Maximum Ductility Research Articles

Seismic fragility assessment for mixed concrete/steel buildings considering the appropriate position of the transition story

A building that contains two different lateral resisting systems in its height exampling a Reinforced Concrete (RC) moment frame for the lower and a steel moment frame for the upper floors, respectively is called a mixed concrete/steel building. At the intersection of the two parts of RC and steel, there is a floor called a transition story made of both concrete and steel materials. Although such buildings are being constructed in different parts of the world, few efforts have been made to study their seismic behavior. One of the major challenges in these buildings is to find the right location for the transition story. In pursuit of this, 3 groups of buildings with 7, 13, and 19 floors each comprising 5 different models, were analyzed using Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Fragility curves were generated in four damage states and their Median Collapse Capacities (MCCs) were compared. Once the distribution of Maximum Ductility Demand (MDD) along the elements was determined for the different models, their plastic behavior in the nonlinear domain was studied. The results showed that the plastic behavior of the mixed concrete/steel buildings in stories below the transition level was the same as that of the RC models. Moreover, the value of MDD suddenly increased sharply at the transition level. Among the mixed concrete/steel models, the best position of the transition story was found to be one-third of the upper building height, with the lowest Probability of Exceeding (PoE) under different damage states.

Prediction of electron beam weld quality from weld bead surface using clustering and support vector regression

Destructive manual experiments are primarily used for quality assessment of electron beam welded components, which consume the resources and time significantly. Vision-based and other NDT-based quality monitoring in EBW is rarely reported, and consequently, more investigation is required. An inexpensive quality evaluation technique for the welded joints has been proposed using the weld bead surface attributes. These attributes have a good correlation with quality indicators like aspect ratio and mechanical properties of the joint. Here, electron beam welding of CuCrZr alloy was conducted to get varying weld profiles, and the surface weld attributes were measured. The model correlating top and bottom bead widths with the process variables was established using support vector regression. The predicted unlabelled weld attributes were employed as inputs for the unsupervised clustering algorithms, namely fuzzy C-mean clustering and density-based clustering. The clustering algorithms provided different clusters of the joints, namely poor, fair and good. FCM was found to be more precise for the clustering of welding data. Poor category of the joints was represented by that with partial penetration and lower aspect ratio, and the corresponding process variables’ combination could be avoided in the next iteration through the feedback. The fair category represented the joints with a high aspect ratio and keyhole-based profiles with moderate strength and ductility. The good category signified the weld joints having the maximum joint strength and ductility, and an acceptable aspect ratio with the conduction mode of welding. Keyhole-based weld profile could be obtained using high beam power (5.5 kW to 6.3 kW) with high welding speed (1000 mm/min and above). A combination of 0.1 mm oscillation amplitude and 900 Hz oscillation frequency was found to be the most favourable one, in this study.

Experimental and numerical evaluation of a stackable compressed earth block masonry system: Characterization at cyclic shear loads

Soil is a traditional construction material that is currently experiencing a new boom as an eco-sustainable alternative for housing. In this article, a structural system made up of compressed earth blocks is analyzed as a construction alternative for seismic countries. This study evaluated the physical properties of base soil as well as an optimization process for the chemical stabilization of the mixture using cement and lime. The mechanical characterization of the blocks and of a masonry system designed to be stackable and dry joint was also performed, including the evaluation of its seismic response to cyclic shear wall tests. Results indicate that it is possible to improve the workability of the stabilized soil mixtures and the mechanical behavior of blocks in compression and tension, by using cement-lime additives in a ratio of 1:3 with respect to the dry weight of the materials. In addition, it was found that it is feasible to produce a stackable masonry system that has the capacity to dissipate energy due to friction between blocks. The parametric analysis and the calibration process of numerical models performed for the cyclic shear tests highlight the importance of using a micro-modeling approach to obtain representative models that correctly predict the experimental capacity curve in both maximum load and ductility. The use of those models in the present study allowed to adequately replicate the concentration of damage in the joints between blocks, corroborating what was observed through experimental testing.

Rheological Properties and Antiaging Performance of Graphene Oxide-Modified Bio-Asphalt

To enhance the performance of bio-asphalt, an attempt was made to modify bio-asphalt using graphene oxide (GO). Two bio-asphalts were prepared and modified with different GO dosage levels of 0 to 0.08% to obtain GO-modified bio-asphalts (GOMBA). The two GOMBA were tested in the conventional properties (penetration, softening point, and ductility), high- and low-temperature rheological properties, and aging properties. The results showed that the penetration decreases and the ductility increases slightly with the increase in the dosage of GO, while the softening point increases stably to the maximum by 17.84%, and 15.99% for the two GOMBA, respectively. GO is beneficial to improve the high temperature performance and the recovery after the deformation of the GOMBA; on the contrary, it does not significantly affect the low temperature cracking resistance of those. The maximum residual penetration ratio is 10.58% and 8.84%, respectively, and the maximum residual ductility is 10.79% and 27.51%, respectively, for the two GOMBA after short-term aging. GO modification plays a role in the change of carbonyl index (CI) and sulfoxide index (SI) of the GOMBA before and after aging based on the FT-IR spectra, indicating that the GO can effectively improve the antiaging performance of bio-asphalt.

Effect of stirrup, longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers ratios on the torsional behavior of high strength concrete beams

Many factors affect the torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams, such as concrete strength, section dimensions, aspect ratio and concrete cover. Improvements in the torsional behavior of RC members had led researchers to investigate the effect of additional factors such as steel fibers, torsional reinforcement ratio and reinforcement arrangement. Based on the above, there is a gap in previous studies in taking effect of the distribution of stirrups with longitudinal reinforcement steel with steel fibers. Twenty-six reinforced concrete beams 250 mm wide, 250 mm high and 1150 mm long are investigated under pure torsion. Consider the effect of the steel fiber ratio, stirrup ratio and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio of high strength concrete. The results show the behavior of the concrete changing from brittle to ductile when increasing the ratio of the steel fiber registering the maximum torsional ductility index (3.98). The increase in the percentage of steel fiber to 6% caused a 105% increase in torque, but it was a slight increase in torque with respect to the percentage of steel fibers 2%. The optimum ratio of the steel fiber is 2% in terms of increased torque and workability, as it gave an increase in torque which reached 98.8%. Increasing the percentage of the stirrups to 2.5%, while the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement and the percentage of steel fiber was fixed, which led to an increase in torque which reached 130.4%. Increasing the percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement to 50%, while the percentage of stirrups and the percentage of steel fiber was fixed, which led to an increase in torque which reached 66.9%.

Achieving maximum strength-ductility combination in fine-grained Cu-Zn alloy via detwinning and twinning deformation mechanisms

• The FG Cu-30%Zn was prepared by ECAP and subsequent annealing. • The optimal strength and ductility combination was achieved. • Microstructural evolutions during tensile deformation were revealed by EBSD. • Deformation-induced detwinning of pre-existing ultrafine twin lamellae occurred. • Grain orientation with< 111 > // TD facilitates deformation twinning. Although deformation twinning has been demonstrated to improve the strain hardening and ductility of metals and alloys with low stacking fault energies (SFEs), the optimum grain size for maximum strength-ductility combination still needs to explore. In this work, we selected Cu- 30 wt% Zn alloy with extremely low SFE (7 mJm -2 ) acting as a model material. Specifically, Cu- 30 wt% Zn samples with different grain sizes ranging from 628 nm to 30.6 µm were prepared by equal-channel-angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent annealing. Tensile test revealed that the maximum strength-ductility combination (ultimate tensile strength of 565 MPa and ductility of 20%) corresponds to a mean grain size of 3.8 µm. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) indicated that pre-existing annealing twins in fine-grained Cu- 30 wt% Zn alloy annihilated at the initial deformation stage (<10% tensile strain) via detwinning of thin twin lamellae (<1 µm) and conversion of twin boundaries of thick twin lamellae (>1 µm) into conventional high-angle grain boundaries. In the later stage of deformation (>10% strain), deformation twinning occurred in grains with<111>orientation parallel to tensile direction, suggesting the combination of both detwinning and twinning deformations caused the maximum strength and ductility synergy. Our findings provide insights into optimization of strength and ductility of metals with low SFEs and detwinning-twinning deformation mechanisms.

Response of concrete-filled polyethylene tubes under in-service thermal cycles in marine environments

Concrete-filled polyethylene (PE) tubes (CFPT) are composite systems using the polyethylene tubes as confinement for the marine structures in the splash zone to extend the service life of structures subjected to harsh environments. However, thermal cycles in marine environments can affect the behavior of such composite systems. This paper evaluates the effect of concrete infill strength (30 MPa and 60 MPa), the number of thermal cycles (50, 100, and 150 cycles) ranging from 25 °C to 60 °C, and thermal cycle type (type A and B) on the compressive and bond response of CFPTs. Characteristics of control and conditioned concrete infill, PE tubes, and CFPTs were obtained by means of compression and disk-split tests. Furthermore, the push-out test was employed to obtain bond response of CFPTs. The results showed concrete infill strength increasing can lead to increment in the maximum compressive capacity of CFPTs, while exposing the specimens to thermal cycles reduced both the maximum compressive capacity and ductility. Regarding the bond test, it was concluded more thermal cycles led to increase in kinetic friction coefficient and bond strength. Finally, four linear models were introduced to predict load-bearing capacity, confined concrete strength, ductility factor, and bond strength after exposure.

Cyclic tests on two novel welded flange plate connections in precast concrete moment resisting frames

Precast concrete moment resistant beam-to-column connections, usually designed in form of semi-monolithic connections which require in-situ concrete casting leading to a complicated assembling process. Additionally, using concrete with different ages in a connection causes cold joints and shrinkage problems. To overcome these issues, in this study, two steel beam-to-column connections (SBCs) were proposed and designed for precast concrete moment resisting frames. Compared to the semi-monolithic connections, proposed connections exclude protruding bars, resulting in a facile and rapid installation. Regarding the inverse T shape, these connections provide a better condition for installing the precast slabs and consequently reduce structural floor thickness. To evaluate the connections, two precast and one in-situ specimens were made and tested on a 2/3 scale and a cyclic load pattern was used to evaluate their performance. Test results indicate that the proposed SBCs have a maximum resistance and ductility until 1.5 and 0.9 times the in-situ concrete beam-to-column connection (ICBC), respectively. ACI374.1-05 criteria including strength and stiffness degradation ratio as well as energy dissipation ratio at drift 4% were employed to evaluate the qualification of the proposed connections. One of the proposed connections met all seismic requirements of ACI374.1-05. The plastic hinge locations were estimated by measuring the strains of rebars and steel parts of the connections. Results revealed that on the contrary to ICBC, the plastic hinge formation in proposed SBCs developed out of the beam-column joint which coincides with the strong-column and weak-beam principle in precast frames and postpones the total fracture mechanism of structure.

Structural behavior of expanded rib steel bars used in reinforced concrete beams

Conventional headed rebar is advantageous in reducing embedment depth and simplifying construction; however, they are subject to concentrated stresses at the anchor point which can lead to failure of the structural element. To alleviate the stress concentration and avoid failure, rebars with numerous expanded ribs are proposed herein. The effects of expanded rib bars were investigated by comparing a jointed specimen with an expanded rib bar joint to a specimen with a conventional headed bar and an unjointed continuously reinforced specimen using the four-point bending test. The maximum strength, displacement ductility, cracking analysis, and rebar strain were recorded and analyzed. In terms of structural performance, the expanded rib bars outperformed the conventional headed bars and were equivalent to the unjointed continuously reinforced sections.

Experimental research of seismic performance of buckling-restrained braced frame with ductile connections

The connection joints of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames are critical to the performance of structures. The maximum ductility and cumulative ductility of Buckling-Restrained Braces are sufficiently large, and the ductility of beam-column connection of steel frame should be matched with that of the BRB component, then the structure would exhibit good global performance. The pseudo-static test of a 1/3 scale 2-story 1-span buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) system consisting of the reduced beam section (RBS) connections were conducted. The performance of BRBF with reduced beam section (RBS) connections was analyzed, and the deformation capacity of ductile connection was studied. The RBS sections on the beam ends effectively protect the beam-column connections of BRBF, and better deformation capacity can be achieved to provide large ductility up to 4.75. For BRBFs using new connection, the maximum roof drifts before the failure were governed by the rotational capacity of the beam-column connections and the stability performance of the BRBs. The global ductility of structures is highly relevant to the local ductility of beam-column connections and BRBs. The yielding sequence of structural components followed as BRBs, ductile connections and structural members, which is the reasonable plastic development of the structure for seismic design. The test BRBF underwent a big amount of fully-reversed hysteretic curves without strength or stiffness degradation during the significant drift demands imposed by the subsequent quasi-static cyclic test, which possessed good global ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

Investigation of Impact Resistance of High-Performance Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete

In order to investigate the effect of high-performance polypropylene (HPP) fiber on the impact resistance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), the impact resistance of HPP fiber-reinforced RAC (HFRAC) was investigated using drop-weight impact equipment and compared with steel fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (SFRAC). The effects of recycled aggregate replacement rates, fiber content, and fiber type were analyzed. Furthermore, the log-normal distribution and two-parameter Weibull distribution statistical methods were used to fit the probability distribution and predict the failure probability of the initial and final crack impact resistance of HFRAC and SFRAC specimens. The experimental results showed that the impact resistance of RAC decreased with the increase in recycled aggregate replacement rates. HPP fiber had little effect on the impact resistance of initial cracking in RAC, but significantly improved the impact resistance of final cracking in RAC, while steel fiber significantly improved the impact resistance of initial cracking in RAC, but had little effect on the impact resistance of final cracking in RAC. The anti-impact energy consumption and ductility of RAC increased with the increase in HPP content. When the HPP fiber content was 1.25% and the recycled aggregate replacement rate was 50%, the maximum impact energy consumption of RAC was 114.5 times higher than that of the plain RAC concrete specimen, and the maximum ductility ratio of the RAC matrix was 118.3. The addition of HPP fibers significantly improved the impact resistance of RAC. The fitting results showed that the distribution characteristics of HFRAC and SFRAC impact resistance were represented by a log-normal distribution and two-parameter Weibull distribution, with the former presenting a better fit to predict the impact resistance of HFRAC and SFRAC.

Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer for Strengthening of Self-Compacting Concrete Compression Member

The innovative findings that exploiting Identity reinforced concrete (RC) compression members can be stiffened with basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) textiles are shown in this research paper. It illustrates how to use BFRP to stiffen RC members. BFRP fabrics are less cost-effective, have a higher fracture strain, and are more durable than other fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials. Self-compacts are a new type of concrete, which can be able to place without the use of vibration. If the reinforcement is congested, it can flow freely under its own gravity, thoroughly filling the formwork and maximising compaction. Materials such as to increase the load capacity of decreased concrete as a reinforcing agent for columnar, basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) is employed. The test matrix is strengthened by using BFRP fabrics. The column gets tested with increasing layers of BFRP fabrics. The increasing of two to nine layers of BFRP fabrics was used. It shows a significant strength increase in the maximum load bearing capacity, shear capacity, and ductility of concrete column. Ultimate load bearing capacity has been found to have increased by 92%. This technique of restoring and strengthening existing RC structures in place saves money and helps the environment of countries seeking to repair and maintain old infrastructure.

Influence of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on the compressive strength and ductility of Ultra High-performance fibre reinforced cementitious composites

The mechanical properties of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composite (UHPFRCC) is basically influenced by the type of fibres and reactive binders used. Fibres primarily influence the ductility whereas reactive binders influence the compressive strength of UHPFRCC. Among the commonly used reactive binders, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (SL) with its vitreous nature has the ability of influencing both the compressive strength and ductility of UHPFRCC. This study discussed the microstructure and mechanical properties of six different mixtures made up of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% 75% and 90% cement replacement of SL. The XRD results indicated that, increased levels of C-S-H and ettringite retard the hydration process leading to lower compressive strength and vice versa. The SL-cementitious composite can achieve a compressive strength of up to 108.1MPa and ductility of up to 1.67% without the use of fibres. The maximum compressive strength and ductility were achieved with 40% SL replacement of cement whereas the minimum compressive strength and ductility were achieved with 60% and 20% SL contents, respectively. Moreover, the optimum mechanical properties (i.e. compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and tensile strain) were achieved with a 40% SL replacement of cement in the cementitious composite.

Experimental study on two innovative ductile moment-resisting precast concrete beam-column connections

The use of precast concrete elements in construction leads to increased output quality, better product control, cost savings, and reduced construction time. The main problem of precast concrete structures is the improper performance of connections under lateral loads. In the present study, the aim is to improve the behavior of precast connections under cyclic loading. Two new beam-column precast connections with steel profiles as corbel with high-strength bolt fasteners are developed. Those connections have been designed to be used in intermediate moment frames in regions with high seismic risk. The advantage of these connections is the elimination of the need for remarkable concrete formwork, temporary supports, and low demand for in-situ concrete during construction and providing the possibility of construction progress on the floors in parallel. For studying the seismic performance of proposed connections, six specimens including four precast and two monolithic connections with different rebar ratios were made. The specimens were subjected to a horizontal displacement-control cyclic loading to obtain the load-displacement curves. The maximum lateral strength, ductility, strength degradation, stiffness reduction, and energy dissipation of precast connections were evaluated and compared with the in-situ connections. The ultimate strength and ductility of the precast connections were similar to the in-situ specimens, and proposed connections showed good cyclic behavior. The strength degradation and stiffness deterioration of precast connections were more than the in-situ connection, and the energy dissipation of them was less than monolithic connections. According to the analysis results, the performance of the proposed connections is acceptable and satisfies the criteria of the connections for use in areas with high seismicity.

Experimental investigation of the pseudoelastic behavior on zirconium modified Cu–Al–Be shape memory alloys for seismic applications

This paper examines the effect of 0.05–0.3 wt.% of zirconium-doping on microstructure, transformation temperatures, tensile properties, and pseudoelastic behavior of the parent -phase Cu87.93–Al11.5–Be0.57 shape memory alloys (SMAs). Results reveal that alloying zirconium in the evaluated SMA samples exhibits an excellent grain refinement up to 0.15 wt.%. Further, higher additions of Zr ⩾ 0.2 wt.% lowers the grain refinement efficiency due to precipitates agglomeration. Larger the size and volume fraction of Al3Zr precipitates led to higher transformation temperatures. Tensile properties were improved with Zr-doping, resulting enhancements in the maximum tensile strength and ductility with the addition of 0.15 wt.% Zr. The alloy with 0.05 wt.% of Zr-dope showed a good pseudoelastic strain recovery of deformation strain and then lowered by retaining large residual strain, indicating deterioration in the pseudoelasticity of SMAs.

Seismic behaviour of cross vaults with different brick pattern

Cross masonry vaults are common structural elements in historical buildings. They are largely diffused in all European countries, including those characterized by higher levels of seismicity. Although they have been constructed for centuries, they represent some of the most vulnerable elements of traditional architecture, especially with reference to horizontal loads. The understanding of their structural behaviour under seismic loading is a crucial aspect for the accurate assessment of the safety of historical buildings. In the present work, the seismic response of cross masonry vaults is analysed through the Finite Element Method (FEM) and static non-linear analyses considering the effect of different brick patterns and boundary conditions. A simplified micro-modelling approach is adopted for the generation of the FEM models and two different brick arrangements are considered, i.e., radial bricks and diagonal bricks, which are the most widespread in European cross vaults. Two different boundary conditions are assumed in order to simulate a vault with and without lateral confinement. Static non-linear analyses are performed by monotonically incrementing a lateral acceleration until collapse. Results are analysed in terms of maximum load factor, stiffness, ductility, crack pattern and damage mechanisms. The analysis of the results shows that not only boundary conditions, but also the brick pattern strongly influences the vault seismic response both in terms of stiffness and ductility as well as in terms of global capacity.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of RC Columns Retrofitted by 3D Textile Reinforced Mortars.

The paper investigates the seismic performance of rectangular RC columns retrofitted by a newly developed 3D Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) panel. The 3D-TRM used in this study consists of two components: self-leveling mortar and 3D textiles. Firstly, the flexural capacity of the 3D-TRM panel was investigated through the four-point flexural test. Secondly, a total of five specimens were constructed and experimentally investigated through static cyclic loading tests with constant axial load. One specimen was a non-seismically designed column without any retrofit, while the others were strengthened with either the 3D-TRM panel or conventional Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets. Experimental results in terms of hysteretic behavior, ductility ratio, and energy dissipation are investigated and compared with the cases of specimens with conventional retrofitting methods and without any retrofit. The maximum lateral force, ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of RC columns with 3D-TRM panels were significantly improved compared with the conventional RC column. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed retrofitting method can improve the seismic performance of non-conforming RC columns.

Nonlinear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Frames Equipped with and without Steel Plate Shear Wall under Sequence of Real and Artificial Earthquakes

There is a possibility of increasing structural damage in the sequential earthquake compared to the main earthquake according to past earthquakes. This study investigates the effects of seismic sequence on the behavior and increased response of reinforced concrete frames (RCF) with/without steel plate shear walls (SPSW). Four systems of 4, 8, 12, and 24 story, which represent low‐, mid‐, and high‐rise structures, are designed and subjected to nonlinear time history analysis under critical single and consecutive records with real, repetitive, and randomized methods. The seismic scenarios used include sequential recorded critical earthquakes. The analysis showed that the predominant period of the after‐shock significantly influences the post main‐shock response. In RCF with and without SPSW, real seismic sequence increases the ratio of peak maximum interstory drift by an average of 2, 2 times the similar demand in the main shock, and increases the ratio of maximum ductility demand by 1.52 and 1.65 times in the structure, respectively. In an artificial sequence, the ratio of peak maximum interstory drift demand increase is in 100%, 150%, and 200% after‐shocks, In the iteration method, it is equal to 1.2, 2.0, and 2.6 times the main shock in RCF with SPSW and 1.9, 3.2, and 4.8 times the main shock in RCF without SPSW. After‐shocks may change the direction and magnitude of residual displacement in real and artificial seismic sequences. Continuation of the equation to calculate the demand for seismic sequence ductility was extracted.

Role of thermal history on atomic structure and ductility of ion-irradiated metallic glasses

Maximizing the structural rejuvenation and ductility is one of the most heated debates in the field of metallic glasses (MGs). In this work, molecular dynamics simulation was implemented to model the ion irradiation effects on the Cu60Zr40 MG with different thermal histories and varied structural heterogeneities. The initial results indicated that the performance of an annealing–quench treatment on the MG induces the atomic configurations with different heterogeneities and potential energy values. The subsequent ion irradiation process also demonstrated that an optimized atomic structure was occurred for achieving maximum rejuvenation and ductility in the CuZr glassy alloy. It was unveiled that the intermediate initial heterogeneity provides an efficient pathway for maximizing the atomic rearrangements under the ion irradiation. It was also suggested that the medium population of Cu-centered clusters in the initial state facilitated the atomic rearrangements during the ion irradiation process. The structural characteristics and atomic reconfigurations for attaining the optimum ductility is discussed in details.

Investigation on seismic behavior of RC shear walls with multiple post-construction openings based on experiment and simulation

The quasi-static tests and finite element simulations of one shear wall without openings and three shear walls with the same total area but different arrangement of post-construction openings were carried out. The failure modes, ultimate loading capacities, skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacities, shear deformations and strain distribution of the shear wall specimens were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that the layout of post-openings has different effects on the failure mode of shear wall. The failure modes of shear wall without openings and the wall with two post-openings arranged vertically in the middle are flexural shear failure with damage at the wall base, while that of the shear wall with one post-openings in the middle or two post-opening arranged horizontally in the middle is shear failure which occurred on the wall limbs on both sides of the openings. The opening generates redistribution of strains in the wall, revealing that the largest strain does not occur at the bottom of the wall, but at the upper corner and bottom corner of the openings, which leads to the vertical reinforcement near the opening to bear greater stress, so it reaches the yield earlier than that in the wall without opening. Compared with the shear wall without openings, the wall with two openings in the horizontal direction has the minimum residual bearing capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity, while the wall with two openings in the vertical direction had the maximum residual bearing capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The energy dissipation capacity, the shear deformation as well as the contribution of shear deformation to the total deformation were all significantly reduced by post-openings.