Maximum Absorption Wavelength Research Articles

Pengaruh pH dan Konsentrasi Pada Penyerapan Ion Logam Cr(VI) Menggunakan Karbon Aktif Kulit Durian

Metal ions Cr (VI) are a type of toxic heavy metal that can cause environmental pollution. Chromium limits exceeding 0.1 mg/L in the water will cause damage to ecosystems and living things within them. Adsorption using activated carbon durian shell was chosen as one of the most efficient methods. Used adsorbent activated carbon durian shell that aims to know the quality of activated carbon durian shell and determine the optimum condition of absorption and optimum capacity of absorption of metal ions Cr (VI). The reaction between orange chromium ions with the addition of H2SO4 and colorless diphenylcarbazide forms a purple solution complex. Maximum wavelength absorption is obtained at 542 nm. The results were obtained with the capacity of immersion in optimum conditions to the absorption of metal ions Cr (VI) at pH 2 and Concentration 360 mg/L with an absorption capacity of 40,3190 mg/g. The study of adsorption isoterm refers more to the freundlich equation approach with a regression coefficient value approaching 1 (R2= 0,9684).

Novel chalcone-based phenothiazine derivative photoinitiators for visible light induced photopolymerization with photobleaching and good biocompatibility

Two novel visible light photoinitiators 4-(10-methyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl) but-3-en-2-one (PBO) and (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(10-methyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one (BMPPO) were successfully designed and synthesized. PBO and BMPPO have broad absorption range from 350 to 500 nm with the maximum absorption wavelength at 400 nm and 440 nm respectively. Three-component photoinitiating system of BMPPO/iodonium/amine was developed for free radical polymerization of acrylates. The results demonstrated that the photoinitiating system displayed rapid polymerization and high final vinyl group conversions under the irradiation of UV-LED (365 nm), blue LED (440) nm and solar light resource. Moreover, photopolymerization kinetics was studied by real-time FT-IR spectrum, the double band conversion was achieved up to 90% for BMPPO. The photocuring mechanism was identified via steady state photolysis and electron spin resonance spin-trapping experiments. The possible photoinduced mechanism of PBO and BMPPO in the presence of a co-initiator occurred through electron transfer. In addition, BMPPO possesses rapid photobleaching and good biocompatibility performance tested by photoinduced degradation and cytotoxicity experiments respectively, which exhibited that BMPPO has potential for light-color coatings and food packaging field.

A novel cysteine fluorescent probe with large stokes shift for imaging in living cells, zebrafish and living mice

The small molecule biological thiols, such as Cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play crucial roles in maintaining various cellular vital activities. In the organism, abnormal levels of small-molecule biological thiols have been associated with a variety of diseases. Therefore, quantitative determination of biological thiols, especially Cys, is significant for understanding their functions in various biological processes. Thus, in this work we designed a new fluorescent probe Ty-Cys1 with a large Stokes shift of 207 nm to monitor Cysteine. The maximum absorption wavelength of Ty-Cys1 was 418 nm, and the maximum emission wavelength was 625 nm. Significantly, the novel probe Ty-Cys1 was effectively in detecting of Cys changes in living cells, zebrafishes, and living mice.

Benzoxazine monomers grafted poly(acrylic acid) as novel organic additives with fluorescence and antibacterial properties

Novel additives with dual fluorescence and antibacterial properties derived from benzoxazine monomers and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were prepared. Three benzoxazine monomers containing a hydroxyl group (BZXs) synthesized via the Mannich reaction were used as organic fluorophores and subsequently reacted with PAA to obtain poly(acrylic acid)-grafted benzoxazines (PAA-g-BZXs) via esterification. The results from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that the BZXs were grafted onto the pendent groups of PAA only 25%. From UV-Vis, the maximum absorption wavelengths of PAA-g-BZXs were shown the same position of BZXs. By fluorescence spectroscopy, the excitation, emission, and fluorescence quantum yield of BZXs were found to be 375–480 nm, 550–585 nm, and 0.60, respectively. Meanwhile, PAA-g-BZXs showed the same excitation and emission wavelength positions around 360–485 nm and 500–585 nm, respectively. PAA-g-BZXs exhibited green emission light under a UV lamp due to the benzoxazine pendent groups. However, the fluorescence quantum yield of PAA-g-BZXs was decreased to be 0.40 BZXs due to only 25% of BZXs grafted on the pendent groups of PAA. Moreover, PAA-g-BZXs showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli up to 100%. Only 1% by weight PAA-g-BZXs was an appropriate amount for the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix to fabricate golden PLA/PAA-g-BZXs composite wires without adding any pigments since the obtained composite wires still showed a high optical performance by changing the color from gold under visible light to blue-green under UV irradiation.

Single crystal structure of cobalt and nickel complexes constructed by imidazole ligand and their polycrystalline thin films for nonlinear optical refraction properties

The single crystals of new cobalt and nickel complexes constructed by the imidazole ligand: hexakis(imidazole)-cobalt(II) dichloride tetrahydrate ((C18H24N12Co)Cl2•4(H2O), HICDCTH) and hexakis(imidazole)-nickel(II) acetate dihydrate ((C18H24N12Ni)(CH3COO)2•2(H2O), HINADH) have been obtained and their single crystal structure were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Their polycrystalline thin films on quartz substrates were prepared using in-situ crystallization methods. The surface morphology of the polycrystalline thin films were studied by atomic force microscopy. The nonlinear optical refraction properties of the polycrystalline thin films were investigated by using closed aperture Z-scan technique with 20 picosecond pulses at wavelength 532 nm. Time-dependent density-functional theory with the basis set LanL2DZ were used in theoretically computing their maximum absorption wavelengths, frontier molecular orbitals and molecule′s second hyperpolarizability γ values.

Chirality Transfer from Chiral Mesoporous Silica to Perovskite CsPbBr 3 Nanocrystals: The Role of Chiral Confinement

Chirality Transfer from Chiral Mesoporous Silica to Perovskite CsPbBr ₃ Nanocrystals: The Role of Chiral Confinement

Synthesis and characterization of the fluorescence utility of two Visible-Light-Absorbing tryptophan derivatives

We synthesize Nα-Boc-4-dicyanovinyltryptophan OMe (4DCV-Trp) and characterize its photophysical properties in different solvents. We find that the maximum absorption wavelength of 4DCV-Trp is at ca. 430 nm in water, and that its fluorescence spectrum exhibits a large Stokes shift (e.g., ca. 150 nm in water). Furthermore, solvent-dependent studies reveal a positive, linear correlation between the frequency of 4DCV-Trp’s fluorescence maximum and the solvent polarity index, suggesting that 4DCV-Trp could serve as a polarity reporter of proteins. In addition, we synthesize 4-nitrotryptophan and validate its utility as a fluorescence quencher of a blue fluorescent amino acid, 4-cyanotryptophan.

Simultaneously enhanced efficiency of eco-friendly structural characterization of the dithienocyclopentacarbazole donor based acceptors with narrow bandgap for high-performance organic solar cells

In the present age, researchers are trying to overcome the energy crisis and the global demand for energy by developing organic solar cells (OSCs) of higher efficacy. Herein, we have developed five new acceptor molecules with a dithienocyclopentacarbazole donor unit flanked with different electron-withdrawing end-capped acceptor units, named Z1 ((Z)-2-(2-ethylidene-5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile), Z2 ((Z)-1-(dicyanomethylene)-2-ethylidene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-5,6-dicarbonitrile), Z3 ((Z)-2-(5-ethylidene-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-6H-cyclopenta[b]thiophen-6-ylidene)malononitrile), Z4 ((Z)-2-(5-ethylidene-3-fluoro-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-6H-cyclopenta[b]thiophen-6-ylidene)malononitrile) and Z5 ((Z)-5-((Z)-5-ethylidene-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-6H-cyclopenta[b]thiophen-6-ylidene)-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) to get greater effectiveness and good activity of OSCs, in order for non-renewable resources to be replaced with cost-effective, better-performing OSCs. B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) was used analytically to explore the maximum absorption wavelength ( λ max ), reorganization energy (RE), frontier molecular orbital, transition density matrix, open circuit voltage ( V oc ), density of state, binding energy ( E b ) and dipole moment of the newly developed molecules. Amongst all the newly designed (Z1–Z5) molecules, the Z2 molecule showed the lowest energy gap (2.04 eV) between highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, maximum λ max value in the applied phases i.e. gas (680.74 nm) and solvent (737.0 nm) along with the highest dipole moment values in gas (9.85 Debye) and solvent phase (11.0 Debye), lowest values of reorganization energy, and high charge mobilities. In addition, all the newly designed molecules were found to have the potential for better results in contrast to the molecule R (reference molecule).

Synthesis, spectroscopic and evaluation of anticancer activity of new hydrazone-containing dipyrromethane using experimental and theoretical approaches

The purpose of this work is to study in-vitro anticancer activity, chemical reactivity and non-linear optical properties of newly synthesized and characterized hydrazide-hydrazone linkage containing dipyrromethane derivatives. The appearance of singlet at 5.9, 6.9, 5.0, 5.8 and 3.7 ppm of meso–proton designates formation of products (3a-3e). All synthesized compounds have been well characterized by modern spectroscopic (1H and 13C NMR, UV–Visible, FT–IR) techniques. TD–DFT has been used to calculate oscillatory strength (f) and wavelength absorption maxima (λmax), electronic excitations and their molecular orbital coefficients and molecular plots analysis assigns nature of both electronic excitations as π →π* and n →π*. The computed first hyperpolarizability (β0 =14.38, 17.34, 15.47. 19.21, 22.21 × 10–30esu) evaluate the molecules (3a-3e) to be suitable for non–linear optical (NLO) response. The p–Nitroaniline(p–NA), is used a reference molecule having β0 = 11.54 × 10–30 esu). Compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d and 3e exhibited moderate to very high anti-cancer activity against HL-60 and HCT-116, with percentage inhibition of 65.02%, 76.54%, 80.47%, 68.76%, 53.04% and 66.87%, 79.31%, 79.58%, 63.66%, 53.66, respectively; the reference 5-fluorouracil had aninhibitory percentage of 86.53% and 70.54%.

Green Solvent Assisted UV-Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Rosuvastatin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Objectives: The goal of this study is to create and test a UV-Spectrophotometric method for estimating Rosuvastatin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms utilizing a green solvent. Method: Development of UV-Spectrophotometric method was carried out by using 2% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate solution as green solvent. Rosuvastatin was detected at a wavelength of 242nm. According to ICH guidelines, the developed technique was verified in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, and robustness. Rosuvastatin in pharmaceutical dose forms was successfully estimated using a newly developed and verified approach. Results: Rosuvastatin has a maximum absorption wavelength of 242nm. In the concentration range of 5-25µg/ml, Beer's law was followed. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 1.58µg/ml and 4.79µg/ml, respectively. The recovery of Rosuvastatin Calcium in tablet form was found to be between 97 and 102 percent. All of the precision and repeatability results fell within acceptable limits. Rosuvastatin was tested and found to be 98.88%. Conclusion: The method was found to be simple, environment friendly, reproducible and economical and can be used for routine analysis of Rosuvastatin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The 2% Sodium Lauryl Sulfate solution can be used as Green solvent.

Barrier Potential, Structure (Monomer and Dimer), Inter- and Intra-Molecular Interactions, Vibrational Analysis, Fukui Functions, MESP, NBO, UV and NMR Analysis of Pyridine-3-Carboxylic Acid Using Spectroscopic and DFT Approach

Pyridine-3-carboxylic (or nicotinic) (P3CA) acid has been recorded by using different spectroscopic tools like NMR (13C, 1H), UV–Vis, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral analysis. The structural conformation examined by potential energy scan for the titled compound was obtained by using DFT computations through B3LYP method with 6–311++G(d,p) basis set. Using optimized monomer structure, the dimeric structures (head-to-tail and tail-to-tail) are obtained. The title compound exhibits inter-molecular as well as intra-molecular hydrogen bonding forming a supramolecular network. The geometrical parameters of both monomer and dimer are coinciding with the observed ones. Using vibrational frequencies, Infrared and Raman intensities were computed. The rms error between the experimental and scaled quantum mechanical frequencies is 9.77 cm−1 for P3CA. From the scaled quantum mechanical method, reliable vibrational assignments were made using PED. The site of chemical reactivity and selectivity of the title compound were estimated from frontier molecular orbitals and local reactivity descriptors. The reactive areas around the compound were evaluated by using MESP. The interactions of donor and acceptor are studied by NBO analysis. The 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts of the title compound were determined using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method in DMSO-d6 solution. By using UV–visible spectrum, the maximum absorption wavelength was obtained and compared with the TD-DFT method.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AZO DYE AND ITS IRON COMPLEX

An azo dye and its iron complex have been synthesized and characterized using IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The azo dye is prepared by coupling 3-aminophenol and 2-naphtol after which the iron complex is synthesized by coupling the unmetallised dye with FeCl3. The unmetallized dye has its maximum absorption wavelength at 436.00nm while the metal complex dye has 341.50nm. The IR spectra showed the value of –N=N- stretching frequency at 1458.23cm-1 for both the unmetallised dye and its metal complex, and which is within the range of 1400-1500cm-1. This indicates that the synthesized complexes contain azo an azo group. The IR spectra showed the value of C-N frequency at 1267.27cm-1 for both the unmetallised dye and its metal complex. Also, The IR spectra showed the value of O-H frequency at 3408.33cm-1 for dye while 3402.54cm-1 for metal complex dye. C=C has the IR spectra frequency of the dye at 1514.17 cm-1­which is within the range of 1450-1600 cm-1. The metal complex dye shows the IR value of Fe-N at 263 cm-1 and Fe-O at 576 cm-1

Simultaneous purification of fucoxanthin isomers from brown seaweeds by open-column and high-performance liquid chromatography

Simultaneous purification of fucoxanthin isomers from brown seaweeds by two steps of open-column chromatography (OCC) and reversed-phase (RP)-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Analysis and identification of fucoxanthin isomers were performed by chromatographic and spectrophotometric properties such as retention time (tR), spectral shape, maximal absorption wavelength (λmax), Q-ratio, and mass spectrometry (MS) data including the ratio of fragment ions. The optimal conditions for a simultaneous separation and purification were examined by changing several parameters of HPLC, i.e., mobile phase composition, equilibration time, and column oven temperature. The purification procedure consisted of the following two steps: first, highly purified fucoxanthin fraction was obtained by a silica-gel OCC. Then, four major fucoxanthin isomers, all-trans, 13ʹ-cis, 13-cis, and 9ʹ-cis, were simultaneously separated and purified by RP-HPLC with an analytical C30 column and gradient elution in a mixture of water, methanol, and methyl tert-butyl ether. The purity of fucoxanthin isomers purified was >95% for all-trans and 9ʹ-cis, 85% for 13ʹ-cis, and >80% for 13-cis. A large-scale purification by RP-HPLC using a preparative C18 column was effective for the purification of all-trans and 9ʹ-cis with a yield of 95%. This developed technique was fully applicable to analyze the enhanced production of fucoxanthin isomers by iodine-catalyzed stereomutation which composed of 9 isomer species including 9-cis.

Characterization of the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of natural melanin from S. reiliana

This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties and stability of L-25 melanin extracted from Sporisorium reilianum (S. reiliana). The results showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of melanin was 215 nm. Reducing agents, heat, light, microwaving, oxidants, and common food additives did not affect the melanin. Additionally, it has a good metal stability except Mn2+. The IR spectra revealed the presence of O–H, N–H, C=O, and C=C bonds as well as carboxyl, alcohol hydroxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups and a pyran ring. L-25 melanin could be defined as DL-hydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA)-melanin. The antioxidant and antiproliferative were also measured. The melanin has a specific stability and high antioxidant activity, including a strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and protected damaged HepG2 cells by reducing reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and lactate dehydrogenase content. In conclusion, S. reilianum represents a novel source of melanin, that could be applied to health food or food additives. Our results show that melanin from S. reilianum is a natural pigment with good stability that has a great prospect of development and application, providing a theoretical basis and methods for its further processing and development as a functional food.

Tuning the optoelectronic properties of indacenodithiophene based derivatives for efficient photovoltaic applications: A DFT approach

In this study, five novel push-pull acceptor molecules with A-B-D-B-A arrangement have been formulated in the quest to boost the organic solar cells (OSCs), with respect to their electrical, optical, and chemical characteristics. Substitution of end-capped acceptor moieties in non-fullerene materials is an effective approach of molecular modeling, which finely tunes the optoelectronic attributes of OSCs. The recently altered molecules (Y1-Y5) were flanked with different electron withdrawing units carrying indacenodithiophene (IDT) as the central electron donating core. The density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) analysis were executed at B3LYP functional with 6-31G (d,p) basis set to investigate the geometrical as well as optical parameters such as quantum mechanical descriptors, light harvesting efficiency, ionization potential energy, absorption properties, electron affinity, dipole moment, molecular electrostatic potential, transition density matrix, the density of states, and reorganization energies. All of these studied molecules revealed greater electronic transitions, superior optical properties, fast charge mobilities, and better solubility in the polar solvent when compared to the reference molecule. Amongst all these derived molecules, Y1 emerged as a distinctive candidate, exhibiting the highest maximum absorption wavelength (884 nm) in chloroform along with the smallest energy gap (1.72 eV) as well as the lowest optical gap (1.40 eV). Moreover, it has the highest electron affinity and ionization potential energy, least interaction coefficient, exciton binding energy, and reorganization energy (λe = 0.00340 eV), which can be ascribed to its potent electron withdrawing moieties, which intensifies the transfer of charge between the donor and acceptor units within a molecule. We expect these modifications in the terminal groups around the central core to provide strong theoretical strategies to construct and amplify the photovoltaic parameters of OSCs in the future.

Photostability and Halochromic Properties of Near‐Infrared Absorbing Anionic Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes

AbstractWe synthesized near‐infrared‐absorbing anionic heptamethine cyanine (HMC) dyes and investigated their photostability and halochromic properties in detail. Upon changing the methyl groups of the anionic HMC dye to phenyl or perfluorophenyl groups, the maximum absorption wavelengths of the dye solutions were red‐shifted and dye photostability in solution under white LED irradiation at 25 °C was improved. The anionic HMC dye featuring methyl groups presented halochromic properties in solution, and the solution color changed from green to yellow in the presence of acids. This is the first reported anionic HMC dye with halochromic properties. Furthermore, we produced a stimuli‐responsive filter paper adsorbed with anionic HMC dyes that changed color from green to yellow upon exposure to HCl gas and from yellow to green upon subsequent exposure to NH3 gas.

Facile synthesis and dyeing performance of some disperse monomeric and polymeric dyes on nylon and polyester fabrics

ABSTRACT. Monoazo disperse polymeric dyes consisting of polyarylazocarboxybenzene-formaldehyde (PACB-F) and polyarylazohydroxynaphthalene-formaldehyde (PAHN-F) were synthesized through diazotisation, coupling and polycondensation reactions in the presence of formaldehyde and aqueous oxalic acid. The structure of the as synthesised dyes was acquired using UV-visible absorption maxima and FT-IR spectroscopy and their color, yield, melting point, solubility, and viscosity determined via standard methods. UV-visible and FTIR results showed successful formation of the polymeric dyes due to shift of wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) (420-470 nm, 460-510 nm) and new absorption peak at around (2800-2995 cm-1) for methylene bridge, respectively. The yield of the monomeric dyes was 67.1-85.7% and polymeric 45.1-59.3%, melting point was 104.1-131.2 oC, and 136.0-143.5 oC, respectively. They are soluble in acetone, ethanol, and methanol and insoluble in n-hexane and water. The dyeing process was achieved via high temperature and carrier dyeing techniques on nylon and polyester fibers. The dyeing characteristics of the synthesised dyes were analyzed in comparison with commercial disperse dyes (terasil brilliant violet and terasil scarlet brown). The dyeing produced a very attractive hue brown shades with good to excellent washing, light, hot pressing, and rubbing fastness.
 
 KEY WORDS: Carbocyclic, Dyeing activity, Monoazo, Monomeric, Polymeric
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(3), 485-497.
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i3.2

Spectrophotometric Assessment of Benzene 1,3,5-Triol in Pure Forms and in Bulk Sample by Diazotiization Coupling Reaction

The method was published for determining microgram quantities of benzene 1,3,5-triol (phloroglucinol) in aqueous solution and some bulk samples using an easy, quick, and effective spectrophotometric method. The method uses a diazotization as well as coupling process in basic medium to produce a bright yellow water-soluble dye from Phloroglucinol and diazotized 4-Methoxy aniline That is stable and also has a maximum absorption wavelength of 420 nm. With a molar absorptivity of 1.5989x 104l mol-1 cm-1 as well as index of Sand ell sensitivity 0.001 g.cm- 2, Beer's law is followed across a concentration range of (2-40) g.ml-1 of phloroglucinol.The ideal conditions for all color development are detailed, and even the suggested procedures for determining phloroglucinol in aqueous medium as well as some bulk sample have been successfully employed.

Tunable near-infrared Gires-Tournois resonators based on vanadium dioxide on gold film.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has been proposed as a phase-change material in tunable photonic and optoelectronic devices. In such devices, a thin layer of VO2 is typically deposited on metallic or insulating surfaces. In this Letter, we report the reflectance spectra of a subwavelength structure consisting of a thin layer of VO2 deposited on a gold film in the near-infrared spectral range, particularly near the wavelength of 1550 nm, which is significant for telecommunication applications. Our results indicate that in the insulating phase of VO2, the air/VO2/Au structure can be considered as a Gires-Tournois resonant cavity whose maximum absorption wavelength can be tuned by adjusting the thickness of the VO2 layer. In contrast, in the metallic phase of VO2, the reflectance of the structure increases by an amount of the order of a few tens of units. The proposed structure can prospectively lead to new design concepts in tunable photonic and optoelectronic devices.

Asymmetric dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene derivatives as solution-processable small molecular organic semiconductors for organic thin film transistors

In this paper, solution-processable asymmetric dithieno[3,2-d:2′,3′-d]thiophene (DTT) compounds, 2-octyldithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (1), 2-octyl-6-(thiophen-2-yl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (2), 2-octyl-6-(5-octylthiophen-2-yl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (3), and 2-(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-octyldithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (4) were synthesized and employed as small molecular organic semiconductors for top-contact/bottom-gate organic thin-film transistors. Physicochemical properties of four compounds including decomposition temperature, melting temperature, maximum absorption wavelength, highest occupied molecular orbital / lowest occupied molecular orbital energy level, and band gap were investigated. All DTT compounds exhibited p-channel activity, and especially compound 2 with additional thiophene group and linear alkyl chain (octyl group) showed superior electrical performance with hole mobility up to 0.07 cm2/Vs and current on/off ratio > 108 in ambient environment. Moreover, film microstructure and morphology showed correlation with the corresponding electrical performance, where high film texture and terrace-like morphology afforded high device performance.