Maximum Penetration Depth Research Articles

CFD Study on Water Impact of Spent Stage on Floats Using Overset Grid and Volume of Fluid Approach

A transient multiphase CFD analysis using the VOF method coupled with a 6DOF solver is used to model the water impact of a launch vehicle spent stage with floats. Overset Mesh motion technique was used to model the 6DOF based motion of the body. The stability of the spent stage water impact solution was studied by varying implicit mesh update features. The water impact of spent stage with different diameter floats was also studied. The CFD model is validated for the water impact of a wedge which was available in the literature. The CFD predicted results for the wedge case are within the 5% of the measurement in the prediction of maximum penetration depth.

2D Resistivity Imaging for Leachate Migration in Nkwelle-Ezunaka Farm Estate, Southeastern Nigeria

Leachate effluence from wastewater Leachate migration and solid waste are major sources of soil and groundwater pollution. Assessing the impact of leachate is an active area of soil and groundwater research. This study evaluated the extent of leachate migration at Nkwele-Ezunaka Farm Estate in Anambra State of Nigeria using a 2D resistivity imaging technique. The study area lies within longitude 6° 51' 27'' − 6° 59' 37'' E and latitudes 6° 13' 18'' − 6° 20 '27" N and covers an area of about 60 km2. A total of five profile lines were carried out in a resistivity survey using a digital read-out resistivity meter (ABEM SAS 1000). The data obtained were interpreted using RES2DINV software. A contaminant leachate plume was delineated in 2D resistivity sections as low resistivity zones (less than 80.0 Ωm). The maximum depth of penetration of leachate determined was 10.6 m and hence could not penetrate the groundwater in the study area. The groundwater flow in the study area was revealed to be in the West-East direction.

Which head element is more effective for cement augmentation of TFNA? Helical blade versus lag screw

BackgroundEarly fixation and rehabilitation is the gold standard treatment for intertrochanteric femur fractures. Cement augmentation through perforated head elements has been developed to avoid postoperative complications such as cut-out or cut-through. The purpose of this study was to compare two head elements in terms of cement distribution using computed tomography (CT) and to examine their initial fixation and clinical outcomes.MethodsElderly patients who had intertrochanteric fractures were treated with a trochanteric fixation nail advanced (TFNA) helical blade (Blade group) or a TFNA lag screw (Screw group). In both groups, 4.2 mL of cement was injected under an image intensifier (1.8 mL of cement was directed cranially and 0.8 mL each caudally, anteriorly, and posteriorly). Patient demographics and clinical outcome were investigated post-operatively. Cement distribution from the center of the head element was evaluated with CT. Maximum penetration depth (MPD) were measured in the coronal and sagittal planes. On each axial plane, the cross-sectional areas in the cranial, caudal, anterior and posterior directions were calculated. The sum of cross-sectional areas (successive 36 slices) was defined as the volume of the head element.ResultsThe Blade group included 14 patients, and the Screw group included 15 patients. In the Blade group, MPD in the anterior and caudal direction was significantly greater than that in the posterior direction (p < 0.01). In the Screw group, volume in the cranial and posterior direction was significantly greater than that in the Blade group (p = 0.03). Subsequently, the total volume in the Screw group was significantly larger than that in the Blade group (p < 0.01). No significant correlation was detected between bone mineral density, T score, young adult mean, and total cement volume. Change in radiographic parameters and clinical outcome such as Parker score and visual analog scale were similar in both groups. No patients suffered from cut-out / cut through or non-union.ConclusionsThe position of cement distribution through the lag screw is different from that through the helical blade, and the total volume of the head element is significantly larger in the lag screw. Both groups had similarly effective results in terms of mechanical stability after surgery, postoperative pain and early phase of rehabilitation.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN45341843, 24/12/2022, Retrospectively registered.

Air-bubble entrainment by translating turbulent jets in stagnant water

This paper presents an experimental study on air-bubble entrainment in quiescent water by translating circular turbulent jets. The jet diameters, plunging heights, impact velocities, and translating velocities were varied during the experiments to investigate their relative effect on the bubble characteristics. The experimental observations reveal that the jet translation affects the air bubble entrainment mechanism and the distribution of bubble size. A rotating cavity forms around the plunging jet due to the translation of the jet. Depending on the translating velocity, the air bubble emanates from the cusp of the cavity and the downstream water surface meniscus with the jet. The bubble swarm produced by the translating jet exhibits vortex shedding with Strouhal numbers between 0.22 and 0.27, comparable to a circular cylinder in cross-flow. The peak of the bubble size distribution varies between 0.5 and 1.5 mm, while the Sauter mean diameter varies between 1.8 and 2.8 mm. The maximum penetration depth of bubbles is found to be a function of the jet impact to translating velocity ratio, and the Capillary number of the air–water interface. The spatial distribution of bubbles along the plume cross section exhibits Gaussian distributions. Finally, the terminal rising velocity of the bubbles shows no obvious effect of the jet translation.

Numerical modelling of stirring characteristics of gas−slag−copper matte multiphase flow in bath with top submerged lance

The hydrodynamics and stirring characteristics of the nitrogen−slag−copper matte in a bath with top submerged lance were numerically studied via the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. The relationship between the bubble behavior and fluid velocity was elucidated. The effects of gas injecting velocity and swirling flow on the fluid vortex structure, gas penetration depth, and fluid velocity were investigated. The results demonstrate that the formation and rising of the bubble increase and reduce the fluid velocity, respectively. The V-shaped and W-shaped temperature distributions of the fluid are observed at the height of 0.43 and 0.52 m, respectively, resulting from the injection of the low-temperature gas phase. Compared to the gas injection velocity of 58 m/s, the time-averaged and maximum penetration depths of the gas phase with the injection velocity of 96 m/s increase by 78.4 % and 31.9 %, respectively. Swirling flow reduces the gas penetration depth, enhances the momentum transfer efficiency between phases, and suppresses the slag splashing, which is attributed to the reduced axial velocity component.

Flexible Graphene Sheet Loaded Curved Patch Applicator for Superficial Hyperthermia Treatment Planning Utilizing Ripple Effect of Armchair and Zigzag Bending

Background: Non-invasive microwave hyperthermia approaches suffer from several limitations, such as maximum energy localization in the target tissue, reduced unwanted hotspots, less penetration time at specific penetration depth, and maximum directivity of applicators. For conformal body structures, curved patch applicators avoid mismatch losses and provide circular polarization to achieve maximum power deposition at the target tissue. At microwave frequencies, graphene also exhibits good absorption properties and utilizing graphene strips on both sides of a curved patch offers potential benefits of enhancement of gain, directional radiation pattern, and suppressed sidelobes. Objective: Designing a flexible graphene sheet-loaded curved patch for a non-invasive microwave hyperthermia applicator resonating at 2.45 GHz is the prime objective of current work. The proposed work is based on utilizing the absorbing properties of graphene sheets with hybrid hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) under various bending conditions on both sides of a curved patch. Methods: Graphene-loaded curved design offers structural flexibility due to the presence of ripples on the surface and their alignment in armchair configuration (ARC) and zigzag configuration (ZGC). The bending flexibility along the two configurations alters the electronic properties and opens the band gap. Thus, the FEM model has been developed for coupling bio-electromagnetic problems of human body phantom with graphene-loaded curved patch applicator by bending it in two different configurations. Results: For both ARC and ZGC antenna design, parameters, such as return loss and realized gain, have been investigated. The proposed design achieved a maximum return loss value of -30 dB and gain of 7.1 dBi for ARC configuration since it provides the maximum difference in valance band and conduction band in band gap structure, while these values are relatively less in the case of ZGC. The implementation of the design on cylindrical body phantom is realized for ARC with a maximum Efield value of 80.2 V/m at a maximum penetration depth of 40 mm. Further simulations are performed for evaluation of penetration time and fractional tissue damage due to necrosis, and it has been observed that 10 W of input power is sufficient to achieve maximum temperature range and tissue necrosis in a duration of 15 minutes. Conclusion: The results show that a curved graphene patch applicator provides a potential solution for targeted heating in hyperthermia applications.

Characterization of Compacted Ca- and Na-Bentonite with Copper Corrosion Products in the KAERI Underground Research Tunnel

In a deep geological disposal system, bentonite buffer material is an important barrier used to protect the disposal canister from the inflow of groundwater and prevent the outflow of radionuclides. This study aimed to characterize the mineralogical and chemical reactions of bentonite caused by copper corrosion of the canister in a radioactive waste repository. We investigated the d-spacings of montmorillonite in Gyeongju bentonite (Ca-type, KJ-I) under groundwater-saturated conditions over 10 years and compared their characteristics with those of Wyoming bentonite (Na-type, MX-80) in the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Underground Research Tunnel. Mineralogical investigations using X-ray diffraction and focused ion beam energy-dispersive spectroscopy indicated that no transformation of smectite or neo-formed clay phases occurred. In the Ca-type bentonite (KJ-I), the swelling was observed when it was in contact with rolled plate (RP) and cold-spray-coated (CSC) copper, with d-spacing expansions of 2.9% and 3.8%, respectively. In contrast, the Na-type bentonite (MX-80) showed d-spacing expansions of 17.6% and 19.6% when it was in contact with the RP and CSC Cu, respectively. The Cu concentration and distribution indicated that the corrosion products dissolved and then diffused into the surrounding bentonite, with maximum penetration depths of 2.0 and 0.5 mm over 10 years, respectively.

Reparative dentin formation as a possible factor influencing the penetrability of dentin in human teeth with apical periodontitis: an ex vivo study

BackgroundThere is still a lack of knowledge regarding the permeability and configuration of infected root dentin. The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the dentin penetrability of healthy teeth and necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis by evaluating the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and to analyze the histopathological features of root dentin.MethodsForty-eight molars were collected and divided into two groups. The clinical diagnosis for one group was pulp necrosis with apical periodontitis and the pulp and periapex were normal in the other group. Forty-eight straight roots were divided into two groups: infected and healthy. First, all root canals were stained with 2% methylene blue to visualize penetration after standard root canal instrumentation and irrigation. Transverse sections were obtained, and the dye penetration parameters were measured. The cross sections were processed to 20–30 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for observation of the histopathological changes in the root dentin.ResultsThe maximum penetration depth, median penetration depth and penetration percentage of NaOCl solutions, in infected root canals were significantly lower than those in healthy root canals. The histopathological analysis showed that the frequency of reparative dentin formation in infected root canals was significantly greater than that in healthy root canals.ConclusionsThe dentin penetrability of teeth with necrotic teeth and apical periodontitis was more superficial during root canal irrigation than that of healthy teeth. The histopathological changes in infected radicular dentin, namely the formation of reparative dentin, might be associated with the lower permeability of dentin tubules in human teeth with apical periodontitis.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the analysis of zirconia crystalline phase transformation

This study aimed to validate the Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the analysis of the transformed zone of two dental zirconia-based materials after hydrothermal ageing and correlate the values with biaxial flexural strength. Kinetics of tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation (t→m) was calculated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed a sigmoidal transformation rate over time due to the limited X-ray maximum penetration depth. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and OCT showed a linear relationship between the thickness of the transformed layer and the ageing time. The apparent activation energy was 104.5 kJ/mol and 106.7 kJ/mol (SEM) and 106 kJ/mol and 99.4 kJ/mol (OCT) for the infrastructure and monolithic dental zirconia, respectively. Mechanical strength decreased after 150 h. of ageing at 150 °C for both materials showing a correlation with the depth of the transformed zone observed by OCT. Therefore, both monoclinic phase percentage and the depth of the transformed layer are critical concerning zirconia mechanical properties upon hydrothermal ageing. OCT is a non-destructive, fast, innovative, and accurate method for the analysis of zirconia's t→m phase transformation depth kinetics after hydrothermal ageing.

Influence of parameters on the ultimate penetration depth of a double-plate vertically loaded anchor in soft clay

To make a new type of double-plate vertically loaded anchor (DPVLA) penetrate into clay deeper, the influence of parameters on the ultimate penetration depth of DPVLAs in soft clay should be investigated. The expression of the ultimate penetration depth applicable to DPVLAs in clay was determined in terms of the formula of the ultimate penetration depth of anchors with a wedge-shaped section. Based on the drag penetration tests, the movement direction of the bottom fluke of DPVLAs with different lengths of the bottom fluke and different included angles was obtained. By the finite-element method, the upper bound solutions of bearing capacity factors of DPVLAs with different included angles and different lengths of the bottom flukes were also obtained, which correspond to the maximum penetration depth induced by the initial orientation of the anchor. According to the determined expression of the ultimate penetration depth of DPVLAs, the ultimate penetration depth of DPVLAs with different included angles and different lengths of the bottom fluke in clay can be calculated. The results showed that increasing the length of the bottom fluke can increase the ultimate penetration depth when the included angles were the same for DPVLAs not only in the clay with zero strength at the seabed but also in the clay with uniform strength. However, when the length of the bottom fluke is the same, increasing the included angle of DPVLAs in clay can significantly reduce the ultimate penetration depth.

Experimental evaluation of the galvanophoretic dentin nanoimpregnation for recurrent caries prevention

Aim to study the dentine galvanophoretic impregnation with nanoparticles of coppercalcium hydroxide (CCH) in the teeth with carious cavities.&#x0D; Material and methods. The study was conducted on 21 teeth removed for various medical indications, with a concomitant diagnosis "dental caries". After mechanical treatment, the cavities were washed with saline solution, then CCH paste was placed on the cavity floor, covered with aluminum foil, drained and isolated with temporary fillings. To maintain the osmotic balance, the teeth were placed in a laboratory model: a plastic bath with saline solution and a melamine sponge, for a period of 1, 14 and 30 days. Then the longitudinal teeth sections were prepared for the electron microscopic examination.&#x0D; Results. During the CCH galvanophoresis, the dentine impregnation with copper nanoparticles in the area of cavity floor occurred already during the first day of the procedure. The penetration depth reached 10.1 microns. The maximum depth of penetration of particles into the dentin (up to 30 microns) was detected after the 30-days-galvanophoresis. The maximum values of the diffusion coefficient and its velocity were recorded after the first day. With an increase in the time of galvanophoresis to 14 and 30 days, these indicators decreased.&#x0D; Conclusion. The described method may be used as an option of choice for the prevention of recurrent dental caries, especially in the presence of deep cavities.

Effect of continuous chelation on the dentinal tubule penetration of a calcium silicate–based root canal sealer: a confocal laser microscopy study

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of various irrigation protocols on the penetration depth of a calcium silicate–based sealer into dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).MethodsTwenty single-rooted mandibular premolars were endodontically prepared and divided into the following two groups according to the irrigation protocol used (n = 10): Group I: NaOCl + EDTA and Group II: continuous chelation (NaOCl/Dual Rinse). Obturation was performed with the warm vertical compaction technique using TotalFill HiFlow bioceramic sealer mixed with a fluorophore dye. Samples were observed using CLSM at 10× to measure the percentage of sealer penetration and its maximum depth into the dentinal tubules. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 within all tests.ResultsComparing the overall results of all sections tested, no statistically significant differences existed between the groups regarding the percentage of sealer penetration (p = 0.612) and maximum depth of penetration (p > 0.05).ConclusionsWith both types of irrigation used, dentinal tubule penetration was higher in the coronal section than in the apical section. Continuous chelation using NaOCl/Dual Rinse HEDP performed better in the coronal segments, while irrigation using NaOCl + EDTA promoted a higher percentage of sealer penetration in the apical segment.

Study on water jet penetration behavior in molten LBE during SGTR accident with simulant experiments

During Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) accidents of Lead-bismuth cooled Fast Reactor (LFR), the coolant water in the secondary loop will directly contact with the high temperature molten lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) in the primary loop around the rupture point resulting in the strong interaction, which may lead to vapor explosion, and eventually damage the structural components of the reactors and cause the possible leakage of radioactive material. In order to further investigate the penetration behavior of water jets in molten LBE, an experimental platform for visualizing the two-phase flow of liquid jets is designed and built, and a series of simulant experiments are conducted by injecting water or ethanol jets into fluorinert FC-40 under different experimental conditions. By analyzing the penetration process of ethanol jet in FC-40, the flow pattern evolution and penetration law of ethanol jet under boiling and non-boiling conditions are obtained. The boiling effect is considered to be the key factor affecting the penetration depth of jet in the range of current experimental conditions. By comparing the injection behaviors of ethanol and water, the consistent flow pattern shows that the injection behavior can be described with the same relation. The results of dimensional analysis method for jet penetration process show that the Froude number theory can reasonably predict the maximum dimensionless penetration depth under different jet conditions.

Optimization of 12Х18Н9Т-Steel Processing by Ring Laser Beams

Using the MOGA genetic algorithm built into the DesignXplorer module of the ANSYS Workbench program, optimization of laser processing of 12Х18Н9Т-steel by annular beams has been performed. The calculation of temperature fields has been carried out taking into account the dependence of the thermophysical properties of the material on temperature by the finite element method in the ANSYS Workbench program. A regression model has been obtained for processing 12Х18Н9Т-steel by annular laser beams using a face-centered variant of the central compositional plan of the experiment. The power density and duration of laser radiation pulses, the outer and inner diameters of the laser beam in the processing plane were used as variable factors. The penetration depths of the material and the maximum temperatures in the laser processing zone were used as responses. The influence of processing parameters on the penetration depths of the material in the laser impact zone and the maximum temperature values has been evaluated. It has been established that the depth of penetration of the material and the maximum temperatures are most affected by the power density of laser radiation. Optimization of laser processing of 12Х18Н9Т-steel by annular beams was carried out by setting the limiting values of the maximum tempe-rature in the processing zone for three variants of the minimum penetration depth. The parameters obtained as a result of optimization using the MOGA algorithm and the parameters obtained as a result of finite element modeling are compared. The maximum relative error of the results when determining the maximum temperatures did not exceed 1 % and when determining the maximum penetration depths did not exceed 6 %.

Sediment penetration performance of a portable underwater robot for core sampling

AbstractAs described in this paper, we investigate the sediment penetration performance of a portable underwater robot with a helical screw pipe using marine thrusters with limited force. First, we derive a mathematical model based on an empirical and simple method using the undrained shear strength of cohesive soil to provide a rough estimate of maximum penetration depths. Then, we perform numerical analysis for estimating the maximum depth of sediment penetration and for designing a sampling pipe. Additionally, we use experimentation to investigate the relation between the penetration depth of the helical screw pipe and the force of marine thrusters mounted on the portable underwater robot. After testing the penetration performance in a water tank, we conduct a field experiment at Lake Biwa and obtain results of the penetration depths. The maximum penetration into the lake sediment is at least 0.30 m. The results demonstrated the possibility of using the derived mathematical model to make a rough estimation of the maximum penetration depth for clay sediments. Additionally, we can use non‐powerful thrusters equipped with small autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) for sediment sampling. The proposed method is also applicable for the installation of underwater sensors using small AUVs and ROVs.

Estimation of spudcan penetration in variable sand deposits with the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Finite Element Method

Offshore jack-up rigs are most commonly founded on large-diameter conical “spudcan” foundations, which are frequently designed using traditional analytical methods for shallow footings. This paper presents the design of a spudcan installed off the coast of Tunisia. The maximum penetration depth of the footing under the available preload is predicted by a combination of analytical techniques, 2-dimensional axisymmetric modelling and 3-dimensional Finite Element Methods (FEM) using large strain arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) techniques. Spudcan penetration based on FEM simulation of CPT soil profiles forms the basis of a comparison with results from the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) guidelines. Particular attention is given to model calibration using the limited site investigation data available. Results are presented for the effect of penetrating footings on the behaviour of neighbouring footings, showing good agreement with conventional prediction methods.

Mechanical response of dropping a Hall anchor and its penetration depth in riverbed silt

To ensure the safety of an underwater pipeline embedded within riverbeds, it is essential to evaluate its burial depth and penetration depth during the emergency anchoring of a ship. In this research, the mechanical behaviour of the entire anchoring process with considering the penetration depth of the Hall anchor in the riverbed silt, was holistically examined using experimental measurements, theoretical calculations and computational analysis. Mock-up Hall anchors (5 and 7.5 kg) were dropped at five different heights beforehand, and their transient velocities during the underwater motion were measured using a 2D image sonar. When the water is deep enough, the velocity of Hall anchor when it touches the ground is predominantly determined by its weight with regardless of the height of the drop. Moreover, a theoretical analysis was employed to investigate the behaviours of uniform motion at the state of equilibrium and infinite depths of water, and the exact coefficient of fluid resistance of the Hall anchor was presented. Computational analysis based on the formulation of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method was proposed to examine the anchor in the riverbed silt and predict its penetration depth with considering the influence of boundary restrictions. In addition, the riverbed silt with a high moisture content was considered as a material with fluid features, which will be examined for fluid–solid coupling analysis with a Hall anchor by means of a constraint algorithm with a penalty function. The predicted value of the maximal penetration depth is reasonable and reliable compared with the empirical formula, which is crucial to evaluate the burial depth of underwater pipelines. A research approach for the penetration depth of a Hall anchor in riverbed silt was proposed and demonstrated by considering the entire anchor process through a combination of experimental, theoretical, and computational analyses.

The effects of chelation on the intratubular penetration depth of mineral trioxide aggregate.

The penetration depth and extent of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) crystallisation into dentinal tubules at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after chelation and MTA obturation were investigated. Standardised 12 mm human root specimens (45) were prepared with NiTi rotary files using 4% NaOCl irrigation. They were randomly allocated to three irrigants (n = 15: 4% NaOCl, 15% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or Edgemix) and obturated with sodium fluorescein tagged ProRoot MTA. One millimetre thick apical, middle and coronal sections were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine MTA penetration depth and area. Depths varied from 352 to 1821 μm at 6 weeks depending on section level and were unaffected by chelation. No differences (p > 0.05) were found in mean maximum penetration depth or dentine area (%) between the 3 irrigants at all time intervals. MTA mineralisation penetrated up to 90% of dentinal tubules and can extend to the cementum in roots with patent, non-infected tubules.

Carbon dots-mediated synthesis of gold nanodendrites with extended absorption into NIR-II window for in vivo photothermal therapy

BackgroundPhotothermal therapy (PTT) in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window has attracted extensive attention due to the benefits in high maximum permissible exposure and penetration depth. Current photothermal agents generally show a broadband absorption accompanied by a gradual attenuation of absorption in the NIR-II window, leading to poor effect of PTT. It remains a great challenge to gain photothermal agents with strong and characteristic absorption in NIR-II regions. To overcome this problem, based on carbon dots (CDs)-mediated growth strategy, we proposed a simple and feasible approach to prepare plasmonic gold nanodendrites (AuNDs) with NIR-II absorption to enhance the therapeutic effect of PTT.ResultsBy rationally regulating the size and branch length of AuNDs, the AuNDs exhibited a broadband absorption from 300 to 1350 nm, with two characteristic absorption peaks located at 1077 and 1265 nm. The AuNDs demonstrated desired optical photothermal conversion efficiency (38.0%), which was further applied in NIR-II photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and PTT in human colon cancer cells (HCT 116)-tumor-bearing mice model. The tumor cells could be effectively eliminated in vivo under 1064 nm laser irradiation by the guidance of PAI.ConclusionsWe reported a simple but powerful synthetic method to obtain the unique AuNDs with strong and characteristic absorption peaks in the NIR-II window. This study provides a promising solution to tuning the growth of nanoparticles for bioimaging and phototherapy in the NIR-II window.Graphical

Mechanical Characteristics Generation in the Workpiece Subsurface Layers through Cutting

The cutting process generates specific mechanical characteristics in the subsurface layers of the shaped parts. These characteristics have a decisive influence on the working properties and product durability of these parts. The orthogonal cutting process of structural heat-treated steel’s effect on the mechanical properties of the machined subsurface layers was evaluated by instrumented the nanoindentation method and sclerometry (scratch) method. As a result of this study, the relationship between the specific work in the tertiary cutting zone and the total deformation work during indenter penetration during the instrumented nanoindentation was established. The dependence of the indenter penetration depth during sclerometry of the machined subsurface layers of the workpiece was also studied. The orthogonal cutting process was carried out at different cutting speeds and tool rake angles. The cutting speed increase and the increase in the tool rake angle cause an increase in the indenter penetration work during the instrumented nanoindentation and an increase in the maximum indenter penetration depth during sclerometry. Simultaneously, the measured microhardness of the machined surfaces decreases with both an increase in cutting speed and an increase in the tool rake angle.