Maximum Area Spectral Efficiency Research Articles

Success Probability and Area Spectral Efficiency in SCMA Wireless Networks

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is emerging as a promising multiple access technology for the fifth-generation wireless networks. By leveraging user-specific SCMA codebooks, SCMA possesses the potential to enable non-orthogonal resource access, and thus leading to the overloading gain. Benefiting from this, SCMA can accommodate more users and achieve a higher throughput than orthogonal frequency division multiple access. In this correspondence, we propose a tractable analytical framework using tools from stochastic geometry to investigate the performance of SCMA wireless networks. In particular, we obtain explicit closed-form expressions for the success probability and the area spectral efficiency (ASE). Based on the derived results, we prove that the ASE is a quasi-concave function of the transmitter density. Moreover, we shed light on the impact of SCMA codeword dimension $K$ and the number of non-zero entries in SCMA codeword $N$ on the network performance. Specifically, we demonstrate that the optimal transmitter density and the maximum ASE scale super-linearly with rate $K^{N}$ . Simulation results validate the accuracy of the presented analysis and exhibit the superiority of SCMA.

Downlink Cellular Network Analysis With LOS/NLOS Propagation and Elevated Base Stations

In this paper, we investigate the downlink performance of dense cellular networks with elevated base stations (BSs) using a channel model that incorporates line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation into both small-scale and large-scale fading. Modeling LOS fading with Nakagami- $m$ fading, we provide a unified framework based on stochastic geometry that encompasses both closest and strongest BS association. This paper is particularized to two distance-dependent LOS/NLOS models of practical interest. Considering the effect of LOS propagation alone, we derive closed-form expressions for the coverage probability with Nakagami- $m$ fading, showing that the performance for strongest BS association is the same as in the case of Rayleigh fading, whereas for closest BS association it monotonically increases with the shape parameter $m$ . Then, focusing on the effect of elevated BSs, we show that network densification eventually leads to near-universal outage even for moderately low BS densities: in particular, the maximum area spectral efficiency is proportional to the inverse of the square of the BS height.

User-Centric Cloud RAN: An Analytical Framework for Optimizing Area Spectral and Energy Efficiency

In this article, we develop a statistical framework to quantify the area spectral efficiency (ASE) and the energy efficiency (EE) performance of a user-centric cloud based radio access network (UC-RAN) downlink. We propose a user-centric remote radio head (RRH) clustering mechanism, which: 1) provides significant improvement in the received signal-to-interference-ratio through selection diversity; 2) enables efficient interference protection by inducing repulsion among scheduled user-centric RRH clusters; and 3) can self-organize the cluster radius to deal with spatio–temporal variations in user densities. It is shown that under the proposed user-centric clustering mechanism, the ASE (bits/s/Hz/m2) maximizes at an optimal cluster size. It is observed that this cluster size is sensitive to changes in both RRH and user densities and, hence, must be adapted with variations in these parameters. Next, we formulate the cost paid for the UC-RAN capacity gains in terms of power consumption, which is then translated into the EE (bits/s/Joule) of the UC-RAN. It is observed that the cluster radius which maximizes the EE of the UC-RAN is relatively larger as compared with that which yields maximum ASE. Consequently, we notice that the tradeoff between the ASE and the EE of UC-RAN manifests itself in terms of cluster radius selection. Such tradeoff can be exploited by leveraging a simple two player cooperative game. Numerical results show that the optimal cluster radius obtained from the Nash bargaining solution of the modeled bargaining problem may be adjusted through an exponential weightage parameter that offers a mechanism to utilize the inherent ASE-EE tradeoff in a UC-RAN. Furthermore, in comparison with existing state-of-the-art non user-centric network models, our proposed scheme, by virtue of selective RRH activation and non overlapping user-centric RRH clusters, offers higher and adjustable system ASE and EE, particularly in dense deployment scenarios.

Capacity- and Trust-Aware BS Cooperation in Nonuniform HetNets: Spectral Efficiency and Optimal BS Density

This paper studies base station (BS) cooperation in nonuniform heterogeneous networks. Considering the limited capacity at BS and existence of untrusted small cell BSs (SBSs) in practical scenarios, a novel capacity- and trust-aware BS cooperation strategy is proposed. The BS cooperation is performed in a user centric manner, based on the average received signal strength at users, the capacity of BSs, and the trustworthiness of SBSs. Furthermore, with the proposed BS cooperation, the statistics of aggregate information-signal strength and interference strength are theoretically analyzed, based on stochastic geometry. Then, expressions for spectral efficiency (SE) and area SE (ASE) are analytically derived. In addition, to study the impact of the SBS density on the SE and ASE, the optimal densities of normal SBSs to maximize the SE and ASE are proved to exist and obtained. Finally, simulations and numerical evaluations validate the theoretical analysis and reveal that with the awareness of BS capacity and trustworthiness, optimal cooperative thresholds achieving the maximum SE and ASE exist, which decrease with high path-loss exponent; and in high path-loss fading environment with high existence probability of untrusted SBSs, more normal SBSs are required to be deployed to achieve the maximum SE and ASE performance.

Success Probability and Area Spectral Efficiency in Multiuser MIMO HetNets

We derive a general and closed-form result for the success probability in downlink multiple-antenna (MIMO) heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets), utilizing a novel Toeplitz matrix representation. This main result, which is equivalently the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) distribution, includes multiuser MIMO, single-user MIMO and per-tier biasing for K different tiers of randomly placed base stations (BSs), assuming zero-forcing precoding and perfect channel state information. The large SIR limit of this result admits a simple closed form that is accurate at moderate SIRs, e.g., above 5 dB. These results reveal that the SIR-invariance property of SISO HetNets does not hold for MIMO HetNets; instead the success probability may decrease as the network density increases. We prove that the maximum success probability is achieved by activating only one tier of BSs, while the maximum area spectral efficiency (ASE) is achieved by activating all the BSs. This reveals a unique tradeoff between the ASE and link reliability in multiuser MIMO HetNets. To achieve the maximum ASE while guaranteeing a certain link reliability, we develop efficient algorithms to find the optimal BS densities. It is shown that as the link reliability requirement increases, more BSs and more tiers should be deactivated.

Optimal Overlay Cognitive Spectrum Access With F-ALOHA in Macro-Femto Heterogeneous Networks

The 5th generation (5G) wireless networks are conceived in the form of heterogeneous networks (HetNets), where small cells are deployed over the conventional macrocell networks to improve the spectral efficiency. In HetNets, the interference between different tiers is the main bottleneck for achieving high spectral efficiency. Many spectrum access schemes have been proposed to manage the cross-tier interference. Unfortunately, the optimal spectrum access scheme remains unknown. In this paper, we propose an F-ALOHA based cognitive spectrum access scheme for macro-femto HetNets, where the femtocells can access the idle macro-tier spectrum with a certain probability. Therefore, besides the degrees of freedom from the conventional spectrum deployment and co-tier spectrum access, the proposed scheme obtains a new degree of freedom from cross-tier spectrum access for interference management and spectral efficiency optimization. Simulation results will show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing F-ALOHA based spectrum access schemes in terms of the area spectral efficiency (ASE). More importantly, it is observed that the maximum ASE is achieved when the number of active links per unit area, which governs the interference level, reaches a certain value. The advantage of the proposed scheme comes from its ability to offload the traffic between two tiers through the cross-tier spectrum access probability, which flexibly manages the cross-tier interference.

Area Spectral Efficiency of Shared Spectrum Hierarchical Cell Structure Networks

This paper investigates the hierarchical cell structure (HCS) network consisting of macrocell and local area cell layers with partial cochannel sharing. We derive the ergodic capacity for each layer under cross-layer interference considering network-unplanned local area cell distribution. Based on the ergodic capacities, we also derive the area spectral efficiency (ASE) of the HCS network and investigate the optimum partial cochannel sharing that maximizes the ASE. It is confirmed that the maximum ASE is unchanged for a variable number of local area cells. Moreover, the spatial reuse benefit from the partial cochannel sharing is shown to be significant.