Maximum Antifungal Activity Research Articles

In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Mechanism of Antifungal Activities of Selected Indian Traditional Plants against Human Oral Microbes

Morus alba, Asparagus racemosus and Murraya koenigii are commonly used in Indian traditional medicines for the various ailments. The plant extracts were analysed for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities and their mechanism of action towards human oral fungal pathogens. In the present study, methanol extracts were obtained using a soxhlet apparatus and microbes were obtained from microbial type culture collection and gene bank, Pune. The total phenol and flavonoid were found to be high in Murraya koenigii (2.77 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and Morus alba (160 µg Quercetin equivalent/mg) respectively. The maximum radical scavenging activity was shown by Murraya koenigii in 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (71 %) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (82.57 %) methods. The maximum antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed in Asparagus racemosus towards Lactobacillus acidophilus (23 mm) and Candida krusei (10 mm) respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was also determined. The target of antifungal activity of Asparagus racemosus towards Candida krusei was not cell wall whereas targets the cell membrane which is confirmed by sorbitol assay, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. This research can be used as a base to find the active components responsible for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities.

Mycomolecules against Alternaria solani causing Early blight of tomato

Mycomolecules isolated from mushroom possess antimicrobial properties which forms bioactive compounds of high therapeutic and pharmacological value. Antimicrobial principles from macro basidiomycetes against plant pathogens was not yet well explored. In this view, a study was proposed to screen mushroom fungi viz., Lentinus edodes, Volvariella volvaceae, Ganoderma lucidum and Auricularia polytricha against tomato early blight pathogen Alternaria solani. Methanol extracted mycomolecules from the cell free culture of mushroom was used in different experiments of the study. Results from dual culture technique revealed that Ganoderma lucidum showed maximum antifungal activity by inhibiting the mycelial growth of A. solani (67%). Among the various mushroom fungi, G. lucidum cell free culture filtrates exhibited maximum inhibition of spore germination of A. solani (53%) at 24 hours. The methanol extracted metabolite fractions of G. lucidum at 0.2% concentration inhibited maximum mycelial growth of A. solani (69%). Results indicates that methanol extracted cell free culture fractions of G. lucidum possess antifungal activities against the growth of A. solani and these mycomolecules could be further explored for the development of fungicides against the pathogen.

Optimization of cultural conditions for production of antifungal metabolites by Streptomyces gougeroti

Use of antagonist microorganisms against fungal plant pathogens is an attractive and ecologically alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. Streptomyces spp. are beneficial soil bacteria and potential candidates for biocontrol agents. Different Streptomyces species were isolated from different sources sites from soil in Damietta. During primary and secondary screening, some actinomyctes isolates showed antifungal activity against tested phyto pathogenic fungi (Penicillium italicum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporium, F. solani, Alternaria alternata, Sclerotina sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani). The results showed that the most active isolate against tested phyto pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina and Alternaria alternata was identified as Streptomyces gougeroti. Streptomyces gougeroti showed maximum antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and Macrophomina phaseolina at 35°C ± 2, pH 6.5. Glycerol and beef extract were the best carbon and nitrogen sources used respectively.

Growth Inhibition of Aflatoxigenic Molds and Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 by Certain Bacterial Isolates

AFLATOXIN B1 (AFB1) is mutagenic, carcinogenic, and harmful to humans and animals. Different physical and chemical methods have been proposed to reduce mycotoxins but few have been approved for practical application. This study investigated the possible use of certain bacterial species were isolated from different agricultural soils as biological control agents against the growth of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from sorghum and peanuts as well as biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Out of these 30 bacterial isolates, 6 isolates showed that have antagonistic effects against the aflatoxigenic fungi but with varying efficiencies. The six different isolates were screened for their ability to degrade AFB1. Out of 6 isolates, one isolate showed high reduction activity of AFB1. Maximum antifungal activities were observed in one isolate was identified as Staphylococcus lentus. S. lentus completely prevented the A. flavus and A. parasiticus growth and completely degraded AFB1 in Liquid Culture. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that S. lentus resulted in a 96.54% degradation of AFB1, but no products has been detected. In practical application, it was found that S. lentus at concentration of 10 and 25mL kg-1 were completely prevented the growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in sorghum and peanuts, respectively, consequently no aflatoxin were produced. According to our information, this is the first study to prove that Staphylococcus lentus has the capability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus by 100% and degrading AFB1 by 96%.

Antifungal Activity of Senna alata, Senna bicapsularis and Pityrogramma calomelanos

Aims: Senna alata (Carrion crow bush), Senna bicapsularis (Money bush) and Pityrogramma calomelanos (Wild maran) are known for their value in traditional medicine. The study was an effort to identify, environment friendly antifungal compounds from these locally available plants against fungal pathogen Curvularia lunata.
 Study Design: An experiment based study done to identify antifungal property and phytochemical identification of C. lunata.
 Place and Duration of Study: Plants were collected from the coastal areas of Guyana and identified at the Biodiversity Center, University of Guyana, Guyana between January 2017- May 2017.
 Methodology: Phytochemical extraction was conducted using soxhlet and rotovap apparatus. Hexane, methanol and aqueous extracts of plants were analyzed for antifungal properties. Antifungal activity was tested using the poisoned food and well diffusion technique. Data analysis of the study was done using R-Studio Program for statistical computing and graphics. A Tukey test was done along with ANOVA and Boxplots.
 Results: Methanol extract of P. calomelanos showed maximum antifungal activity with an inhibition percentage of 60.3% at 400 µl, with poison food technique. With well diffusion method, P. calomelanos showed an inhibition zone of 54 mm at 500 µl. Saponins, steroids and glycosides were identified with methanol extract of P. calomelanos.
 Conclusion: The finding of this study indicates, the possible use of P. calomelanos extract as an antifungal agent against C. lunata and its potential to control fungal plant diseases.

Optimization of laboratory cultivation conditions for the synthesis of antifungal metabolites by bacillus subtilis strains.

In order to achieve the optimal number of colony forming units and a high level of antifungal metabolites synthesis, we carried out the periodic cultivation of the Bacillus subtilis BZR 336 g and Bacillus subtilis BZR 517 strains at various pH and temperature levels. In the experiment for determining the optimal temperature, the maximum titer of B. subtilis BZR 336 g bacterium (1.6–1.7 × 109 CFU/ml) was recorded at a cultivation temperature of 20–25 °C. For B. subtilis BZR 517 strain, the temperature turned out to be optimal at 30 °C: the titer was 8.9 × 108 CFU/ml. The maximum antifungal activity of B. subtilis BZR 336 g strain against the test culture of Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras was observed at a cultivation temperature of 20–25 °C; for B. subtilis BZR 517 strain, 25–30 °C. When determining the optimal pH level, it was found that a high titer of B. subtilis BZR 336 g strain cells was determined at pH 8.0 (2.7 × 109 CFU/ml), for B. subtilis BZR 517 strain it was at pH 6.0–8.0 (1.0 × 109 CFU/ml). The maximum antifungal activity was noted with the same indicators. Chromatographic and bioautographic analyses suggest that the synthesized antifungal metabolites belong to surfactin and iturin A. The data obtained in this research can be used in the development of the technology for the production of effective biofungicides to protect crops against Fusarium pathogens.

Allelopathic effect of leaf extracts of Punica granatum and Spiraea prunifolia against post-harvest rot of tomato and brinjal

Antimycotic activities of different solvent extracts of Punica granatum L. and Spiraea prunifolia Siebold and Zucc. were carried out through agar well diffusion assay at three concentrations (25µl, 50µl and 75µl) against seven fungi causing rot diseases of tomato and brinjal. All the concentration of plant extracts showed antifungal activity against tested pathogenic fungi. Antimycotic activity increased with the increased concentrations of plant extracts. However, higher concentrations proved more effective than lower concentrations. It was revealed from the present study that the ethanolic extract of Punica granatum L. showed maximum antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium expansum and least inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger. However, the aqueous extract of Punica granatum L. showed maximum antimycotic activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria alternata and least inhibitory effect against Penicillium expansum. It was further observed from the present study that the ethanolic extract of Spiraea prunifolia Siebold and Zucc. showed maximum antimycotic activity against Rhizoctonia solani and least inhibitory effect against Alternaria alternata. Whereas the aqueous extract of Spiraea prunifolia Siebold and Zucc showed maximum antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and least inhibitory activity against Alternaria alternata.
 Keywords: Plant extracts, Concentration, Antimycotic effectiveness, tomato and brinjal, fungal rot pathogens, Inhibition zone.

Identification and Testing of Antidermatophytic Oxaborole-6-Benzene Sulphonamide Derivative (OXBS) from Streptomyces atrovirens KM192347 Isolated from Soil.

There is a need to continue research to find out other anti-dermatophytic agents to inhibit causal pathogenic skin diseases including many types of tinea. We undertook the production, purification, and identification of an anti-dermatophytic substance by Streptomyces atrovirens. Out of 103 streptomycete isolates tested, only 20 of them showed antidermatophytic activity with variable degrees against Trichophyton tonsurans CCASU 56400 (T. tonsurans), Microsporum canis CCASU 56402 (M. canis), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes CCASU 56404 (T. mentagrophytes). The most potent isolate, S10Q6, was identified based on the tests conducted that identified morphological and physiological characteristics and using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolate was found to be closely correlated to previously described species Streptomyces atrovirens; it was designated Streptomyces atrovirens KM192347 (S. atrovirens). Maximum antifungal activity of the strain KM192347 was obtained in modified starch nitrate medium (MSNM) adjusted initially at pH 7.0 and incubated at 30 °C in shaken cultures (150 rpm) for seven days. The antifungal compound was purified by using two steps protocol including solvent extraction and column chromatography. The MIC of it was 20 µg/mL against the dermatophyte cultures tested. According to the data obtained from instrumental analysis and surveying the novel antibiotics database, the antidermatophytic substance produced by the strain KM192347 was characterized as an oxaborole-6-benzene sulphonamide derivative and designated oxaborole-6-benzene sulphonamide (OXBS) with the chemical formula C13H12 BNO4S. The crude OXBS didn’t show any toxicity on living cells. Finally, the results obtained herein described another anti-dermatophytic substance named an OXBS derivative.

The Development of ZnO Nanoparticle Coated Cotton Fabrics for Antifungal and Antibacterial Applications

In the textile industry, cotton is the most popular choice among all the natural fibers due to its unique properties such as softness, affinity to skin, biodegradability, absorbency, and moisture being comfortable to wear. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were produced and coated on cotton fabrics. The concentration of Zinc acetate was varied. 2-methoxy-ethanol has been used as a solvent. Using the dip coating technique, ZnO NPs have been coated on the cotton fabric in different mole concentrations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet Visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, the antifungal and antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs was performed on the coated fabrics. The SEM images depicted that the nanoparticles are well dispersed on the fabric at 3M concentration of ZnO solution. It was found that the UV absorbance increases with the increase of concentration up to 2M concentration and after that it decreases. It was also found that maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity is at 2M concentration.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of six children's toothpaste on Candida albicans isolated from early childhood caries patients.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is an aggressive, destructive form of dental caries that affects the children younger than 6 years of age. Candida is known to increase the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to the oral biofilm and produce acids that cause tooth demineralization. To evaluate the efficacy of six commercially available children's toothpaste on clinical isolates of Candida albicans obtained from ECC patients. The study population comprised 60 children aged 3-6 years having ECC. Samples were divided into six groups comprising ten children in each group. Samples were collected using sterile cotton swabs, inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Species identification was done by germ tube test and growth on corn meal agar. After the confirmed growth of C. albicans, the six commercially available children's toothpaste namely Organic Children's Coconut Oil Toothpaste®, Aloe Dent Children's Toothpaste®, Patanjali Dant Kanti Junior Toothpaste®, Colgate Kids Toothpaste®, Pediflor Kids Toothpaste®, and Crest Pro-Health Stages Kids Toothpaste® and distilled water as control group were subjected for antifungal activity of C. albicans. Agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and the diameter of the zones of inhibition was measured and recorded. Data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Science (16.0) version. Pediflor kids toothpaste® showed maximum antifungal activity and Aloe Dent children's toothpaste® showed minimum antifungal activity. All brands of children's toothpaste show antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Penicillium chrysogenum-Mediated Mycogenic Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Gamma Rays for In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Against Some Plant Pathogens

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of specific fungus to biosynthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by the aid of gamma rays and evaluate its performance as a unique antimicrobial agent in the agricultural fields. CuO NPs were synthesized by Penicillium chrysogenum filtrate utilizing copper sulfate at various gamma rays doses. The identification was performed by UV-Vis., FTIR, XRD, DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX and mapping images. Antimicrobial potential of CuO NPs against selected crop pathogenic microbes had been estimated. From the results, the preferred doses applied for CuO NPs synthesis was recorded at 50.0 kGy. The proposed reaction mechanism was studied. TEM image with DLS analysis confirmed the morphology of CuO NPs possesses a mean diameter at 9.70 nm. CuO NPs exhibited a maximum antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum (37.0 mm ZOI) followed by Alternaria solani (28.0 mm ZOI), and Aspergillus niger (26.5 mm ZOI). On the other hand, it was active as antibacterial agent against Ralstonia solanacearum (22.0 mm ZOI) and Erwinia amylovora (19.0 mm ZOI). Therefore, due to these outstanding properties, CuO NPs may be utilized as the significant antimicrobial agents in the agricultural area to restrain the plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria from proliferation.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel naphthol diazenyl scaffold based Schiff bases as potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents against human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HT-29)

BackgroundIn search of new antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents, a series of new naphthol diazenyl scaffold based Schiff bases (NS1–NS23) was efficiently synthesized by condensation of 2-hydroxy naphthaldehyde azo dyes with various substituted aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic amines.MethodologyThe synthesized derivatives were characterized by various physicochemical and spectral techniques and assessed for in vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential against human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HT-29). The active derivatives were further evaluated for their apoptotic potential by Annexin-V/propidium iodide double staining assay using flow cytometer and analyzed for cell-cycle arrest studies.Results and conclusionThe derivative NS-2 was found maximum active against E. coli, S. enterica and B. subtilis. The derivatives NS-12, NS-15, NS-21, and NS-23 showed maximum antifungal activity against A. fumigatus. The maximum cytotoxicity was observed from the derivatives NS-2, NS-8, NS-21, and NS-23 towards HT-29 cell line with IC50 between 4 and 19 μg/ml. More than 90% and 62% of the cells were found in the apoptotic phase on treatment with NS-2 and NS-21 respectively in comparison to the 68% for doxorubicin. Further, these derivatives arrested the cell growth in S and G2/M phase of the cell cycle.

Using chloroform as a preservative for trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine in comparison to thiomersal

Background: Chloroform has a potential value as a substitute for thiomersal as a preservative due to its high antibacterial and antifungal activity. Objectives: Comparative analysis of the preservative efficacy of chloroform and thiomersal in ISA206 trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine concerning the antimicrobial activity and vaccine potency. Methods: This study was conducted on 5 prepared ISA206 trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccines, one vaccine prepared with 0.01% v/v thiomersal and four vaccines prepared with different concentrations of chloroform 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% v/v. Each vaccine was monthly evaluated by safety and sterility tests for 12 months. Three cattle were vaccinated intramuscularly (I/M) by each vaccine. Serum samples were collected monthly for 12 months. The humeral immune responses were monitored by Serum Neutralization Test (SNT) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The antimicrobial activity of chloroform and thiomersal in the five vaccines were determined 12 months post preparation against nine different gram negative and gram positive bacterial strains and three fungal stains. The bacterial strains were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shig-ella flexneri, Salmonella para typhi A and Proteus mirabilis and fungal strains were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nigar and Aspergillus pterus. Agar well diffusion method was followed in this study. The 12 monthes comparative analysis of antibacterial activity reflects that among these five vaccines shows thiomersal as well as 0.5% chloroform exhibiting maximum anti-bacterial and antifungal activity. Results: Our results show that the incorporation of chloroform into ISA206/ FMDV vaccine is as effective as thiomersal as a preservative. Conclusion: Finally we recommended using chloroform as a substitute for thiomersal as a preservative in foot and mouth disease vaccine.

Synthesis of CuO/Epoxy nanocomposites for the preparation of antifungal coating

Objective(s): Antibacterial and antifungal nanocomposites are widely used in food packaging and pharmaceutical and medicine industries. Among the polymers of these nanocomposites, epoxy coatings are commonly used for health and industrial applications. The present study aimed to synthesize CuO nanoparticles using the chemical reduction method and characterized them by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were synthesized with the mean size of 45 nanometers. Following that, the CuO/epoxy nanocomposite were prepared in three concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% of the CuO nanoparticles. The results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the presence of nanoparticles on the nanocomposite surface. In addition, the disc-diffusion method was used to assess the antifungal properties of the nanocomposites. Results: The results of XRD and SEM confirmed the presence of CuO nanoparticles on the nanocomposite surface. The optimal nanocomposite concentration for the maximum antifungal activity was 3%.Conclusion: It seems that the CuO nanoparticles could be used to provide antifungal nanocomposites, which are applicable in medicine and food industries.

Antifungal Activity of Some Ethnomedicinally Important Tuberous Plants of Family Liliaceae

Fungal spores are often present in air and soil which may cause internal as well as external infections. Phytochemicals are extracted from plants of family Liliaceae and identified having antifungal and antibiotic properties. The present study deals antifungal activity of crude extract of leaf of five species Asparagus L. and four species Chlorophytum Ker. Gawl. of family Liliaceae using a different polar and non-polar solvent like methanol, petroleum ether and acetone. Effects of different plant extract were tested on yeast (Candida albicans) and mold (Aspergillus niger) using potato dextrose agar medium by agar well diffusion method. Zone of inhibition produced by different plant extracts was calculated. Among these plants, Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernandes., Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker. and Asparagus racemosus Willd. show maximum antifungal activities against two clinical fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. In case of three solvent, acetone plant extract showed a significant reduction, while methanol showed its minimum reduction in the growth of these two opportunist fungi. Streptomycin was used as control drug for antifungal studies.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of blended cinnamon oil and usnic acid nanoemulsion using candidiasis and dermatophytosis models

Abstract Fungal infections are one of the most important health issues facing by people since a long time. The objective of the present study was to evaluate antifungal activity of a prepared blended cinnamon oil and usnic acid nanoemulsion (CUN) using candidiasis and dermatophytosis models both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro activity was performed using cup plate method; minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined using brain heart infusion (BHI). In vivo antifungal activity was determined on cutaneous candidiasis in rats and on dermatophytosis guinea pig model. In vitro study of CUN exhibited maximum antifungal activity after 48 h. The maximum zone of inhibition was 1.19 cm for CUN (10 mg/mL), which was near to the fluconazole (1 mg/mL) i.e. 1.82 cm. The MIC of CUN for C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes were 60 and 55 μg/mL, respectively, which was more than cinnamon oil and usnic acid solution (CUS). In vivo study of CUN in cutaneous candidiasis model showed significant antifungal activity. The log colony forming unit per infected site of CUN was 1.36 in comparison to untreated control group (3.91). However, the clinical efficacy profile of CUN on dermatophytosis guinea pig model was more than the standard drug (41.3%) and CUS (35.6%). Its mycological efficacy was 81.4%, which was greater than standard drug (79.6%) and CUS (74.5%). Thus, the present study substantiated that CUN can be used as a feasible formulation for topical application against fungal infections.

Antagonistic activity of some bioagents against root rot diseases of pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Eight isolates of bioagents (fungal and bacterial), obtained from the rhizosphere of healthy pepper plants collected from various pepper-growing sites in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, were tested against pepper root-rot pathogens including Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. moniliformis and Macrophomina phaseolina. In in vitro study, the fungal bioagents (Trichoderma viride (TV1 and TV2) and T. harzianum (TH1 and TH2) exhibited the maximum antifungal activity against the five phytopathogens compared to the bacterial bioagents (Pseudomonas fluorescens (P1 and P2) and Bacillus subtilis (B1 and B2). In pots experiment, TV1 and P2 bioagents caused the least disease severity among all treatments. All bioagents were effective with different degrees specially Trichoderma spp. to promote the growth parameters of pepper plants and manage root rot disease that caused by different pathogens. Furthermore, they had equal efficacy with fungicide treatment under in vitro and in pots experiment. Thus, application of biological methods in plant disease control is an effective alternative technique and could have a potential biofertilizer effect, since they stimulated the growth of pepper plants.

SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF ANTHELMINTIC, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF 3,3-DIPHENYL PROPANAMIDE DERIVATIVES

Objective: A novel series of substituted 3,3-diphenyl propanamide derivatives (I-VIII) were synthesized by reacting 3,3-diphenyl propanoyl chloride with different amines/amino acids, and all the derivatives were investigated for anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antifungal activity.Methods: All the compounds were characterized by infrared (IR) and1H- nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry data. The synthesized derivatives were investigated for their anthelmintic activity employing housefly worms method and earthworm species model. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was performed employing cup plate method.Results: The synthesized compounds (VII and VIII) exhibited maximum anthelmintic activity as compared with standard drug albendazole at doses of 50 and 100 mg/mL, due to minimal paralyzing and death time in both housefly and earthworm models. The compounds (IV, VII, and VIII) at 50 μg/mL exhibited maximum activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains, namely, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared with ciprofloxacin and same compounds exhibited maximum antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger in comparison with standard drug griseofulvin at 50 μg/mL.Conclusion: The synthesized compounds bearing amino acid moiety in their structure (VII-VIII) exhibited impressive anthelmintic activity in comparison with albendazole. This suggests that amino acid/peptide derivative of diphenyl propanamides can act as great anthelmintic agents. Further, the research can be performed to design potent antimicrobial diphenyl propanamide derivatives.

SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF ANTHELMINTIC, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF 3,3-DIPHENYL PROPANAMIDE DERIVATIVES

Objective: A novel series of substituted 3,3-diphenyl propanamide derivatives (I-VIII) were synthesized by reacting 3,3-diphenyl propanoyl chloride with different amines/amino acids, and all the derivatives were investigated for anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antifungal activity.Methods: All the compounds were characterized by infrared (IR) and1H- nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry data. The synthesized derivatives were investigated for their anthelmintic activity employing housefly worms method and earthworm species model. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was performed employing cup plate method.Results: The synthesized compounds (VII and VIII) exhibited maximum anthelmintic activity as compared with standard drug albendazole at doses of 50 and 100 mg/mL, due to minimal paralyzing and death time in both housefly and earthworm models. The compounds (IV, VII, and VIII) at 50 μg/mL exhibited maximum activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains, namely, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared with ciprofloxacin and same compounds exhibited maximum antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger in comparison with standard drug griseofulvin at 50 μg/mL.Conclusion: The synthesized compounds bearing amino acid moiety in their structure (VII-VIII) exhibited impressive anthelmintic activity in comparison with albendazole. This suggests that amino acid/peptide derivative of diphenyl propanamides can act as great anthelmintic agents. Further, the research can be performed to design potent antimicrobial diphenyl propanamide derivatives.

Formulation and chemical characterization of Clerodendrum infortunatum leaf extract in relation to anti-fungal activity

The study explored to develop an eco-friendly herbal fungicide from chloroform extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum leaves. The extract upon activity guided purification using flash chromatography yielded eight fractions F3 through F10. Total phenol and flavonoid contents in the fractions ranged from 0.12-48.25 mg GAE/g and 0.03–25.29 mg QE/g. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the identification of seven phenolic acids across different fractions, the total of which varied between 0 and 2.17 mg/g. Emulsifiable Concentrate (20%) formulation was made with the extract and fractions and tested against Phomopsis vexans causing fruit rot disease in brinjal. Of the various fractions, F8 displayed highest antifungal activity (ED50 = 46.8 μg/ml). Antifungal activity of leaf extract/fractions was correlated with total phenol, total flavonoid and total phenolic acids (r = -0.60 to -0.69). Among the phenolic acids, benzoic acid showed maximum antifungal activity followed by t-cinnamic acid. The relationship between phenolic composition and activity is also reported.