Maximum Aperture Research Articles

Photonics (Er,CR:YSGG and photobiomodulation) versus conventional surgery for impacted lower third molar tooth extraction: a split-mouth, controlled randomized clinical study

PurposeImpacted third molars occur commonly and often require surgery for tooth extraction. As consequence, postoperative complications of varying degrees of severity are commonly seen. Thus, searching for less traumatic surgeries protocols is of importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of impacted lower third molar teeth extraction using traditional protocol (scapples and surgical burs) or photonics protocol [Er,CR:YSGG associated with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT)].MethodsThirty-five patients with bilateral impacted mandibular third molars were included in this split-mouth, controlled, and randomized clinical study. Seventy impacted third molars were divided into control group: extraction using traditional surgical scapples for soft tissue and burs for bone cutting or photonics group: extraction using Er,CR:YSGG laser (2780 nm) for soft tissue and bone cutting followed by PBMT (940-nm diode laser). The maximum mouth aperture (MMA) before and after extraction was used for comparing the surgeries’ outcomes.ResultsImmediately after surgery, the MMA for the control group remained unchanged and decreased significantly at 7 days after surgery. In the photonics group, the MMA remained unchanged during whole experimental time.ConclusionThe presented photonics protocol (Er,CR:YSGG laser plus PBMT) for third molar extraction prevents impairment of the maximum mouth aperture.

High-efficiency dual-polarized broadband reflecting metasurface using continuous polarization conversion technique and element with multi degree of freedom

In this study, two effective approaches are combined which are implemented at the element design level and system design level to simultaneously improve the frequency bandwidth and aperture efficiency of a dual-polarized single-layer reflecting metasurface. At the element design level, a broadband behavior is realized by using the polarization conversion technique (PCT) which is a novel technique to enhance the bandwidth of the element. To this end, an anisotropic metasurface with the I-shaped metal patch is proposed for rotating the polarization of the wave emitted from a point source by 90^{circ } and making a continuous phase shift in a full range of 360^{circ } within 8-18 GHz. Therefore, a completely equiphase aperture is achieved leading to enhancing the metasurface performance such as directivity and aperture efficiency and reducing the sidelobe level compared to reflecting metasurface developed by 1-bit phase quantization technique. At the system design level, the three-frequency phase synthesis (TFPS) method, which is based on determining the best constant reference phase for the aperture, is used and the corresponding constant reference phases are optimized to minimize the phase error in the whole band. The combination of TFPS and PCT enhances the effectiveness of the TFPS method considerably. An 841 element reflecting metasurface with aperture dimensions of 290 cm times 290 cm is designed, simulated, and fabricated in Ku-band to verify the concept. The measurement results show that the 1-dB gain bandwidth before and after combining PCT and TFPS techniques are 17.47% (14.1–16.8 GHz) and 30.3% (14–19 GHz), respectively. In addition, the maximum aperture efficiency of the proposed metasurface is 63.62% which occurs at 14.5 GHz.

Are reaching and grasping effector-independent? Similarities and differences in reaching and grasping kinematics between the hand and foot

While reaching and grasping are highly prevalent manual actions, neuroimaging studies provide evidence that their neural representations may be shared between different body parts, i.e., effectors. If these actions are guided by effector-independent mechanisms, similar kinematics should be observed when the action is performed by the hand or by a cortically remote and less experienced effector, such as the foot. We tested this hypothesis with two characteristic components of action: the initial ballistic stage of reaching, and the preshaping of the digits during grasping based on object size. We examined if these kinematic features reflect effector-independent mechanisms by asking participants to reach toward and to grasp objects of different widths with their hand and foot. First, during both reaching and grasping, the velocity profile up to peak velocity matched between the hand and the foot, indicating a shared ballistic acceleration phase. Second, maximum grip aperture and time of maximum grip aperture of grasping increased with object size for both effectors, indicating encoding of object size during transport. Differences between the hand and foot were found in the deceleration phase and time of maximum grip aperture, likely due to biomechanical differences and the participants’ inexperience with foot actions. These findings provide evidence for effector-independent visuomotor mechanisms of reaching and grasping that generalize across body parts.

A Wideband 1-Bit Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna at Ku-Band

In this letter, a wideband high-efficiency 1-bit 16 × 16 reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) is proposed. First, a wideband and low loss 1-bit RRA element is designed. It consists of double-layer patches printed on two dielectric substrates, respectively, forming a multiresonant behavior to expand the bandwidth.Due to the relatively thin thickness of the double-layer dielectric substrate (0.05 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ), the element has low reflection loss. Therefore, the high efficiency and wide bandwidth performances can be obtained simultaneously. The phase difference between the two states of the RRA element is stable within 180 ± 20° in the frequency range of 12.9–16.5 GHz. Based on the broadband RRA element, a 16 × 16 RRA was fabricated and measured. Tested results show that the proposed RRA achieves 22.5% of 1 dB gain bandwidth and 25% of maximum aperture efficiency.

Shortening the Vegetative Growth Stage of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ by Controlling Light with Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Levels under Enriched CO2

The vegetative growth, photosynthetic, and stomatal characteristics were investigated in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to determine light’s influence with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) levels under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2. Two lights (150 ± 20 and 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1) and CAN levels were employed for 40 weeks: calcium, ammonium, and nitrate levels by 0.90, 0.55, and 2.97 mmol·L−1 (CAN1), 8.63, 1.11, and 6.05 mmol·L−1 (CAN2), 12.80, 1.72, and 9.13 mmol·L−1 (CAN3), and 18.80, 2.27, and 12.20 mmol·L−1 (CAN4), respectively. The number of leaves increased in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1 compared to control. Plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN4 had the lowest number of leaves among all plants. The time to the mature leaf span decreased in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1. The net CO2 uptake was higher in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 than those grown at 150 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1–3 conditions. The water-use efficiency is higher in the plants grown with CAN1 than those with CAN2–4 at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1. The maximum stomatal aperture was the largest in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1–2 among all plants. Consequently, light levels of 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ must be accompanied by nutrient CAN1 to improve photosynthesis and stomatal activity and promote leaf growth under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2 conditions.

A Broadband Low-Profile Transmitarray Antenna by Using Differentially Driven Transmission Polarizer With True-Time Delay

A broadband low-profile folded transmitarray (FTA) is proposed and investigated, in which a novel wideband transmission polarizer (TP) is used to realize low-profile design. The proposed TP, mainly consisting of a differential-fed grid-slotted patch antenna, can realize high-efficiency transmission and polarization selection simultaneously within a wideband frequency range. Moreover, the proposed TP can realize linear transmission phase because of the true-time delay (TTD) technique. Owing to the function of polarization selection and linear transmission phase, the TP can be used as antenna element for a FTA. A 140-element FTA is designed and fabricated by combining the TP with a broadband polarization rotation reflecting surface (PRRS). The measured radiation patterns agree well with the simulated results, and a peak gain of 24 dBi and maximum aperture efficiency of 44.7% are achieved. Furthermore, −1 and −3 dB gain bandwidth with 25.9% and 33.3% are also experimentally demonstrated in the proposed FTA, respectively.

Fabrication of Customized dental guide by stereolithography method and evaluation of dimensional accuracy with artificial neural networks

The present study was investigated the production dental guides by using additive manufacturing stereolithography (SLA) technology, and the dimensional aperture values of the dental guides for dental implant treatment using artificial intelligence technology. The aim of this study is to benefit from artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify the results obtained from the new production freedom of SLA by changing the existing design concept of dental guides. In the study, the Three Dimensional (3D) anatomical model was designed by using Mimics programme the data obtained from the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of the patient. Three different dental guide designs were performed using the 3-Matic programme for dental implant treatment on the obtained 3D anatomical model. Dental guide designs and mandible model were produced with a SLA 3D printer, and a data set was created using a 3D scanner. The dimensional aperture values were obtained by performing the 3D registration process between the mandible and dental guides. The data set was analyzed both statistically with Jamovi 2.0.0 software and ANNs. The results showed that the minimum and maximum aperture values obtained from the dental guides were very close to each other, indicating that the guides were compatible with the mandible bone. The statistical results showed that the dimensional aperture values decrease in proportion to the values with minimum arithmetic mean value in the data set, and it was determined that the dental guide-3 was the most suitable model for the mandible. When all test data in the confusion matrix obtained from ten different aritificial neural network models created using ANNs were examined, it was been seen that ANN model-5 was the most successful model with an accuracy rate of 99%.

A Robust Workflow for Acquiring and Preprocessing Ambient Vibration Data from Small Aperture Ocean Bottom Seismometer Arrays to Extract Scholte and Love Waves Phase-Velocity Dispersion Curves

The phase-velocity dispersion curve (DC) is an important characteristic of the propagation of surface waves in sedimentary environments. Although the procedure for DC estimation in onshore environments using ambient vibration recordings is well established, the DC estimation in offshore environments using Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) array recordings of ambient vibrations presents three additional challenges: (1) the localization of sensors, (2) the orientation of the OBS horizontal components, and (3) the clock error. Here, we address these challenges in an inherent preprocessing workflow to ultimately extract the Love and Scholte wave DC from small aperture OBS array measurements performed between 2018 and 2020 in Lake Lucerne (Switzerland). The arrays have a maximum aperture of 679 m and a maximum deployment water depth of 81 m. The challenges related to the OBS location on the lake floor are addressed by combining the multibeam bathymetry map and the backscatter image for the investigated site with the differential GPS coordinates of the OBS at recovery. The OBS measurements are complemented by airgun surveys. Airgun data are first used to estimate the misorientation of the horizontal components of the OBS and second to estimate the clock error. To assess the robustness of the preprocessing workflow, we use two array processing methods, namely the three-component high-resolution frequency-wavenumber and the interferometric multichannel analysis of surface waves, to estimate the dispersion characteristics of the propagating Scholte and Love waves for one of the OBS array sites. The results show the effectiveness of the preprocessing workflow. We observe the phase-velocity dispersion curve branches in the frequency range between 1.2 and 3.2 Hz for both array processing techniques.

An Ultrawideband Polarization-Selective Reflectarray

This letter presents a novel ultrawideband polarization-selective reflectarray with true-time delay. The reflectarray element can be perceived as a combination of a polarization grid and Vivaldi antenna, so is characterized by large bandwidth, low cross polarization, and polarization selectivity. A reflectarray using these elements arranged in a 41 × 41 square grid operating from 6 to 32 GHz is designed, fabricated, and tested. The feed is provided by four pyramidal horn antennas operating at the working frequency (C, X, Ku/K, and Ka bands). In measurements, the reflectarray shows stable radiation patterns from 6 to 32 GHz (more than 5:1 frequency range) and has a maximum aperture efficiency of 40%. It also has the low cross polarization below −28 dB across the entire band and has the characteristic of polarization selectivity.

An Ultrawideband and High-Aperture-Efficiency All-Dielectric Lens Antenna

A lens antenna (LA) with the characteristics of ultrawide band and high aperture efficiency is proposed in this letter. Moreover, the proposed lens is automatically designed by the genetic algorithm (GA) and finite-different time-domain method, which provides a convenient solution for lens designing. Compared to the feeding ridged horn, the measured gains of the LA are enhanced by 4.4–7.4 dB in the 6–18 GHz band, and the measured aperture efficiencies are also increased by 10%–33% in the band. The maximum aperture efficiency is 92.4% at 6 GHz. Moreover, the 1 dB steady gain band is 13–18 GHz (up to 32.3%). The all-dielectric structure can be easily manufactured using three-dimensional printing technology, which endues the lens with the advantages of low cost, light weight, and easy fabrication.

Precision in grasping: Consistent with Weber's law, but constrained by “safety margins”

Whether the visuomotor coding of size in grasping obeys Weber's law is currently debated. Following up on previous work from our laboratory, here we investigated the precision associated with the maximum in-flight index-thumb aperture (MGA) in grasping small-to-medium sized objects. We report three main findings. First, grasp preparation was longer with 5 mm objects and became increasingly faster as object size increased from 10 to 20–40 mm. Second, MGA variable errors increased as sizes increased from 5 to 10–20 mm, whereas they decreased as size reached 40 mm. Third, MGA distributions were symmetrical with 5 mm objects, but became increasingly right-skewed as size increased. These results, as well as a re-analysis of previous findings, suggest that the precision of visuomotor representations varies as a function of size, consistent with the key principle underlying Weber's law. However, a fundamental constraint on precision grips (the MGA must always exceed physical size) changes the skew of the distribution and reduces the variability of MGAs as size increases from very small to medium.

Dual processes underlie the effect of the Ebbinghaüs illusion on control of grasping.

Previous studies have shown that control of grasping is affected by the Ebbinghaüs illusion. However, there is debate about whether effects on grasping are solely due to the illusion or involve other processes. The aim of this study was to distinguish the influences of the size illusion and obstacle avoidance on control of grip aperture. We compared size perception and grip aperture during grasping for targets in Ebbinghaüs contexts that varied in the size, distance and density of flankers. The size illusion is affected by all of these flanker parameters, while effects due to obstacle avoidance would depend primarily on flanker-target distance. We found that flanker size had consistent effects on perceptual estimation and grip control during grasping: larger flankers caused the target to appear smaller, and the maximum grip aperture (MGA) during grasping was reduced. However, the effects of flanker-target distance were more complicated. Increasing flanker-target distance generally caused the target to appear smaller but this effect became weaker with sparse flankers. For grip control, the flanker-target distance effect had opposite directions in two flanker density conditions: Increasing flanker-target distance caused MGA to decrease with dense flankers and to increase with sparse flankers. These findings can be explained by a combination of influences from size illusion and obstacle avoidance on grasping. Our results do not support that visuomotor control is immune to visual illusions, such as the Ebbinghaüs illusion. Apparent discrepancies between perception and visuomotor control with visual illusions could be explained by additional influence of obstacle avoidance mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Influence of rock heterogeneity on hydraulic fracturing: A parametric study using the combined finite-discrete element method

Hydraulic fracturing has proven to be an efficient technique to enhance production in unconventional reservoirs. Since heterogeneity is commonplace in reservoir rocks, it is vital to investigate the influence of rock heterogeneity on hydraulic fracture propagation. Here, based on the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) and cohesive zone model, two series of numerical models with uniformly distributed and Weibull-distributed elastic modulus of rock are assembled, respectively. The comparison with the theoretical solution demonstrates the reliability of the simulation models in both the toughness-dominated regime (TDR) and viscosity-dominated regime (VDR). The parameter analysis demonstrates the rationality of parameters for cohesive elements. The results show that the previous theoretical equations can be used as a preliminary evaluation of simulation parameters. The effects of different parameters such as element size, Weibull distribution type, and far-field stress on hydraulic fracture length, fluid pressure, maximum fracture aperture, and the final fracture morphology are evaluated. The results demonstrate that the distribution type of rock elastic modulus has a significant impact on the hydraulic fracture propagation in both TDR and VDR. The “jump” phenomena have been observed in TDR caused by high fracture toughness. The displacement of fracture location and asymmetrically dynamic propagation are affected by the distribution of rock elastic modulus. Besides, the hydraulic fracture propagation in TDR is more susceptible to element size, the distribution of rock elastic modulus, and far-field stress than that in VDR. This research may shed light on the development of hydraulic fracturing technology in tight reservoirs.

Design of Wideband High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Folded Reflectarray Antenna

This communication presents a wideband high-efficiency circularly polarized (CP) folded reflectarray antenna (FRA) based on the CP selective surface (CPSS). The proposed CPFRA is comprised of a simple CPSS on the top layer, a wideband reflectarray plane on the bottom layer, and a wideband planar CP antenna as the primary source. First, the simple CPSS based on the traditional Pierrot structure is designed. The CPSS can reflect one CP wave, while it can transmit its orthogonal CP wave. Then, a subwavelength element is used to design the wideband reflectarray, and a wideband planar CP microstrip patch array is selected as the feed. According to the ray tracing principle, the distance between the upper CPSS and the bottom planar reflectarray is reduced to half of the distance between the planar reflectarray and the imaginary feed approximately. At last, we design a wideband high-efficiency CPFRA. Measured results of the fabricated prototype reveal that its maximum gain at 10 GHz is 27.8 dBic, its 3 dB gain bandwidth is 15%, its 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth is 23%, and its maximum aperture efficiency is about 45.4%. Good broadband and low-profile characteristics make the proposed CPFRA have potential value in some wireless communication system.

Surgical navigation system for temporomandibular joint ankylosis in a child: a case report

BackgroundComputer-assisted surgical navigation systems were initially introduced for use in neurosurgery and have been applied in craniomaxillofacial surgery for 20 years. The anatomy of the oral and maxillofacial region is relatively complicated and includes critical contiguous organs. A surgical navigation system makes it possible to achieve real-time positioning during surgery and to transfer the preoperative design to the actual operation. Temporomandibular joint ankylosis limits the mouth opening, deforms the face, and causes an increase in dental caries. Although early surgical treatment is recommended, there is controversy regarding the optimal surgical technique. In addition, pediatric treatment is difficult because in children the skull is not as wide as it is in adults. There are few reports of pediatric temporomandibular joint ankylosis surgery performed with a navigation system.Case presentationA 7-year-old Japanese girl presented severe restriction of the opening and lateral movement of her mouth due to a temporomandibular joint bruise experienced 2 years earlier. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated left condyle deformation, disappearance of the joint cavity, and a 0.7-mm skull width. We diagnosed left temporomandibular joint ankylosis and performed a temporomandibular joint ankylosis arthroplasty using a surgical navigation system in order to avoid damage to the patient's brain. A preauricular incision was applied, and interpositional gap arthroplasty with temporal muscle was performed. After the surgery, the maximum aperture was 38 mm, and the limitation of the lateral movement was eliminated.ConclusionsA navigation system is helpful for confirming the exact target locations and ensuring safe surgery. In our patient's case, pediatric temporomandibular joint ankylosis surgery was performed using a navigation system without complications.

Medium-Sized Highly Coupled Planar Arrays with Maximum Aperture Efficiency.

This paper presents a technique to design strongly coupled planar arrays with very high aperture efficiency. The key innovation is that, based on an irregular 2 × 1 array, very compact medium-sized arrays of size 2 × 2, 2 × 4, and 2 × 6 are constructed with very strong and constructive mutual coupling between the elements. In this way, a maximum aperture efficiency is reached for a given footprint of the array. The occupied space of the antenna in comparison with conventional linear patch arrays is studied. A prototype 2 × 4 array operating around 5.8 GHz is designed, fabricated, built, and measured. The results show a large bandwidth of 20% and a very high aperture efficiency of 100%, which is the largest found in the literature for similarly sized arrays. These results are important in view of the future Internet of Things, where small and medium-sized arrays are planned to be mounted on numerous devices where a very limited physical area is available.

Joint InSAR and Field Constraints on Faulting During the Mw 6.4, July 23, 2020, Nima/Rongma Earthquake in Central Tibet

AbstractThe accumulation and partitioning of crustal strain in central Tibet remain debated. July 23, 2020, Mw 6.4 earthquake in the Nima region (≈86.864°E/33.144°N) thus provides an opportunity to gain insight into local, ongoing deformation. Here, we use Sentinel‐1 SAR data to assess co‐seismic deformation during that earthquake, and nonlinear/linear inversions to determine the location and geometry of the source and the finite fault slip distribution. The results show that the maximum surface subsidence was ≈25 cm, the causative fault had a ≈N28°E strike and ≈48° dip eastwards, and that the largest normal slip, with a peak of ≈1.5 m, occurred between 5 and 10 km depths. Details of the earthquake surface rupture were derived from a UAV‐based field survey. At three distinct sites, the high‐resolution UAV images revealed discontinuous, ≈N35°E‐trending arrays of fresh en‐echelon cracks and ≤20 cm‐high, free‐faced normal scarps, along a ≈10 km‐long, ≈20 m‐wide zone following the ≈ vertically projected western limit of maximum interferometric synthetic aperture radar slip at depth. These results, consistent with an earthquake intensity distribution based on building damage inspection, show that 2020 earthquake only broke a short segment of the west Yibu Chaka normal fault, along the middle stretch of the 300 km‐long Riganpei Co‐Yibu Chaka‐Jiangai Zangbo fault zone. Regional Coulomb stress changes suggest that larger, Mw 7+ earthquakes should be expected on the geomorphologically more prominent, ≈50 km‐long normal faults bounding the east side of the Yibu Chaka lake pull‐apart, and on the 120 km‐long, sinistral Riganpei‐Co fault to the southwest.

High efficiency and gain bandwidth transmitarray antenna based on slow wave structure

In this article, corrugated conductor plates with slow wave properties are used as slow wave unit cell structures to increase the aperture efficiency of the transmitarray antenna. The slow wave structure is composed of a simple conductive plate and a corrugated conductor plate facing each other. Two types of unit cells are considered for the design of the transmitarray antenna. In the first type, the spacing and height of the corrugated sections are constant, and only by changing the number of the corrugation the phase shift is created. In the second type, the distance of the corrugated sections and the number of the corrugation is constant, and only by varying the corrugated height, the phase shift is controlled. These slow wave structures can easily cover 360° and are also suitable for large transmitarray. An array of such two types of slow wave unit cell structure is placed in front of the horn antenna and the aperture efficiency of the antenna is improved by the required phase correction. The transmitarray antenna based on the second type of the unit cell is fabricated and measurement results indicate that the transmitarray antenna has a maximum aperture efficiency of 89.4% at the frequency of 10.5 GHz and 1-dB gain bandwidth of 30%.

Task Oriented Training Activities Post Stroke Will Produce Measurable Alterations in Brain Plasticity Concurrent with Skill Improvement

ABSTRACT Background Task-oriented training with upper extremity (UE) skilled movements has been established as a method to regain function post stroke. Although improved UE function has been shown after this type of therapy, there is minimal evidence that brain plasticity is associated with this training. The accelerated skill acquisition program (ASAP) is an example of an approach for promoting UE function using targeting movements. Objective To investigate the effects of a single 2-hour session of ASAP in individuals with stroke on measures of brain plasticity as represented by corticospinal excitability (CE) and determine associations with reach-to-grasp (RTG) performance. Methods Eighteen post-acute stroke patients were randomized to two groups. Experimental group (n = 9) underwent ASAP for 2 hours, while the control group (n = 9) received dose equivalent usual and customary care. Both groups were evaluated for CE and RTG performance prior to the session and then four times after training: immediately, 1 day, 6 days, and 12 days. Results Significant alterations in CE were found in the peak-to-peak of Motor Evoked Potential amplitude of elbow and wrist extensor muscles in the lesioned hemisphere. The experimental group also demonstrated improved execution (shortened total movement time, TMT), feed-forward mechanism (deceleration time, DT) and planning (lengthened relative time to maximum hand aperture, RTApmax) compared to the control group Conclusion Alterations in brain plasticity occur concurrently with improvements in RTG performance in post-acute stroke patients with mild impairment after a single 2-hour session of task-oriented training and persist for at least 12 days.

Wideband cavity‐backed slot array with high gain and high aperture efficiency

In this article, a wideband cavity-backed slot array antenna with high gain and high aperture efficiency is presented. A novel cavity-backed subarray is designed with compact size and applied to construct a 4 × 8 array. The array antenna is composed of two feeding layers and a radiating layer. The subarrays are placed on the top layer and SIW structure feeding network on the two layers below is used to feed them. The presented antenna is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results reveal that the working bandwidth reaches up to 17.6%, ranging from 18.7 to 22.3 GHz with the peak gain of 19.5 dBi. Besides, the maximum aperture efficiency of 77.6% is calculated by employing measured gain and aperture size at 21.9 GHz. The presented array can be utilized as a receiving antenna in satellite communication systems.