Cooperative Principle Maxims Research Articles

A Pragmatic Analysis of Conversational Implicatures in English Drama and their Role in Teaching Critical Literacy

This study aims to explore the role of conversational implicatures in English drama in developing students’ critical literacy. It identified conversational implicatures conveyed by characters of the selected drama texts, provided possible interpretations of the implicatures basing on Grice’s Cooperative Principle maxims, and critically analyzed the role of conversational implicatures in English drama in developing students’ critical literacy. The data were collected from the implicatures conveyed by the characters of two selected drama texts. These are ‘Family Abuse’ by Bernard Mersier and ‘The Edge’ by Paul Symonloe. Grice’s pragmatic theory of Cooperative Principle and its maxims were used to identify and interpret conversational implicatures in the selected drama texts. Forty-two (42) conversational implicatures were identified from these texts. These implicatures were categorized into types basing on the four conversational maxims, and each conversational implicature was taken as data. Using Grice’s interpretive model and the social context of the drama, what the characters implied by their utterances were explained together with the reasons for the implicatures. The Luke and Freebody’s four resources model of critical literacy was then used to study the role of conversational implicatures in English drama in developing students’ critical literacy. The study concluded that conversational implicatures in English drama develop students’ critical literacy by enabling them to study a drama text from a social angle and evaluate the social aspects that may have influenced the meaning of the characters ‘utterances. Therefore, it was suggested that drama texts should be used in language teaching and learning as they ease the teaching of conversational implicatures which can foster the development of students’ critical literacy.

Main Character Analysis in “Great Expectations” Based on Cooperative Principle Theory

“Great Expectations” is one of representative novels written by the British writer Charles Dickens. It shows the growth of the protagonist Pip. Compared with Dickens’s other works, predecessors have done less research on “Great Expectations” and mainly focused on the theme and personalities. However, few studies analyze the personalities of the main characters in “Great Expectations” from the perspective of pragmatics through conversations in the novel. This thesis attempts to use Cooperative Principle to explore the four main characters of Pip, Estella, Joe, and Havisham. The study finds that the use of the four maxims of Cooperative Principle can effectively grasp the pragmatic strategies of the main characters in Great Expectations, revealing the different personalities of the main characters in this novel, and help readers understand and appreciate “Great Expectations” better.

Conversational Implicature on Selected Episodes of Jklive Talk Show on Citizen Television, Kenya

The study involved an analysis of Conversational Implicature on sampled episodes of the JKLive talk show of Citizen TV in Kenya. The research objective was to determine the observance of cooperative principle maxims on selected episodes of the JKLive talk show. The study used a descriptive research design in which judgmental sampling was employed in selecting the episodes in the talk show that were more relevant to the study. A sample size of two episodes which had a runtime of one hour each, were used for conversational data and then subjected to analysis. Data was collected through audio and video recording based on naturalistic observation of the talk show. The data was then transcribed orthographically to identify the language features required for the study. Data analysis was guided by the theory of Conversational Implicature by Grice (1975), which he termed as an indirect speech whereby, what is meant by an utterance may go beyond what is communicated. As a theory, Conversational Implicature advocates that, in order to simplify the use of language, rules are needed to govern how we bring out information and at what stage, for effective communication to occur. This theory was used to account for observance or violation of cooperative principle maxims, in line with the objective of the study. Prevalence of violations of cooperative principle maxims were observed, particularly instances of quality, quantity, manner and relevance maxims being disregarded in political discourse, and instances of quantity and relevance maxims also being disregarded in economic discourse. Addressing violations of these maxims can improve clarity and coherence, with the host playing a crucial role in moderating discussions to foster mutual understanding, prevent conflicts, and promote constructive exchanges, ultimately enhancing the viewer experience.

A Pragmatic Study on Primary School English Textbooks in Mainland China

English pragmatic competence in primary schools of mainland China has received increasing attention and the related issues have become popular research topics, but most former studies are limited to classroom teaching and particularly few on English textbooks of primary school. This study makes a pragmatic evaluation on the current primary school English textbooks in mainland China by taking a set of popular textbooks as an example. Adopting Cooperative Principle as theoretical frame, it mainly investigates and analyzes the conversational interactions in the textbooks, and the statistics shows that the textbooks generally conform to Grice’s “idealized communication model”, but there still exist many “odd” utterances which violate the maxims of Cooperative Principle, especially the Q-maxim and the M-maxim, while do not produce any conversational implicature in Grice’s sense. It thus concludes the pragmatic features of the textbook as “low naturalness”, “singularity in type” and “weak culturality”. This study is expected to act as a move for further research in this domain and a call on further improving the pragmaticity of primary school English textbooks in mainland China.

Arabic Verbal Humor: An Exploration of Non-Observance of Cooperative Principle on Social Media

This paper explores how Jordanians violated and flouted Grice's Cooperative Principle maxims and the purposes behind their non-observance in creating Arabic humor related to the COVID-19 pandemic on AlMamlaka and Roya Jordanians' Facebook accounts. The study conducted qualitative content analysis on 12 Facebook comments from March to September 2020 and found that Jordanians violated and flouted all the maxims to convey their hidden messages. The analysis revealed that the purposes of the non-observance were to generate implicatures and highlight various issues faced by Jordanians during the pandemic. These issues included government announcements, non-compliance with health guidelines, conspiracy theories about the virus's origin, impacts on family relationships, discomfort from wearing masks, the boredom of lockdown and some geographical areas targeted for their early source of spreading the virus. The findings indicate that humor can serve as an effective tool for highlighting social and political issues. The study recommends exploring the non-observance of cooperative maxims in different contexts and how it affects the interpretation and reception of humor. Overall, the study suggests that humor played a significant role in addressing and discussing the situation in Jordan during the pandemic.

An Analysis of Cooperative Principles on Asumsi.co's Interviews on Russia-Ukraine War Issue

Cooperative Principle is one of the pragmatics disciplines that should be known by everyone to conduct effective communication, especially diplomats. This research studied the utterances which were uttered by two Russian diplomats who are actively working at the Russian Embassy in Indonesia, Denis Tetyushin and Lyudmila Vorobyova in their interviews with Asumsi.co. The objectives of this research were to identify the maxims of cooperative principle which are produced by the interviewees in the Asumsi.co interviews, to figure out the types of maxims disobedience which are produced by the interviewees, and to recognise the motives behind the interviewees obeying and disobeying the maxims. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach assisted by a statistical descriptive method to see the distribution of the obedience and disobedience utterances. The result of the research revealed 47 data obey and disobey the maxim of cooperative principles. The most obeyed maxim was the maxim of manner, followed by the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, and there was no utterance which followed the maxim of relevance rule.

MAXIM VIOLATION IN MAMA FILM BY ANDRES MUSCHIETTI

This research aims to find out violations of the cooperative principle maxims contained in the film Mama. The theory used in this research is Grice's theory. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method to explain and describe every violation of the maxims contained in the film. The subject of this research is the Film Mama by Andres Muschietti. In conducting this research, researcher used the technique to collect data from watching movies and reading Mama's film scripts. After analyzing the film Mama, the researcher found four violations of the cooperative principle maxims namely: 4 violations of maxims Quantity, 5 violations of maxims Quality, 15 violations of maxims Relation and 17 violations of maxims Manner. The violation of the maxims most dominant violated by the characters in the film Mama is maxims Manner and violation of the maxim rarely found in this film is maxim of quantity.

A Study on Flouting and Hedging Maxims Used by the Main Characters on “Daddy Day Camp”

This research focused on analyzing flouting and hedging maxims used by the main characters on "Daddy Day Camp". The purposes of this research were to investigate and analyze how the maxims are flouted and hedged by the main characters on "Daddy Day Camp". Qualitative method was used in this research because the data were in the form of words rather than that of numbers and statistics. The data were taken from the utterances spoken by the main characters on "Daddy Day Camp". After the data are collected, they are classified and analyzed based on Grice’s Cooperative principle theory. This research found many maxims of cooperative principle which were flouted and hedged by the main characters on "Daddy Day Camp", especially the maxim of quality and quantity. On the other hand, this research also found that the utterances spoken by the main characters hedged the maxims of cooperative principle. There were some utterances which hedge the maxim of quality and relevance because the utterances which were spoken by the main characters are not totally accurate but seem informative, well founded and relevant.
 Keywords: Daddy Day Camp, Flouting Maxim, Hedging Maxims

REALIZATION OF FLOUTING MAXIM OF HUMOR IN AMERICAN MOVIE THE UPSIDE

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to find out the realization of flouting maxim of humor uttered by the characters in the movie The Upside. The research was conducted in descriptive qualitative research design. The script and the subtitle of The Upside movie has become the source of data which represent the flouting maxims of Cooperative Principle by Grice. Then the data were analyzed by read and write technique or attentive observation since the data in the form of utterances. The data also analyzed by choosing the funny utterances only since this research focusing in flouting maxim of humor. The result of this study found the realization of flouting maxim were nine points, that called as overstatement (giving too much information), understatement (giving too little information), metaphor, irony, banter, irrelevant statement, ambiguous statement, tautology and rhetorical question. The most used flouting maxim realized in overstatement, and the lowest rank of flouting maxim were realized in the form of tautology. It was zero data in tautology.

Verbal Humor in Louis C.K.’S Stand-Up Comedy Concert “Oh My God”: The Pragmatic Strategies

A stand-up comedy performance is not only about amusing the audiences with the joke, but it also has other functions. This research analyzes the pragmatic strategies and function of Louis C.K.’s stand-up comedy concert “Oh My God”. Raskin and Attardo’s (1992) General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) and Grice’s (1975) maxims of cooperative principle were employed as the framework of the analysis. A descriptive qualitative method was also used to analyze the data. The result reveals that Louis C.K.’s jokes in this concert mostly violate the maxim of quantity to generate laughter through exaggeration and faulty reason. Furthermore, Louis C.K.’s stand-up comedy is not only a way to entertain but it also has another function, that is, to deliver certain messages to the audience. Louis C.K.’s joke is also a form of giving a narrative to the audiences to understand the reality that people face in another point of view.

A Study of Conversational Implicature in Lady Chatterley’s Lover from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle

Lady Chatterley's Lover is Lawrence's last important novel. Lawrence describes the rebellion and pursuit of the heroine Connie in marriage and love.Lawrence was good at using dialogue to describe round characters. The characters in the novel frequently violate some Cooperative Principle maxims, thus producing various conversational implicature which enrich their personalities. This article uses the Cooperative Principle(CP) to analyze the typical dialogue in the novel that violates the CP. And it's hoped that the CP approach to Lady Chatterley's Lover in this article may help readers understand the theme, plot and several main characters' personalities better and also provide some enlightenment for the practicality of the pragmatic approach in the interpretation of prose novels. This article adopts the literature research method, through the related literature review, analyzing the protagonist's implication from the perspective of Cooperative Principle; through the text analysis method, this article carries on the analysis to the protagonist's dialogues which violate the Cooperative Principle, analyzing the implied meanings; also by using the CP and the dialogues to connect the real life, it will help readers to further grasp the protagonist's intention.

A Pragmatic Study of Humor in Iraqi Facebook Comments

The main goal of this study is to determine how comments are made by Iraqis on Facebook (a social media platform) to express humor and to discover whether these comments follow specific linguistic principles or not. There are millions of humorous comments on different types of posts, but only political posts were chosen in this research because of the importance of these posts. In the writer’s view, the politics of Iraq is greatly important as it dictates much of the situation that people currently live in. This means that there is also a lot of engagement by a lot of persons in Iraq with politics using humor, and there are therefore a large number of political posts using humor. This study relied on a specific method in analyzing data (namely comments selected from Facebook). 28 comments were selected for analysis by determining whether they follow the maxims of cooperative principles on the one hand and whether they follow any form of breaking of cooperative principles from another aspect. The arguments of Attardo were proven where he said that a person cannot be considered uncooperative in the conversation just because he said something funny or tried to be funny (Attardo, 2001). Moreover, the results showed that two forms of maxims of cooperative principle are followed several times, which are the maxims of relation and manner. It also showed that the least principle that is followed is the maxim of quality. There were also instances where maxims were not observed. It was found that the question of whether there would be flouting and violation of rules in the comments is most dependent on the commenter.

An Analysis of Humor Produced in Friends from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle

This research aims to analyze how humor is created through violating the four maxims of cooperative principle by using specific examples from an American sitcom, Friends. Also, it can provide us something to think and to learn when we want to create humor on our own.

Means of implicit information implementation in news headlines

Background. To understand the semantics of the sentence not only verbalized meanings are important, but also implicit ones. This information is not perceived critically by the recipients. After reaching certain conclusions, they consider them as their own and, therefore, true, that can be used for manipulation. Despite the importance of influencing through informing, this aspect remains unexplored. The purpose of the study is to identify the means in news headlines that fill the semantics of sentences with implicit information, creating presuppositions and nonconventional implicatures. Methods: descriptive, comparative, method of transformation; component, pragmatic analysis. Results. Among the means with presupposition potential are morphological and syntactic ones. Among the morphological – the factual, perfect verbs (their definition contains several actions which are not verbalized, but are conditions for the implementation of the main one). The potential of adjectives is in explanation of the feature through other features-conditions. In ordinal adjectives, the presupposition is created due to the correlation with the position on the scale according to the order. Adverbs often make presuppositions for a predicate, and particles – by establishing a relation. At the syntactic level, there is a curtailment of the proposition to the circumstance or the attributive subordinate clause, which transfer it to the periphery of the sentence; submission of information in the form of an indirect question (requested information is presented as a fact). Nonconventional implicatures are caused by violations of the cooperative principle maxims, creating indirect speech acts –hints, ironic statements, etc. Discussion. Implicit information in the sentence can be implemented through morphological, syntactic means; as well as the amount of information provided. The prospects of the study are seen in the further analysis of the means semantic nature which create implicit information and in more detailed clas-sification. Article received 15.11.2018

PELANGGARAN MAXIM DALAM NOVEL ASAL KAU BAHAGIA KARYA BERNARD BATUBARA

The purposes of this study is to describe what and how the Flouts exploiting maxims of the cooperative principle in the dialogues “Asal Kau Bahagia” novel by Bernard Batubara. The approach of this study is qualitative with the content analysis method because this study prioritizes the content approach of the dialogues in the novel. The writer choses this novel because the storyline is simple, easy to understand, and lead the reader imagination especially what Radha experienced when He seemed to be losing his grip on life. In addition, in it there are many dialogues that flouts exploiting maxims of cooperative principle. This research is focused on speech which contains Flouts exploiting maxims and its implications that are adjusted based on the context in the story. Some of the theories used in this study include Implicature theory by Grice, and the principle of relevance by Sperber & Wilson. The conclusion of this study is the writer found 16 data which contained fouts exploiting maxims in cooperative principle. From these data, the most Flouts exploiting maxim of quality and quantity occurred in each of 6 data, Flouts exploiting maxim of reevance consist of 8 data, Flouts exploiting maxim of manner 3 data. Flouts exploiting maxims occur in this novel include the purposes of hiding a secret, giving an explanation, insinuating, asking for an excuse, distracting the opponent's speech, and face saving acts of the speaker and also the hearer. Keywords: Pragmatic, implicature, Flouts exploiting maxims .Asal Kau Bahagia Novel by Bernard Batubara

Analysis of the Humors in Yue Yunpeng’s Cross Talks: Based on Cooperative Principles

Similar to the Talk-show in western countries, the cross talk is not only one kind of folk vocal art form but also one kind of performance art form, and the present popularity mostly is because of his humorous use of colloquial language. The Cooperative Principle proposed by the famous American philosopher Grice is an important principle in linguistics. And the violation of the maxims of Cooperative Principle often leads to unexpected humor. Based on Cooperative Principle, this paper analyzes the humor of young comic actor Yue Yunpeng’s cross talks and hopes that people have a better understanding of cross talks and traditional culture. The paper concludes that the violation of the maxim of the quality and relevance mainly produce humor. In the process, when violating the maxims, rhetorical devices are often used. People can find the humorous language of the cross talks directly by data analysis; the audience can better appreciate cross talks’ language humor.

Maxim of Cooperative Principle Violation by Dodit Mulyanto in Stand-up Comedy Indonesia Season 4

This study focuses on cooperative principle violation done by Dodit Mulyanto in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia season 4 using Grice’s theory. Grice expressed cooperative principle to suggest that in conversational interaction people work on the assumption that a certain set of rules is in operation, unless they receive indications to the contrary. The aims of this research are to classify the maxims of cooperative principle and to explain how Dodit Mulyanto violates cooperative principle to raise humor in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia season 4. Besides, this research is also directed to discover the types of violation maxims, the most dominant violation maxim, and to explain the causes of the most dominant violation maxim in Dodit Mulyanto’s Stand Up Comedy Indonesia season 4. This research is conducted using qualitative method. The sources of data are the 17 videos of Dodit Mulyanto’s speech during his performance in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV season 4 by downloading from YouTube site. The data are the utterances of Dodit Mulyanto which considered contain the violation of cooperative principles. The data are collected using the check list instrument and then analyzed based on the violation on each maxim. At the end, the researcher draws the conclusion which is in accordance with the research finding. The results of the analysis shows that all types of maxim were violated; 12 utterances violation maxim of quantity (24,4%), 13 utterances violation maxim of quality (26,5%), 22 utterances violation maxim of relation (44,9%), and 2 utterances violation maxim of manner (4,1%). The most dominant type of violation maxims was the violation maxim of relation because Dodit Mulyanto delivered too much message, which is unmatched with the topic or changed conversation topic abruptly or did the wrong causality, than is required to raise humor in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV season 4.Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Maxim Violation, Stand Up Comedy.

In-Equivalent English–Indonesian Translation of Commissive Utterances in Some American Popular Films

This research attempts to investigate the in-equivalent English into Indonesian translation of commissive utterances in eight American Popular Films. The data used in this research are 34 English commissive utterances and its Indonesian in-equivalent subtitle collected from Easy A, Frozen, Iron Man 2, Black Swan, The Hunger Games, The Dark Knight Rises, Crazy Stupid Love, and Pitch Perfect. In particular, it aims to analyze the in-equivalent English-Indonesian translation of commissive utterances found in the films and to propose the equivalent Indonesian translation.The 12 data representatives chosen are classified into four types of speech acts: direct, indirect, literal, and non-literal. Each of the data is analyzed qualitatively based on the context, Grice’s maxims of cooperative principle: quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, and Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies: positive and negative. Then, the equivalent translation is proposed with concerning the style of the conversation too.Based on the findings, the main problem that causes in-equivalent translation is because the cultural differences between country of source language and target language that affect the translation product that can produce pragmatically in-equivalent translation product.

The Flouting of Conversational Implicature in the Headlines and Taglines

This research attempts to describe the kinds of flouting of Grice‟s Cooperative Principle maxims and explain the type of maxim mostly and least flouted in the headlines and taglines which are found in two magazines, Travel+Leisure and Wine Enthusiast. It is also aimed to see whether the headlines and taglines are able to describe the products or services. This study is presented within the framework of pragmatics. The result shows from 60 data found, 14 of the headlines and taglines in the Travel+Leisureand 16 in Wine Enthusiast magazine are mostly identified flouting the combination of maxims; maxim of Quantity and Quality. In addition, the maxim of Quality and the maxim of Manner are least flouted by the headlines and taglines in both magazines. The result also shows that the headlines and taglines are unable to fully describe the products or services unless the body copy is also provided.

Cooperative Principle Maxims In Whatsapp Conversations Among Undergraduates In The Federal University Of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

During interlocution, sentences, clauses, phrases, words are used. The utterances made can then be classified in various ways for the purpose of analysis or research. They can be classified according to length by counting the number of words in each utterance, for instance. The utterances can be classified grammatically or structurally in the English language along a number of dimensions: their clausal type and complexity; active-passive; statement-question-request-exclamatory and so on. This study examines the rate of flouting/obeying of Grice’s Cooperative Maxims in WhatsApp conversations among undergraduates in the Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Theoretical framework for the study Cooperative Principle by Grice 1975 was used to analyse the data. The data include selected conversations from October 2016 to February 2017. The results revealed that the level of cooperation is high to some extent between the conversationalists in FUTA’s data. The maxims of relation and manner were of the same percentages (7.4) and these revealed that the rate of obscurity and the rate of diversion from the topic of discussion was high. This study therefore recommends that students should be more truthful and concise in making their thoughts known in other to reduce flouting of Maxims of cooperation in conversations.