Maximum Transmission Research Articles

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Regulatory Frameworks for Transitioning to Net-Zero Energy Buildings in a Tropical Desert Climate

Domestic electricity consumption in the Kingdom of Bahrain accounts for 48% of total national electricity consumption, increasing between 1.5 and 3.5% annually. This increase is due to indoor cooling electricity accounting for up to 80% of domestic electricity consumption. The Kingdom is aiming for a reduction in carbon emissions of 30% by 2035 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Hence, reducing electricity consumption is necessary. Recently, the Kingdom’s Electricity and Water Authority has issued updated building regulations regarding the maximum thermal transmittance allowed for residential buildings. This study employed a quantitative simulation of a typical housing unit (T8) in the Kingdom of Bahrain, assessing building envelope materials and air conditioning efficacy following the updated building regulations via DesignBuilder V. 7.0.2.006 software. Additionally, this study examined the potential of building regulations to facilitate the transition to net-zero energy buildings by comparing electricity consumption with renewable energy generated from rooftop photovoltaic panels. It was determined that electricity consumption could be reduced by up to 52% by following building regulations and relying on current materials in the residential sector. Furthermore, this reduction may facilitate the Kingdom’s attainment of net-zero energy status through onsite power generation of 12,500 kWh/year. This study concluded that achieving net-zero energy status is possible by following building regulations and relying on commercially accessible construction materials; however, guidelines for energy storage or a feed-in tariff for the residential sector must be established.

Demonstration of a three-node wavelength division multiplexed hybrid quantum-classical network through multicore fiber

This paper presents the practical development of a hybrid quantum-classical network through multiple links of four- and seven-core industrial jacketed multicore fiber. The network utilizes dense wavelength division multiplexing to propagate the C-band quantum and classical information in the same core, making full use of the unidirectional nature of quantum key distribution. Total network transmission of 1.16 Tbps is achieved with a total network secret key rate of approximately 7.4 kbps through a combination of 1 and 2 km links of multicore fiber. The deployment configurations presented are independent of the classical modulation format, and the maximal transmission rate for an operational hybrid network is found to be dependent only on classical optical power occupying the quantum channel wavelength. A model was developed to estimate the impact classical optical channels will have on coexisting quantum channels, which may allow engineers to quickly validate hybrid network designs.

A Spectrum-Tailored Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Film for Energy-Saving Smart Windows.

The polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) holds potential application in smart windows, owing to its feasibility in regulating the transmittance of specific wavelength bands to improve energy utilization. Herein, a composite PDLC smart window is designed, which showcases high emissivity of 93.79% in the mid-infrared region and features the regulation of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR) light. Titanate nanomaterials with diverse morphologies are synthesized and doped to endow the PDLC film with perfect UV shielding property and excellent electro-optical (E-O) performance. Subsequently, the E-O performance is further improved by modifying the structure of acrylate monomers, with the maximum transmittance exceeding 80%. Furthermore, the LaB6 layer is incorporated to effectively shield NIR light. Due to the synergistic effect of sunlight modulation and passive radiative cooling, the composite PDLC smart window can effectively lower the indoor temperature compared with traditional PDLC films. Eventually, the fabricated LaB6/PVA/PDLC smart window displays high contrast (210.65), a low threshold voltage (6.68V), and remarkable passive radiative cooling performance (cooling power of 131.24 m2K-1). Overall, the composite presents switchable transmittance in visible region, excellent UV-blocking (>99%), and high NIR shielding capacities, thereby broadening its potential application in the field of smart windows.

Analysis of air and vacuum annealing on microstructural, optical and electrical characteristics of In2O3 layers for gas sensors

Abstract With consideration of significant potential of metal oxides in the effective gas sensing applications, herein, an assessment of air and vacuum annealing to the physical characteristics of In2O3 (Indium Oxide) layers is meticulously unveiled. Development of 550 nm thin In2O3 films on glass and ITO (Indium doped Tin oxide) coated substrates is accomplished by means of electron beam evaporation technique. An annealing treatment on grown In2O3 layers is executed at 300 °C, 375 °C and 450 °C for one hour in air and vacuum conditions followed by their subsequent characterizations using X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, source meter, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscope tools. The crystallite size corresponding to predominant cubic peak (222) is obtained in 23-33 nm range for both types of films and observed least at 450 °C. Optical analysis exhibited that In2O3 films showed maximum transmittance of ~90% in visible region whereas band gap is measured within the range 2.20-3.50 eV. The electrical measurements unveiled Ohmic nature of films contacts where resistivity of In2O3 layers is found to be enhanced with air and vacuum annealing temperature. The morphological micrographs indicate uniform In2O3 films deposition with nanospherical grains and EDS patterns exhibited In and O peaks ensuring successful deposition of n-type In2O3 films with In richness and O vacancies. The gas sensor fabricated by using In2O3 films annealed in air at 450 °C is assessed for detection of H2S gas which showed gas response and response time of 1.08 and 38 seconds, respectively.

Energy-efficient data routing using neuro-fuzzy based data routing mechanism for IoT-enabled WSNs

This paper proposes a novel Neuro-fuzzy-based Data Routing (NFDR) mechanism for efficient data routing and dynamic cluster formation in Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The NFDR mechanism incorporates optimal scalability factors computed from past and present network parameter values, acting as an additional buffer factor to sustain nodes within clusters, even with partial satisfaction of network parameter values. The neural network determines cluster formation requirements, while the objective function adjusts according to the updated fuzzy logic of identified cluster members. Super heads are initially selected, and cluster member size is adjusted to sustain maximum data transmission without affecting network parameter thresholds. Simulation results demonstrate that the NFDR mechanism enhances clustering range and cluster members while sustaining evaluation metrics such as 75% energy retention, 20% end-to-end delay reduction, and a 15% reduction in dead nodes, ultimately contributing to the development of efficient and robust IoT-enabled WSNs.

Space-based solar power: Unlocking continuous, renewable energy through wireless transmission from space

Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP) is an emerging technology that aims to harness the abundant and uninterrupted solar energy available in space and beam it wirelessly to Earth. This innovative approach addresses the limitations of terrestrial solar energy, such as weather variability and the day-night cycle, by positioning solar power stations in space where sunlight is constant. The stations, composed of large arrays of solar panels, capture the solar energy and convert it into microwaves or laser beams, which are then transmitted to receiving stations on Earth for conversion into usable electricity. Research in SBSP focuses on optimal orbital positions, with geostationary and low Earth orbits being considered for maximum energy capture and efficient transmission. Advancements in materials, wireless power transmission technologies, and space-based assembly techniques are critical to the design and deployment of these stations. Additionally, economic and technical feasibility studies explore the challenges of launching, maintaining, and scaling SBSP systems. These include high initial costs, energy transmission efficiency, safety concerns, and the logistics of long-term maintenance. The potential benefits of SBSP are significant. It offers a clean, renewable energy source that could meet the growing global demand for electricity while reducing reliance on fossil fuels. By providing continuous energy, SBSP could enhance energy security and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change. However, several challenges remain, including addressing space debris risks and ensuring the safety of high-power energy transmission to Earth. As research and technological advancements continue, SBSP holds promise as a transformative solution for future energy needs.

Electro-optical and thermal characterization of copper tartrate crystals grown in silica gel

Copper Tartrate crystals were grown by Gel Growth technique by single diffusion method. Silica gel of Optimum specific gravity was set with tartaric acid at optimum pH and aging period. Band gap of copper tartrate crystal is determined using to be 5.24 eV. In PL spectra broad peak is observed at nearly 367.44186 nm in the range 287 nm to 458 nm along with the sharp, intense transmission maxima peak at wavelength nearly 505.03876 nm which is characteristic of a material composition and electronic band structure. This shows the transparency of it in UV-Visible region and it as a filter in this range TGA analysis concludes that Copper tartrate has loss of one-half water molecule as crystalline water and is stable up to 85.02 ℃DSC analysis assigns the temperature value 314.5 ℃ as melting point and apparent enthalpy of fusion determined is 10.18 mW.

Nano-Silica-Based Double-Layer Antireflective Coatings with Mildew Resistance and Moisture Resistance for KDP Crystals.

Sol-gel nano-silica antireflective (AR) coatings with moisture resistance are widely used for optical elements, such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals, but their mildew resistance is often disregarded. This work reports a double-layer AR coating with moisture resistance and mildew resistance for KDP crystals. A polydimethylsiloxane-modified dense silica coating and a quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) modified nanoporous silica coating are selected as the bottom layer and top layer, which effectively serve as a moisture barrier and an antireflection layer, respectively. The coated KDP crystal shows excellent antireflection properties with a maximum transmittance of 99.1% at 532nm. Perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane vapor treatment is performed further to improve the resistance to moisture and mildew. The resultant double-layer coating exhibits superior moisture resistance with almost no change in optical transmittance after a 3-month exposure to a high-humidity environment. The introduction of QAS and hydrophobicity in the top layer provides exceptional resistance against mildew, achieving an antimicrobial rate of 99.9% against E. coli and A. flavus. Moreover, the laser-induced damage threshold reaches 17.0 J cm-2 (355nm, 4.5ns). This work imparts moisture resistance and mildew resistance to AR coatings, providing valuable insights for designing multifunctional AR coatings on optical components.

Fault Tolerant Spectral/Spatial Optical Code Division Multiple Access Passive Optical Network.

High-capacity communication networks are built to provide high throughput and low latency to accommodate the growing demand for bandwidth. However, the provision of these features is subject to a robust underlying network, which can provide high capacity with maximum reliability in terms of the system's connection availability. This work optimizes an existing 2D spectral-spatial optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) passive optical network (PON) to maximize connection availability while maintaining desirable communication capacity and capital expenditure. Optimization is performed by employing ring topology at the feeder level, which is used to provide a redundant path in case of connection failures. Furthermore, high transmission capacity is ensured by utilizing a pseudo-3D double-weight zero cross-correlation (DW-ZCC) code. The analysis is performed with Optisystem simulations to observe the performance of the system in terms of bit error rate (BER), received power, and eye openings. It is observed that the introduction of ring topology at the feeder level of the PON does not impact the overall transmission capacity of the system. The system can still support maximum transmission capacity at receiver sensitivities of up to -19 dB. Reliability analysis also shows that the optimized ring-based architecture can provide desirable connection availability compared to the existing system.

Achieving Dual Objectives of Maximizing Transmitted Solar Energy and Minimizing UV Transmission at Vertical Incidence

Abstract. In northern China, exterior window glass significantly impacts heating energy consumption during winter by collecting heat and providing insulation. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in shading by attenuating ultraviolet rays. This paper presents an intelligent optimization algorithm based on genetic algorithms for optimizing the thickness of three-layer insulating glass to maximize solar radiation transmission and minimize ultraviolet radiation below 400nm wavelength, thereby enhancing the glass's heat collection and shading capabilities. The study utilizes MATLAB's genetic algorithm function, running 20 iterations to overcome local optima, achieving an optimal glass thickness configuration of 12mm for each layer. This configuration allows maximum solar energy transmission while substantially reducing UV radiation, balancing energy efficiency with health protection. Future research directions include examining different glass materials' effects on UV blocking, considering climate change impacts on glass performance, and scaling the optimization method for large-scale architectural applications to assess its practical and economic viability. The findings contribute to the development of energy-efficient and health-protective building materials.

Achieving Dual Objectives of Maximizing Transmitted Solar Energy and Minimizing UV Transmission at Vertical Incidence

Abstract. In northern China, exterior window glass significantly impacts heating energy consumption during winter by collecting heat and providing insulation. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in shading by attenuating ultraviolet rays. This paper presents an intelligent optimization algorithm based on genetic algorithms for optimizing the thickness of three-layer insulating glass to maximize solar radiation transmission and minimize ultraviolet radiation below 400nm wavelength, thereby enhancing the glass's heat collection and shading capabilities. The study utilizes MATLAB's genetic algorithm function, running 20 iterations to overcome local optima, achieving an optimal glass thickness configuration of 12mm for each layer. This configuration allows maximum solar energy transmission while substantially reducing UV radiation, balancing energy efficiency with health protection. Future research directions include examining different glass materials' effects on UV blocking, considering climate change impacts on glass performance, and scaling the optimization method for large-scale architectural applications to assess its practical and economic viability. The findings contribute to the development of energy-efficient and health-protective building materials.

Analytical modelling of halide perovskite material based hybrid biosensor to detect formalin using surface plasmon resonance strategy

The recurring consumption of formalin, a notorious preservative, can lead to a variety of lethal diseases and cause significant morbidity, highlighting the pressing need for its precise detection in developing nations. Hence, in this article, a Kretschmann-configuration-based hybrid surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is proposed and analysed numerically for formalin detection. The sensor heterostructure consists of five monolayers, namely BAK1 prism, WS2, silver, FASnI3 halide perovskite (HP), and 2D black phosphorous (BP). The influence of an additional metal oxide layer (ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, and MoO3) over the metallic layer is also investigated w.r.t. major performance indicators such as sensitivity, detection accuracy, quality factor, and figure of merit. Here, BP and HP jointly act as biomolecular recognition elements. Chitosan serves as a probe to react with formalin, which acts as the target molecule. Using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) concept and Fresnel equations, we’ve employed angular interrogation and transfer matrix approaches to detect the concentration of formalin by monitoring the variations in the minimum reflectance and maximum transmittance attributors in relation to SPR angle and SPR frequency (SPRF), respectively. The simulation findings demonstrate a minimal variation in SPR angle and SPRF for improper formalin sensing, confirming its absence in liquid solution. In contrast, the aforesaid attributors show significantly measurable changes when formalin is properly sensed, confirming its presence. We demonstrate that adding MoO3 over the Ag layer can enhance the detection accuracy of our primary HP-based SPR biosensor to a maximum of 55.6 %. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is utilized to examine the distribution of electric fields within this biosensor structure to showcase the distinct contributions of HP and metal oxide. In the end, our simulation work is validated by a comparative study of the performance parameters with a few of the previous works on formalin detection.

Nonlinear LiNbO3 topological Tamm interface state photonic crystal with static visible and intelligent laser protection

The rapid advancement of high-energy laser and LiDAR technologies imposes heightened demands on intelligent laser protection windows. Traditional laser protection devices often face difficulty in simultaneously achieving high absorption of low-energy laser and high reflection of high-energy laser. Herein, we investigate the efficacy of one-dimensional nonlinear LiNbO3 topological Tamm interface state photonic crystal for static visible and intelligent laser protection applications. The photonic crystal's intelligent laser protection property arises from the amplification of nonlinear effects facilitated by the intense electric field localization surrounding the LiNbO3 interface. At 1064 nm laser energy levels below 18.29 mJ/cm2, the protection window exhibits up to 87.03 % absorption. When the laser energy increased to 83.84 mJ/cm2, the reflectance reaches 88.07 % attributed to the unsatisfied amplitude matching condition caused by the LiNbO3 nonlinear effect, thereby achieving successful intelligent laser protection. Furthermore, the fabricated sample demonstrates a maximum transmittance of 47.51 % in the visible wavelength range. This research provides novel insights into the development of multifunctional advanced optical elements.

Advancing optical transparency in 3D‐printed PLA parts using chemical post‐processing

AbstractFused filament fabrication (FFF) is an increasingly popular three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology known for its ability to produce complex 3D models at a low‐cost using polymer materials. Despite its advantages, the poor surface finish and high layer resolution in FFF‐printed parts have hindered its wider adoption, particularly for applications requiring high transparency. Thus, the current study investigates the transparency evaluation of chemically post‐processed 3D‐printed transparent polylactic acid (PLA) parts, focusing on enhancing optical transparency. Fused Filament Fabrication was employed to produce transparent parts made from PLA filament, which were subsequently treated at various time settings using various solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform or trichloromethane (TCM), and ethyl acetate (EA). This study examines the impact of chemical post‐processing on the surface roughness, transparency, mechanical properties, and dimensional accuracy of solvent treated parts. It has been found that the THF solvent with 40 s of immersion time resulted in a maximum transmittance of 74.66% and minimum surface roughness of 1.777 μm. Based on this finding a case study was also conducted to apply the findings of the current investigation to a practical application. The findings highlight the potential of chemical‐based post‐processing techniques to improve the optical properties of 3D printed PLA, offering a promising approach for applications in optics, medical devices, and consumer goods requiring transparent components.Highlights Effect of chemical post‐processing on 3D‐printed PLA parts was investigated. Tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and ethyl acetate were used as solvents. Surface roughness, transparency, hardness, and dimensional accuracy were analyzed. Reported a maximum transmittance of 74.66% and minimum surface roughness of 1.777 μm.

Optical pulse generation with programmable positions in an actively mode-locked optical cavity.

A novel, to our knowledge, approach for generating optical pulses with programmable positions in an actively mode-locked (AML) optical cavity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the AML, active mode locking occurs when the cavity gain exceeds one, and the cavity round trip time equals integer multiples of the repetition period of the electrical driving signal. The generated optical pulses are present at the positions where the optical cavity operates at its maximum transmission points. By periodically controlling the cavity gain with the driving signal, the maximum transmission points can be manipulated using a periodic arbitrary waveform, allowing the positions of the generated optical pulses within one round trip time to be programmed. Thanks to the superposition of the circulating optical field within the optical cavity, the pulse width of the generated pulses can be greatly compressed. In a proof-of-concept experiment, optical pulses with programmable pulse numbers, pulse intervals, and pulse position distributions in one period are generated by programming the driving signals. Optical pulse compression is also successfully verified. Optical pulses with an approximate 34-ps pulse width, ultra-low pulse interval (about 200 ps), and linear positional distribution are achieved.

Transparency and energy-storage characteristics of potassium tantalate niobate relaxorferroelectric ceramics

Transparent relaxor-ferroelectric ceramics with high energy density and good transmittance are indispensable for multifunctional electronic components. These ceramics have been widely used in transparent energy-storage electronics, advanced pulsed power capacitors, and optoelectronic multifunctional devices, etc. In this study, a novel Bi5+ and Li + co-doped transparent energy-storage ceramic with a nominal composition of (1-x)KTN-xLiBiO3 was prepared using traditional solid-state sintering method. The phase structure, microstructure, energy-storage performance, and transmittance of the ceramics were systematically investigated. The results indicate that a small amount of Bi5+ doped into the KTN matrix does not alter the perovskite structure of KTN. This work reveals that KTN ceramic exhibits a new feature, namely energy storage capability, with an energy-storage density and efficiency of W = 2.10 J/cm3 and 83.56 %, respectively. Moreover, this ceramic also exhibits a high discharge energy density of Wd = 1.52 J/cm3 and rapid charge-discharge rate of t0.9 = 5.6 μs. The ferroelectric and energy storage properties of these KTN ceramics also display good temperature stability. Meanwhile, the KTN ceramic also obtains good transparency, with the maximum transmittance of 55.78 % under 1100 nm light irradiation. This work provides a pathway for developing multifunctional materials and devices that combine transparency, ferroelectricity, and energy storage performance.

Development and testing of a remote calibration device for the temperature field of environmental testing equipment

Abstract Temperature is one of the important parameters for the calibration of environmental testing equipment. Due to its special working requirements and large volume and weight, the demand for on-site inspection and calibration of environmental testing equipment has always been high. Conducting research on remote calibration devices for temperature fields in environmental testing equipment is beneficial for improving the testing efficiency of environmental temperature and humidity, reducing the workload of testing personnel, and further reducing customer testing costs. By using ANT Wireless technology and using SHT3X temperature and humidity sensors to create a temperature field calibration device for environmental testing equipment, the above functions can be achieved. After testing, the maximum transmission distance of a single node can reach 70 meters, and the maximum networking distance between multiple nodes can exceed 1,000 meters. It can adapt to high and low-temperature impact tests at -20°C~60°C, and the response speed of temperature and humidity sensors is slightly slower than traditional temperature measurement thermocouples. It is suitable for calibration and detection of environmental testing equipment with good insulation performance.

GHz voltage amplification in a stack of piezoelectric ScAlN and non-piezoelectric SiO2 layers

Abstract GHz voltage amplification was found in a stacked structure of piezoelectric layers (such as ScAlN) and non-piezoelectric layers (such as SiO2). This allows for large-area fabrication using commercial equipment. This approach contributes to wireless sensor activation. The electromechanical coupling coefficients k t 2 of the input and output layers were found to be 17.6% and 13.7%, respectively. An experimental open-circuit voltage gain of 4.5 (+13 dB) at 0.8 GHz was observed, with a maximum transmission loss (S21) of −5 dB. The experimental result shows good agreement with the theoretical prediction simulated by the electromechanical transmission line model.

Management of Hybrid Hydropower and Floating Solar Systems at Num Ngum 1 in Lao PDR

The integration of a hybrid hydro-floating solar power (HPP-FPV) system is covered in this study with the goal of improving energy management and producing more electricity. The production capacity of the hybrid system is almost twice as high as that of the original HPP system, demonstrating its potential for higher energy generation. Because it forecasts weather and modifies electricity generation accordingly. The analysis highlights how crucial it is to make sure that the hybrid system's electricity generation doesn’t go beyond the current power grid's maximum transmission capacity. This is essential to preserving the consistency and caliber of the power that is provided. The research's overall goal of increasing the output of renewable energy through creative system integration and practical management techniques is captured in the abstract.

Electro-optical and thermal characterization of copper tartrate crystals grown in silica gel

Copper Tartrate crystals were grown by Gel Growth technique by single diffusion. Silica gel of Optimum specific gravity was set with tartaric acid at optimum pH and aging period. Band gap of copper tartrate crystal is determined using UV-Visible spectroscopy to be 5.24 eV. In PL spectra broad peak is observed at nearly 367.44186 nm in the range 287 nm to 458 nm along with the sharp, intense transmission maxima peak at wavelength nearly 505.03876 nm which is characteristic of a material composition and electronic band structure. This shows the transparency in UV-visible region and material is a filter in this range .TGA analysis concluded that Copper tartrate has one half water molecule as crystalline water and is stable up to 85.02 0 C.DSC analysis assigns the temperature value 314.5 0C as melting point and apparent enthalpy of fusion determined is 10.18 mW.