Adsorption removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution by modified basic oxygen furnace slag: Isotherm and kinetic study

Abstract The utilization of treated basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) was successfully carried out to remove three synthetic textile dyes (Reactive Blue 19 (RB19), Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Red 120 (RR120)) by adsorption from aqueous solutions. Batch studies were carried out to address various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, temperature and ionic strength. In the batch system, the maximum dye uptake on acid treated BOF slag adsorbent was observed at pH 2.0, and the maximum RB5, RB19 and RR120 uptake capacities (at 500 mg l −1 dye concentration) were 76, 60 and 55 mg g −1 . The Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models were able to describe the adsorption equilibrium. The first-order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models were used to describe kinetic process of dyes adsorption and adsorption kinetic process is following the first-order kinetic model.

A comparative study on the accumulation of azo dyes using Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor in different inorganic acids containing a growth medium

AbstractThe accumulation of Acid Orange 7 and Acid Red 88 dyes using Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor in various inorganic acid media was studied as the function of initial pH (1–6) and initial dye concentration (10–100 mg/l). The optimum pH value for the accumulation of the dye was determined as 2. The maximum percentage color removal and maximum dye uptake value were observed in phosphoric acid medium when compared to all other inorganic acid media, such as sulfuric, nitric and hydrochloric acid. The maximum percentage color removal value was determined as 34.3 (S. commune) and 31.9 (T. versicolor) for Acid Orange 7; and 72.7 (S. commune) and 72.1 (T. versicolor) for Acid Red 88; respectively. The maximum dye uptake value was determined as 34.1 mg/g (S. commune) and 32.37 mg/g (T. versicolor) for Acid Orange 7; and 133.03 mg/g (S. commune) and 132.03 mg/g (T. versicolor) for Acid Red 88 dye; respectively, at an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/l. The maximum percentage color removal of Acid Red 88 dye using S. commune and T. versicolor was found to be more when compared to Acid Orange 7. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Comparison of biosorption properties of different kinds of fungi for the removal of Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye

Three kinds of filamentous fungi (Rhizopus arrhizus, Trametes versicolor, Aspergillus niger) were tested for their ability to adsorb Gryfalan Black RL metal-complex dye as a function of pH, temperature and dye concentration. R. arrhizus and T. versicolor exhibited the maximum dye uptake at pH 2.0 and at 25°C while A. niger performed the highest dye biosorption at pH 1.0 and at 35°C. Sorption capacity of each biosorbent increased with increasing initial dye concentration. Among the three fungi, R. arrhizus was the most effective biosorbent showing a maximum dye uptake of 666.7mgg−1. The Langmuir model described the equilibrium data of each dye–fungus system accurately in the concentration and temperature ranges studied. Kinetic analysis indicated that both adsorption kinetics and internal diffusion played an important role on controlling the overall adsorption rate for each fungus. Thermodynamic analysis verified that A. niger biosorption was endothermic while the others were exothermic.

A comparative adsorption/biosorption study of Acid Blue 161: Effect of temperature on equilibrium and kinetic parameters

Abstract In this study dried Trametes versicolor, a white-rot fungus and chitosan, a fungal component derivative were used for the removal of Acid Blue 161 (AB 161) acidic dye from aqueous solution and the results were compared with the outcomes of acid-washed powdered activated carbon (PAC). The influence of suspension pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on AB 161 dye removal was investigated by conducting a series of batch adsorption experiments. All sorbents exhibited the highest dye uptake capacity at an initial pH value of 3.0. The effect of temperature on dye removal indicated that maximum capacity was obtained at 45 °C for each AB 161 dye–sorbent system. Sorption capacity of each sorbent increased with increasing initial dye concentration up to 500 mg l−1. Among the three sorbents, chitosan was the most effectively sorbent showing a maximum acidic dye uptake of 471.6 mg g−1 at 45 °C. The Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson and Langmuir–Freundlich, the two- and three-parameter adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the sorption equilibrium and isotherm constants were evaluated depending on sorption temperature. Equilibrium data of AB 161 sorption fitted very well to all models except that the Freundlich model for each acid dye–sorbent system in the concentration and temperature ranges studied. For each sorbent–dye system simple kinetic models were applied to the experimental data to examine the mechanisms of sorption and potential rate-controlling steps such as external mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion and sorption process. The sorption process was found to be controlled by both surface and pore diffusion with surface diffusion at the earlier stages followed by pore diffusion at the later stages. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the adsorption kinetics accurately at all concentrations and temperatures studied. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the sorption process was endothermic and the sorption of dye on each sorbent might be chemical in nature.

Guava ( Psidium guajava) leaf powder: Novel adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions

Batch sorption experiments were carried out using a novel adsorbent, guava leaf powder (GLP), for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Potential of GLP for adsorption of MB from aqueous solution was found to be excellent. Effects of process parameters pH, adsorbent dosage, concentration, particle size and temperature were studied. Temperature–concentration interaction effect on dye uptake was studied and a quadratic model was proposed to predict dye uptake in terms of concentration, time and temperature. The model conforms closely to the experimental data. The model was used to find optimum temperature and concentration that result in maximum dye uptake. Langmuir model represent the experimental data well. Maximum dye uptake was found to be 295 mg/g, indicating that GLP can be used as an excellent low-cost adsorbent. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were tested. From experimental data it was found that adsorption of MB onto GLP follow pseudo second order kinetics. External diffusion and intraparticle diffusion play roles in adsorption process. Free energy of adsorption (Δ G°), enthalpy change (Δ H°) and entropy change (Δ S°) were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. Adsorption in packed bed was also evaluated.

Biosorption of Reactive Red-120 dye from aqueous solution by native and modified fungus biomass preparations of Lentinus sajor-caju

The capacities and mechanisms of native and treated white-rot fungus “ Lentinus sajur-caju” biomass preparations in removing of textile dye (i.e. Reactive Red-120) from aqueous solution was investigated with different parameters, such as adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and ionic strength. In the batch system, the maximum dye uptake on all the tested fungal biomass preparations was observed at pH 3.0, and the dye uptake capacities of the biosorbents (at 800 mg/l dye concentration) were found to be 117.8, 182.9, 138.6 and 57.2 mg/g for native and heat-, acid- and base-treated dry fungal preparations, respectively. The uptake capacities order of the fungal preparations for the dye were found as heat-treated > acid-treated > native > base-treated. The Langmuir, Freundlih and Temkin adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the biosorption equilibrium. The Freundlich and Temkin models were able to describe the biosorption equilibrium of Reactive Red-120 on the fungal biomass preparations. The dye biosorption on the fungal biomass preparations followed second-order kinetic model and equation.