Maximum Allowable Emission Research Articles

Smelter dust in humus around Rouyn-Noranda, Québec

Microbeam analyses can be used to determine the morphology, texture, size and abundance of smelter dust trapped in humus. The geographic distribution of dust correlates with the geographic distribution of the geochemical signature of anthropogenic input to humus. Results of the study indicate that the observed dust may be classified into two morphotypes and five classes on the basis of differences in morphology, texture, size and chemistry. Dust observed at sizes larger than the maximum allowable emission size of modern electostatic precipitators suggests that part of the dust accumulation is historical. Most of the observed particles represent a resistant slag component whereas labile dust, often observed in emissions, is rarely present. A mass balance calculated for Fe indicates that smelter dust contributes a small fraction of the Fe in the humus compared to values determined by geochemical methods. Although emission of smelter-derived dust is probably the primary mechanism for delivery of metal to humus, the preserved particles are not the current primary residence site of metal in the humus. This suggests that, soon after deposition, weathering processes have released metals and other elements from the dust to the humus.

Evaluation of oxides of nitrogen emissions for the purpose of their transient regulation from a direct injection diesel engine

The concept of defining a regulatory standard for the maximum allowable emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from a heavy-duty diesel engine on an instantaneous basis is presented. The significance of this concept from a regulatory point of view is the possibility to realise a steady brake specific NOx emissions result independent of the test schedule used. The emissions of oxides of nitrogen from a state-of-the-art direct injection diesel engine have been examined on an integral as well as on an instantaneous basis over the Federal Test Procedure as well as over several other arbitrary transient cycles generated for this study. Three candidate standards of specific NOx emissions have been evaluated on a real-time, continuous basis. These include brake power specific, fuel mass specific, and carbon dioxide mass specific NOx emissions. Retaining the stock engine control module, the carbon dioxide specific emissions of NOx have been shown to be the most uniform, varying only by about 30% of its mean value regardless of the test schedule or engine operation. The instantaneous fuel specific NOx emissions are shown to be relatively less invariant and the least steady are the brake power specific emissions with a coefficient of variation of up to 200%. Advancing injection timing has been shown to have a wide range of authority over the specific emissions of oxides of nitrogen regardless of the units used, when operating at full load in the vicinity of peak torque speeds. The carbon dioxide specific NOx emissions have shown a linear dependence on the power specific emissions, independent of the examined operating conditions. The trade-off between better brake thermal efficiency, lower exhaust gas temperature at advanced timing and lower NOx emissions has also been shown to be independent of the units of the specific standard used.

舶用低質燃料油のＮＯｘ（Ｎ２Ｏ含む）及び微粒子の生成・分解特性について

The regulation of exhaust emission from vessel was started in Jan. 1st, 2000. The maximum allowable NOx emission limits for marine diesel engine were expressed clearly in terms of the original module for Main & Aux. Diesel Engine. But the proposal of SOx its own is now in the situation being delayed on account of manifold problems. In general, the low quality heavy fuel oil used mainly in ships contains high sulfur content. And then it affects not only the fuel oil cost, low temperature corrosion and engine tribology, but also the formation and emission producing the sulfuric mist in particulate matters (PM) and the dinitrogen oxides (N2O) . This paper studies the combustion characteristics and emissions on the low quality heavy fuel oils. In the experiments, an industrial-scale flame was set up for analyzing it spatially in each flame location. The work indicates that the products at the flame downstream consist of NOx 270ppm, N2O 8ppm, DS and SOF respectively 1.7, 0.5g/mN3, sulfuric acid conversion amount 60-80mg/mN3and SO21000-1400ppm which shown comparatively high concentrations. It is deduced that N2O formation is influentially affected by Fuel·N. The results suggest that DS is dependent upon the particulate matters of gas-phase eduction and the various Fuel·metals, and SOF is the Pre-Soot and unburned droplets from the growing THC.

Targets for mitigation of Greenhouse gases: Implications from a long-term perspective

This paper describes the implications of long-term climate change objectives (such as stabilization of CO 2 concentrations and of radiative forcing) for maximum allowable emissions of greenhouse gases and priorities for reduction strategies. It also briefly indicates some rough target values for technological developments which are based on these long-term objectives.

96/03348 - Targets for mitigation of greenhouse gases. Implications from a long-term perspective

Abstract This paper describes the implications of long-term climate change objectives (such as stabilization of CO 2 concentrations and of radiative forcing) for maximum allowable emissions of greenhouse gases and priorities for reduction strategies. It also briefly indicates some rough target values for technological developments which are based on these long-term objectives.

The Limits of Market-Oriented Regulatory Techniques: The Case of Automotive Fuel Economy

The search for more efficient, market-oriented regulatory techniques has produced significant recent advances in several areas. Among these would appear to be the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) approach to reducing gasoline consumption by the domestic automobile fleet. The 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act required manufacturers to sell fleets with a sales-weighted average of 18 miles per gallon in the 1978 model year, 19 mpg in 1979, 20 mpg in 1980, and 27.5 mpg in 1985.1 The standards for the four intervening years were subsequently set by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration at 22, 24, 26, and 27 miles per gallon. The advantages of the averaging approach over uniform vehicle standards or a gas guzzler tax are two-fold. First, CAFE permits each firm to increase its overall fuel efficiency in the cheapest manner, since the costs of mileage improvements for different vehicles may be rather different.2 And second, it permits the continuation of a diverse product mix to the consumer, since a uniform standard would probably result in the demise of certain models. These arguments for averaging are now so widely accepted that the principle is being proposed, inter alia, for automotive emissions standards as well. That is, instead of maximum allowable emissions for each and every model, manufacturers could produce models with various levels of pollutants

A Graphical Representation of the New NSPS for Sulfur Dioxide

A new type of SO/sub 2/ emission standard is presented which can be regarded as a coal-specific standard. It requires at least 90% reduction of potential SO/sub 2/ emission and limits SO/sub 2/ emission rate to 1.2 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu or requires at least 70% reduction and limits SO/sub 2/ emission rate to 0.6 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu. Though it may appear that there are two options, only one of these sets of requirements applies for a given coal. For a coal of specified sulfur content and heating value the standard determines a unique maximum allowable emission rate and a unique minimum reduction of potential emission.

Application of Linear Programming to a Controversy on Air Pollution Control

A linear programming model for air pollution abatement is presented. It is based on the simplifying assumption that air quality goals may be expressed as maximum allowable emission flows in an airshed. The solution of the model for the St. Louis Airshed is examined to evaluate certain charges that it is economically infeasible for purposes of air pollution control to impose restrictions on the sulfur content of coal. It is found that such a regulation is justified for certain types of stokers but not others, that furnaces with a heating efficiency of 75% or less should be converted to natural gas. Uncertainty over certain key parameters precludes judgment as to whether the use of low sulfur coal is optimal for pulverized coal furnaces.

Ecological Impacts of Diesel Engine Emissions

This article deals with the ecological impacts of chemical substances that are found in the structure of Diesel engine exhaust gases and provides an overview of legislation that limits their maximum allowable emissions. Special consideration is given to the previously mostly neglected negative impact of particulate matter compared to the impact of carbon dioxide. Negative impact of particulates is especially noted as direct negative impact on human health whereby the expenses associated with medical treatment exceed the financial savings resulting from the usage of Diesel powered vehicles. Therefore, the paper presents the knowledge acquired through previous scientific research in the economically most developed countries, as well as the tendencies for the reduction of negative impacts of Diesel exhaust gases.

Interstate Air Pollution Study—St. Louis Area Air Pollutant Emissions Related to Actual Land Use

The Interstate Air Pollution Study of the St. Louis-East St. Louis Metropolitan Area, conducted in 1963–1964, provided data for this report of air pollutant emissions related to three land-use categories: (1) residential, (2) institutional and commercial, and (3) industrial. A fourth land-use category, transportation and open space, is included in some calculations. The sources of pollutants considered are: (1) power generation, both electric utilities and industrial, (2) fuels used for space heating, (3) solid waste disposal, and (4) industrial processes. The pollutant emissions considered are particulates and sulfur oxides. Cumulative frequency distributions given are based on acres of land use and corresponding emissions per unit area. These frequency distributions—actual emission conditions that can be related to known air quality levels—provide a basis for performance standards and a guide for planners and others in future city developments, not only in St. Louis but in other similar cities as well. A suggested method for determining a different type performance zoning standard is presented. This standard is based on average conditions and thus would supplement, not replace, standards based on maximum allowable emissions. Calculations for such standards relating to St. Louis are presented.