Maximum Amount Of Ethanol Research Articles

Bioethanol production from whey powder by immobilized E. coli expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin: optimization of sugar concentration and inoculum size

A combined Vitreoscilla hemoglobin/immobilization system was evaluated for ethanol production using whey powder as a carbon source and ethanologenic E. coli strain FBR5 and its Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) expressing derivative strain, TS3. The effects of varying the inoculation concentration (5, 10, 20 or 30%) of alginate beads containing cells of either strain, and the lactose levels (8–15%) of whey powder media (WP8-WP15), were studied. Ethanol production was enhanced in strain TS3 compared to strain FBR5 for all combinations of inoculation size and medium lactose concentration. This enhancement increased from 41% to 83% with an 8–15% increase in lactose concentration. The maximum amount of ethanol, 4.64% (v/v) with 99% fermentation efficiency, was produced after growth for 72 h by immobilized strain TS3, using 10% bead inoculation and medium containing 8% lactose.

Conversion of steam-exploded cedar into ethanol using simultaneous saccharification, fermentation and detoxification process

In this study, we investigated the simultaneous saccharification, fermentation and detoxification SSDF process of steam-exploded cedar using a detoxification microorganism, Ureibacillus thermosphaericus A1, to facilitate efficient ethanol production. Steam explosion was applied as a pretreatment before enzymatic saccharification followed by alcohol fermentation. The highest glucose conversion rate was observed in the sample pretreated with a steam pressure of 45atm for 5min. Alcohol production by a heat-tolerant yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BA11, was inhibited strongly by inhibitory materials present in the steam-exploded cedar, such as formic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The maximum amount of ethanol, i.e., 0.155g ethanol/g dry steam-exploded cedar, which corresponded to 74% of the theoretical ethanol yield, was obtained using the SSDF when U. thermosphaericus A1 degraded the inhibitory materials. A fed batch SSDF culture, in which U. thermosphaericus A1 was used to maintain low concentrations of inhibitory materials, was effective for increasing the ethanol concentration.

Dynamic Evaluation of Production Policies: Improving the Coordination of an Ethanol Supply Chain

This paper uses System Dynamics modeling and process simulation to explore coordination in two logistic processes (procurement and production) of the supply chain of an ethanol plant. In that sense, three production scenarios are evaluated to identify: a) stock movement according to current inventory policies, and b) the critical variables affecting the coordination for these two processes. Since the main goal in the company is to meet customer demand, this research incorporates sales forecasting, and four performance indicators to evaluate the state of the processes: 1) average percentage of demand satisfaction, 2) maximum amount of ethanol in excess, 3) available ethanol at the end of the year, and 4) inventory costs. To model the case study, the change in production yield and specific constraints for the chain are considered. The simulation results show that System Dynamics modeling can be used to observe the effects of policies on inventory, and meeting the demand in a real system. It also can define the coordination for a supply chain and give information to improve it. The developed model uses STELLA® software to simulate the logistic processes and execute the evaluation employing the performance indicators.

KRAFT PULPING OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS AS A PRETREATMENT FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION BY SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION

The kraft pulping process was evaluated in this study as a pretreatment of Eucalyptus globulus for bioethanol production. Wood chips were pretreated under different pulping conditions (155°C and 165°C; 15 and 20 % alkali active AA, 15-60 min). A total of 12 pulps were obtained, with pulp yields ranging from 49 to 57%. Glucan remained in pulps were from 77% and 90%, while 50% of the hemicelluloses were solubilized. Lignin removal increased with increased severity of cooking (high active alkali charge, pretreatment time and temperature) reaching delignification over 78%. The enzymatic hydrolysis of kraft pulps with cellulase presented a rapid glucan conversion rate to glucose with values over 90%. Lignin, hemicellulose removal, as well as, cellulose polymerization degree showed an effect on the increment of enzymatic hydrolysis. The degree of crystallinity increased slightly between 1-5%, having no effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was performed (SFS) at 10% substrate consistency with a production at 30-38 g ethanol/L. The maximum amount of ethanol that could be produced from E. globulus is 258 g ethanol/kg wood, assuming total glucose conversion into ethanol. The amounts of ethanol obtained from the different pulps varied between 168-202 g ethanol/kg wood. The ethanol yields obtained from kraft pulps varied between 65 and 78% (wood basis). The maximum ethanol yield was 78% at 155°C, 15% AA and 60 min reaction, while the yield was 74% at 165°C, 15% AA and 30 min of reaction time. Results showed that an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis at low enzyme loads could be obtained from kraft pulps employing less severe conditions than those used to produce bleachable –grade pulps.

Effect of prolongedalcohol consumption ina free elections in the level of sexhormones

In a free choice between 15 -% solution of ethanol and water in a group of 30 male Wistar rats were distinguished 3 groups on the level of alcohol consumption. Body weight was increased in groups with middle and high consumption of ethanol. The content of gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH) in animals, which consumed the maximum amount of ethanol, compared with controls was reduced, while urovevn testosterone, both general and free, were raised in direct proportion to the total amount of consumed ethanol. Index of ratio of total testosterone increased in proportion to the free consumption of ethanol. Changing the content in the blood serum of gonadotropic and sex hormones were correlated with the level of alcohol consumption

Bioorganosolv pretreatments of P. radiata by a brown rot fungus ( Gloephyllum trabeum) and ethanolysis

Pinus radiata wood chips were pretreated with the brown rot fungus Gloephyllum trabeum for 3 weeks followed by an organosolv delignification with ethanol:water mixture at pH 2. The organosolv process was assessed using biotreated material that showed a high viscosity loss and a mass loss ranging from 6% to 8%. The experiment was designed to optimize the organosolv conditions, ethanol:water ratio and H factor (factor that combines temperature and time in one variable) to obtain the highest ethanol yield by simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for 96 h at 10% consistency. The optimized conditions for organosolv process for biotreated material were: ethanol:water mixture (60/40, v/v) and 1156 H factor (185 °C, 18 min); the optimized conditions for the control (chips without biotreatment) were: ethanol:water mixture (60/40, v/v) and 6000 H factor (200 °C, 32 min). The experimental ethanol yields obtained at these conditions were 63.8% and 64.3% (wood basis) for biotreated material and control, respectively. The maximum amount of ethanol that could be produced from P. radiata is 252 g ethanol/kg wood, assuming total glucose conversion into ethanol. The results indicate that the obtained ethanol was 161 g ethanol/kg wood from both materials. The biotreatment of the wood before the organosolv process improved solvent accessibility. To obtain the same ethanol yield, lower process severity was required in the biotreated samples in comparison with the control.

참나리(Lilium lancifolium) 구근을 이용한 민속발효주의 제조 및 생리활성

This study was carried out to develop a new traditional alcoholic beverage by using lily scale in order to utilize lily scale as a new matter for nutritious foods. The condition of alcohol fermentation was investigated by the addition of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0% dried lily scale and 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% raw lily scale into mash, respectively. The maximum amount of ethanol was produced when 15% dried lily scale and 20% raw lily scale were added to cooked rice at 25 o C for 10 days. In overall acceptability of sensory evaluation, the LSD-5 alcoholic beverage (added 5% dried lily scale into mash) and LSR-20 alcoholic beverage (added 20% raw lily scale into mash) showed the best acceptability. Physiological functionalities of LSD-5 and LSR-20 alcoholic beverage were investigated. Electron donating ability by DPPH solution (16.5~23.2%), SOD-like activity (20.4~24.7%), ACE inhibitory activity (66.5~78.2%) and tyrosinase inhibitory activity (57.4~62.6%) of LSD-5 and LSR-20 alcoholic beverage were better than the control (non-added liquor). Moreover, accept- ability and physiological functionalities of LSD-5 alcoholic beverage are better than LSR-20.

Recycle Bioreactor for Bioethanol Production from Wheat Starch II. Fermentation and Economics

Bioethanol has been produced using sugars from cold hydolysis of pure wheat starch, sterile wheat flour, and unsterile wheat flour. The conversion of sugars to ethanol from pure starch reached 96% of the theoretical maximum while that from sterile wheat flour was 69% and from unsterile wheat flour only 35%. These data indicate that sequential hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat flour is not feasible. However, the simultaneous cold hydrolysis and fermentation of both wheat starch and wheat flour proved successful. Both sugar sources produced 95% of the theoretical maximum amount of ethanol. The process could be repeated in a sequential batch fashion for over 110 h of operation, achieving high ethanol yields in each run. A scale-up design of bioethanol production using sequential batch, simultaneous cold starch hydrolysis, and fermentation indicates that this process would be economically feasible. High levels of revenue are generated from both the bioethanol and the byproduct: food-grade wheat gluten. The payback period is predicted to be < 2 years with a discounted cash flow rate of return of 46%.

Characterisation of thermotolerant, ethanol tolerant fermentative Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production

Of the four thermotolerant, osmotolerant, flocculating yeasts (VS1, VS2, VS3 and VS4) isolated from the soil samples collected within the hot regions of Kothagudem Thermal Power Plant, located in Khammam Dt., Andhra Pradesh, India, VS1 and VS3 were observed as better performers. They were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. VS1 and VS3 were tested for their growth characteristics and fermentation abilities on various carbon sources including molasses at 30 °C and 40 °C respectively. More biomass and fermentation was observed in sucrose, fructose and glucose. Maximum amount of ethanol produced by VS3 containing 150 (g/l) of these substrates were 74, 73, and 72 (g/l) at 30 °C and 64, 61 and 63 (g/l) at 40 °C respectively. With molasses containing 14% sugar, the amount of ethanol produced by VS3 was 53.2 and 45 (g/l) at 30 °C and 40 °C respectively. VS3 strain showed 12% W/V ethanol tolerance. VS3 strain was also characterised for its ethanol producing ability using various starchy substrates in solid state and submerged fermentation. More ethanol was produced in submerged than solid state fermentation.

High alcohol production by solid substrate fermentation from starchy substrates using thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Solid Substrate Fermentation system (SSF) was used to produce ethanol from various starchy substrates like sweet sorghum, sweet potato, wheat flour, rice starch, soluble starch and potato starch using thermotolerant yeast isolate (VS3) by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Alcohol produced was estimated by gas chromatography after an incubation time of 96 hrs at 37 °C and 42 °C. More ethanol was produced from rice starch and sweet sorghum. The maximum amount of ethanol produced from these substrates using VS3 was 10 g/100 g and 3.5 g/100 g substrate (rice starch) and 8.2 g and 7.5 g/100 g substrate (sweet sorghum) at 37 °C and 42 °C respectively.

The effects of phosphoric acid pretreatment on conversion of cellulose to ethanol at 45�C using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3

Here we report on the effects of phosphoric acid pretreated cellulose as a substrate for ethanol production by K. marxianus IMB3 using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation systems at 45°C. With untreated, milled filter paper as substrate the maximum amount of ethanol produced was 25% of the maximum theoretical yield. After pre-treatment with 100% phosphoric acid, the yield increased to 42% of the maximum theoretical yield. When untreated microcrystalline cellulose was used as the fermentation substrate, yields of ethanol as 45°C amounted to 16% of the maximum theoretical yield whereas pretreatment of the substrate with phosphoric acid resulted in an increase in ethanol production to 69% of the maximum theoretical yield. This suggests that pretreatment of substrate with phosphoric acid would contribute to a reduction in the amount of exogenous enzyme needed.