Maximal Anaerobic Power Research Articles

Assessment of gender differences in maximal anaerobic power by ratio scaling and allometric scaling

The purpose of this study was to determine gender differences in maximal anaerobic power by using both ratio scaling and allometric scaling. 27 males and 26 females voluntarily participated in this study. Wingate test was used to determine both peak power and mean power. Body weight, lean body mass and thigh muscle cross sectional area were determined anthropometrically. Males had significantly greater peak power and mean power in absolute terms, ratio-scaled and allometrically scaled to body weight, lean body mass and thigh muscle cross sectional area ( p< 0.01) compared to females. The relationships between ratio-scaled anaerobic power indices and relevant body size descriptors were significantly different from zero ( p< 0.05). Ratio scaling of anaerobic power indices did not create a dimensionless index as the relationships between ratio-scaled anaerobic power indices and relevant body size descriptors are different from zero. On the other hand, relationships between allometrically scaled anaerobic power indices and relevant body size descriptors approached to zero indicating more dimensionless index compared to ratio scaling. Therefore, allometric analysis should be considered as a method to account for the influence of body size in intergroup and gender comparisons of anaerobic power. Furthermore, we have found significant gender differences in allometrically normalized anaerobic power indicating that other factors in addition to body dimensions accounts for the gender differences in anaerobic power. This result suggests that no method is perfect in accounting for gender differences in anaerobic power and thus physical performance studies of males and females should be conducted seperately.

Response of parathyroid hormone to anaerobic exercise in adolescent female athletes.

It has been shown that moderate exercise suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, while strenuous exercise is apt to induce continuous secretion, which has a negative effect on bone mineral densities (BMD). The present study investigated a typical response of PTH to brief exercise. The study group comprised six adolescent female basketball players whose BMD were within normal limits. Maximal anaerobic power by three-step cycling was loaded on each subject. The first blood sample was drawn 30 min prior to testing test, the second was immediately following, the third was 15 min after, and the fourth was 30 min after. The proportional change in plasma volume was -11.5% immediately following (P < 0.05), +2.1% 15 min after, and +5.5% at 30 min after exercise (P < 0.05). The expected value was calculated on the assumption of no effect, except changes in plasma volume, by exercise. The measured values of PTH and calcium (Ca) immediately after exercise were lower than each of the expected values (P < 0.05 for both). At 15 min after, there was no significant difference between expected and measured values of PTH, Ca and magnesium (Mg), respectively. At 30 min after, the measured value of Ca and Mg was higher than each expected value (P < 0.05 for both). It was concluded that PTH secretion is suppressed transiently immediately after maximal anaerobic exercise and is then stimulated during the recovery time in normal BMD subjects.

Does an eccentric chainring improve conventional parameters of neuromuscular power?

This study compared the conventional parameters of anaerobic cycling power in physically active non-cyclists using the Pro-Race system and a traditional chainring. The force-velocity test was chosen for this purpose because it is the shortest validated cycling laboratory test in which each parameter of maximal anaerobic power can be estimated. The power output (W(max)) and the force at which W(max) is produced (F(opt)) were significantly improved with the eccentric chainring (1100+/-227W versus 1006+/-197W and 1.39+/-0.15N/kg body mass versus 1.13+/-0.16N/kg body mass with the eccentric and round designs, respectively; P<0.006 and P<0.0004, respectively). The power gained (delta power) was significantly correlated with the eccentric chainring F(opt) (r=0.649; P<0.05), the mid-thigh circumference (r=0.685; P<0.05), the estimated lean thigh volume (r=0.765; P<0.01) and the estimated lean lower limb volume (r=0.665; P<0.05). We concluded that the eccentric chainring significantly improved the estimated anaerobic power output during a force-velocity test by increasing the force component, F(opt). Cautious interpretation of our results suggests that the subjects with physical attributes that contribute to developing high forces may have a significant advantage in performing with the eccentric chainring.

Anaerobic capacity, isometric endurance, and Laser sailing performance

Laser sailors have to tolerate fatiguing contractions of the lower-body muscles for prolonged periods. The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the difference between top-ranked and club sailors, in their capacity to resist fatigue during sustained isometric and maximal power exercise, and (2) to examine the relationships between the above parameters and performance on a Laser simulator and competitive racing performance according to the national ranking list. Eight Greek nationally ranked Laser sailors were compared with eight club sailors. Each sailor performed: (a) an effort to the limit of tolerance on the Laser simulator, (b) an effort to the limit of tolerance of isometric endurance for the right leg on an isokinetic dynamometer, and (c) a Wingate test of maximal lower-body anaerobic power on a cycle ergometer. In the nationally ranked sailors, isometric endurance time (mean 160 s, s = 50) and endurance time on the Laser simulator (1381 s, s = 1354) were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than in the club sailors (101 s, s = 29 and 565 s, s = 367, respectively), whereas the final minute heart rate (in both groups: 149 beats · min−1, s = 22) and the mean arterial pressure (nationally ranked sailors: 129 mmHg, s = 16; club sailors: 120 mmHg, s = 21) on the Laser simulator were not different between groups. During the Wingate test, the nationally ranked sailors had a significantly lower index of fatigue (42%, s = 5) than the club sailors (49%, s = 6). Isometric endurance time was significantly correlated with the Wingate index of fatigue (r = −0.73; P < 0.001). The nationally ranked sailors' mean and maximal anaerobic powers were significantly correlated with their national ranking positions (r = −0.83 and −0.71, respectively). It is suggested that isometric endurance and anaerobic power are well-developed in Laser class sailors and may influence their sailing performance. Furthermore, compared with club sailors, the nationally ranked sailors are able to sustain the same intensity of lower-limb isometric contractions for much longer with similar cardiovascular responses.

The Effects of Mid-Level Altitude on the Anaerobic Power Output Of Athletes

PURPOSE: Avast amount of research has demonstrated the hindering effects of altitude, and the hypoxic conditions it presents, on cardiovascular endurance performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relatively unknown field of how such conditions affect anaerobic fatigue, average anaerobic power (M-AnP) and maximal anaerobic power (Wmax). METHODS: 15 highly trained NCAA collegiate athletes, 8 males and 7 females, performed a testing protocol that included vertical jump, repeated hang cleans, and Wingate anaerobic cycling. Each subject participated in the testing at both sea level and altitude (2835 meters), thus acting as their own control. RESULTS: Results from the study suggest that there is no difference between vertical jump performance at sea level and at altitude. The Wingate cycle test also indicates that hypoxic conditions are not a major factor in anaerobic performance. The performers peak anaerobic power (Pk-AnP), fatigue index, and total work showed no significant differences. However, a greater drop off between PkAnP and power output at the 5-second interval was noted during the altitude performances. Hang clean performances produced mixed results, and clear differences were present between the results of male and female performers. Male subjects showed a slight increase in power output when tested at altitude, whereas altitude had no affect on the performance of the female subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Although the difference noted in the early stages of the Wingate anaerobic cycling test falls just outside the range of statistical significance (S>0.05), this could point to a somewhat impaired ability to maintain a high power output in hypoxic conditions, possibly caused by a delay in the initial activation and replenishment of the ATP-PC energy system. Although not definitive, hang clean results also suggest that altitude could influence Wmax and levels of columnar power production. The results of this study are handicapped to some extent by the limited size of the subject pool, possibly explaining the lack of statistical significance found in some of the areas described. Therefore more research is required to confirm and supplement these findings.

Influence of Testing Sequence on a Child's Ability to Achieve Maximal Anaerobic and Aerobic Power

The aim of the study was to examine the order of testing sequence on a child's ability to achieve maximal anaerobic and aerobic power. Thirty-two children (20 females, 12 males) between 7 - 11 years of age participated in this study. All subjects were tested on three separate occasions as follows: anaerobic power session - Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) only; aerobic power session - maximal oxygen consumption (V.O (2max)) test only; and experimental session - WAnT followed by a V.O (2max) test (WAnT/V.O (2max)) or a V.O (2max) test followed by a WAnT (V.O (2max)/WAnT), each with 20 minutes of rest between the assessments. No significant differences were observed between the baseline WAnT or V.O (2max) between the two groups. No significant differences were observed for WAnT power values in either group regardless of testing sequence. Children in the WAnT/V.O (2max) group had significantly lower experimental V.O (2max) (38.6 +/- 7.6 vs. 40.6 +/- 7.4 mL . kg (-1) . min (-1); p < 0.05), RER (1.10 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.13 +/- 0.07; p < 0.05), and exercise time (472 +/- 87 vs. 511 +/- 79 s; p < 0.01) values when compared to the baseline V.O (2max) test. The results of this study indicate that when assessing a child's anaerobic and aerobic power during the same testing session, the testing sequence is of importance. However, it appears that a V.O (2max) test can be performed 20 minutes prior to the WAnT without affecting anaerobic power in children.

Point:Counterpoint: Sickle cell trait should/should not be considered asymptomatic and as a benign condition during physical activity

Sickle cell trait (SCT) is found in ∼8% of African Americans and may be found in up to 40% of West Africans. However, most of them are unaware of their status. This observation suggests that SCT may be asymptomatic and remains a benign condition for daily life activities ([5][1]). Indeed, numerous

Time-of-day effects in maximal anaerobic performance and blood lactate concentration during and after a supramaximal exercise

The purpose of the present study was to determine the time-of-day effects in maximal anaerobic power and capacity and in blood lactate responses during and after a supramaximal exercise. Fourteen undergraduate male students participated in the Wingate Test at three time points: 09:00, 13:00 and 17:00 hours on separate days. Before each test subjects' body weight, oral temperature and resting heart rate and subjects' peak power and mean power during the Wingate test were determined. Blood lactate concentrations were determined before, immediately after and at 3rd, 5th and 7th min of passive recovery period. A significant circadian rhythm was found for oral temperature ( p 0.05). It is concluded that a time-of-day effect was evident in maximal anaerobic power and capacity however this variation was not parallel with those of oral temperature. In addition a time-of-day effect did not exist for the blood lactate concentrations.

Effects of External Light Loading in Power-type Strength Training on Muscle Power of the Lower Extremities in Middle-aged Subjects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of training either with a light load or without any load in a 16-week power-type strength training intervention in sedentary middle-aged subjects. A total of 85 subjects participated in the study. In a supervised 22-week training intervention, including 16 weeks of power-type strength training, 42 subjects (Light Load group=LL group) trained with a 1.1 kg weight on each ankle and 43 subjects (No Load group=NOL group) trained without any external load. Subjects were comparable concerning their training attendance, and anthropometric and physiological characteristics. Training effects were evaluated by measuring Vertical Squat Jump (VSJ), 20-metre Running Time (20 mRT), Maximal Anaerobic Cycling Power of leg muscles (MACP), and Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V.O (2 max)) before and after the intervention. The LL group improved VSJ and MACP significantly (p<0.05), compared with the NOL group. No difference between the groups was observed in 20 mRT or in V.O (2 max). To conclude, the external loads of 2.2 kg, in total, increased the efficiency of power-type strength training in vertical jumps and in anaerobic power in leg muscles, but not in sprint running.

Short term salbutamol ingestion and supramaximal exercise in healthy women

Objective: To test the hypothesis that chronic salbutamol intake improves performance during supramaximal exercise and to estimate the effects of this treatment on body composition, bone mass, and metabolic indices...

A9 競技者の自転車運動時における最大無酸素・有酸素パワーの決定要因(自転車・他)

To clarify the factors effecting aerobic (VO2max) and anaerobic (Pmax) power output in humans, we analyze the cross-sectional relationship between VO2max, load at VO2max, Pmax, load (P-load) or speed (P-speed) at Pmax, and lean body mass (LBM) in triathlon (TA) and American football (AFB) athletes, and control subjects (CON) during maximal cycling. VO2max and Pmax were greater in TA and AFB than in CON, and a significant correlation between VO2max and Pmax was found in CON, but not in TA and AFB. LBM was significantly correlated with Pmax or P-Load in all groups, and also correlated with VO2max in TA and AFB but not in CON. In AFB, a significant correlation between P-speed and Pmax was found. These results suggest that 1) increased LBM enhances maximal anaerobic and anaerobic power in trained athletes, 2) in untrained subjects, aerobic power is related with anaerobic power but not with LBM, 3) increased LBM is related with muscular power or speed in high power athletes. Thus, different factors affect aerobic and anaerobic power output between AFB, TA and CON.

Age-and gender-related variations of leg power output and body composition in severely obese children and adolescents

A low level of physical activity is considered to be both a determinant factor and a negative effect of childhood obesity, notably contributing to its development and maintenance, but the motor capabilities of obese children of different ages have scarcely been evaluated. The purpose of the study is to depict the general trends of muscle anaerobic performance in a cohort of obese Italian children. Three-hundred-six obese children (141 males, 165 females), aged 10-17 yr with body mass index (BMI) range 28.9-62.0 kg/m2 (mean BMI z-score: 2.71 +/- 0.56 SD; range: 1.6-4.5), were cross-sectionally studied. Lower limb maximal anaerobic power output (W) was assessed with the Margaria stair climbing test, and a consistent subgroup of 77 subjects (37 males, 40 females) was also selected for accessory study of body composition with bioimpedance analysis (BIA), in order to evaluate the relationships between fat-free mass (FFM) and W. In both genders, W increased significantly for effect of age and degree of obesity [three-factor multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), p < 0.001], but, while no difference was found between boys and girls in the age groups of 10-11 and 12-13 yr (post-hoc Tukey test, p > 0.05), boys in the age groups 14-15 and 16-17 yr were more powerful than girls of the same age (p < 0.001), wherease the relative W per unit body mass W BM) was higher (two-factor MANOVA) in boys (p < 0.01) of all age groups (p > 0.05). In the subgroup tested with BIA, the amount of FFM increased significantly [two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), p < 0.001] according to age, being similar in males and females in lower age groups (post-hoc Tukey test, p > 0.05), but higher in boys of older groups (post-hoc Tukey test, p < or = 0.001), so that all differences between age groups and genders disappeared (two-factor MANOVA) when W was expressed per unit FFM (p > 0.05). A significant linear correlation was found between FFM and W, (R2 = 0.66, p < 0.001). In conclusion, no difference in absolute W can be detected between obese boys and girls up to the age of 13, but W differences observed in older age groups appear to be consistent with a concomitant gender-related variation in body composition. The capability of performing external work in short bursts (as represented by trends in WBM) is lower in girls of all ages, and merits consideration on the clinical ground.

Relation entre la puissance maximale anaérobie mesurée lors de l'épreuve charge–vitesse, la détente verticale et le 5-jump test chez le garçon entraîné

Purpose. – The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maximal anaerobic power measured by force-velocity test and performances in vertical jump and in 5-jump test in young boys. Methods. – 18 trained boys participated in this study (mean age 12 ± 0.4 years). They performed three anaerobic tests: force-velocity test, vertical jump test and 5-jump test. Anthropometric measurements were made to estimate the muscle volume of the lower limbs. Peak anaerobic power (Watts, Watts/kg and Watts/l of muscle) was measured during a force-velocity test on a Monark ergocycle. Performances were measured during vertical jump test with a force platform and during the 5-jump test. Results. – We found a significant correlation between the peak anaerobic power measured during force-velocity test (W) and body mass ( r = 0,80; P < 0,001). The peak power (W, W/kg) was also correlated to muscle volume ( r = 0.89; P < 0.001; r = 0.63; P < 0.01 respectively). Furthermore, peak anaerobic power (W/kg) was significantly correlated with performance in vertical jump ( r = 0.64; P < 0.01) and with the 5-jump test ( r = 0.74; P < 0.001). Vertical jump was also correlated to the 5-jump test ( r = 0.63; P < 0.01). Conclusion. – This study shows significant correlations between peak anaerobic power, body mass and muscle volume in trained young boys. Furthermore, correlations observed between the Force-velocity test and performances in both vertical jump and the 5-jump test suggest that the 5-jump test is a good tool to estimate muscular anaerobic power of legs and a very practical means of selection and/or orientation of young people to explosive sports.

Répercussions d'une prise chronique de salbutamol au cours d'un exercice supramaximal

Introduction. – The aim of the study is to assess the effects of chronic therapeutical β 2-agonist intake on performance during supramaximal dynamic exercise. Synthesis. – We studied, according to a double-blind, randomized cross-over protocol, the effects of chronic salbutamol intake (Sal) during a supramaximal anaerobic Wingate test in 15 healthy male volunteers. Body composition and performance were monitored in this study. Sal increases significantly maximal anaerobic power whereas no change is found in body composition. Conclusion. – These results rule out any implication of an anabolic effect of β 2-agonist in this improvement in performance with salbutamol during supramaximal exercise.

Relationship between Anaerobic Power and Jumping of Selected Male Volleyball Players of Different Ages

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anaerobic power of elite male volleyball players, using the Wingate Anaerobic Test to examine the relationship between anaerobic power and jumping performance. Athletes (n=56) and Nonathletes (n=53) were divided into three age groups: Adults (18-25 yr.), Juniors (15-16 yr.), and Youth (10-11 yr.). Measurements of height, body mass, vertical jump and Wingate scores indicated higher values for athletes. The specific training effects of anaerobic power were more pronounced at the age of 10-11 years than for Nonathletes. A significant correlation coefficient between peak power and vertical jump was found for Athletes (r=.86) and for the total group (r=.82). These results indicated that vertical jump may predict the maximal anaerobic power and could be used by coaches as a practical and easy-to-apply field screening test for evaluation in volleyball training.

Effects of Short-Term Salbutamol Ingestion During a Wingate Test

The effects of a chronic salbutamol intake (SAL, 12 mg/d during 3 weeks) on changes in body composition, metabolic indices and performance during a 30-second Wingate test were determined in 8 strength-trained male athletes (T) and 7 sedentary male (UT) subjects, according to a double-blind, randomized, cross-over protocol. Blood samples were collected both at rest, at the end of the test, and during passive recovery (5 min, 10 min, 15 min) for leptin (at rest), and blood lactate measurements. No significant changes in lean body mass, fat mass, and leptin were observed with SAL treatment in either group during the trial. Peak power was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after SAL intake in all subjects (T: 11.9 %; UT: 8.3 %) with a decrease in time to peak power with SAL compared to placebo (PLA) (p < 0.05). There was no change in total work performed and in fatigue indices with SAL compared to PLA. Blood lactate was significantly increased after SAL vs. PLA during the recovery (p < 0.05) in all subjects. The data demonstrate that the chronic administration of therapeutic levels of salbutamol increases maximal anaerobic power in man, irrespective of the subjects' training status. This study also rules out any implication of an anabolic effect in this improvement in performance during supramaximal exercise. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms involved.

Time-of-day effects in maximal anaerobic leg exercise in tropical environment: a first approach.

The aim of this study was to establish the effect of time of day on maximal anaerobic leg power in a tropical environment (French West Indies). Twenty-three physical education students (15 males and 8 females) who trained 10.5 hours a week (SD 6) volunteered to participate in the study. Their mean age, height and body mass were 22.8 (SD 3) years, 172.6 (SD 8) cm, and 64.6 (SD 7) kg, respectively. The chronotype of all subjects was moderate or intermediate. Tests were scheduled at 08 : 00, 13 : 00 and 17 : 00 hours on separate days in random order and constant conditions (room temperature: 28.1 degrees C [SD 0.6], relative room humidity: 62.6 % [SD 3.4]). On test days, the subjects were first measured at rest for body mass, heart rate and rectal temperature and they then performed vertical jump tests and a force-velocity test. The results showed a time-of-day effect on rectal temperature, which was significantly (p < 0.005) higher by the afternoon (13 : 00 and 17 : 00) than the morning (08 : 00). However, our results failed to show any daytime variation in maximal anaerobic power under the influence of tropical climate, which suggests that a hot and humid environment may have blunted the time-of-day effect by a passive warm-up effect.

Adverse effects of energy restriction on myogenic enzymes in judoists

In this study, we examined the effects of weight reduction by restricting energy intake on muscle function and serum concentrations of myogenic enzymes in judoists. Twenty-seven male judoists aged 19.3±0.6 years (mean±s) were divided into three groups based on the extent of body weight reduction: high weight reduction (height 1.70±0.05 m, body mass 78.5 ±13.6 kg), low weight reduction (height 1.70±0.05 m, body mass 80.7±13.1 kg) and a group that maintained body weight while continuing to perform exercise training (height 1.78± 0.07 m, body mass 78.7±8.8 kg). Body composition, blood biochemistry, energy intake and anaerobic power were assessed on four occasions: 20 days (baseline data), 4 days and 1 day before and 7 days after competition. Compared with baseline, body mass and fat-free mass were significantly lower 1 day before competition in the high and low weight reduction groups (both P <0.01); these changes persisted for 7 days after competition in the high weight reduction group. Serum creatine kinase was significantly elevated 1 day before competition in all groups (all P <0.05), and remained higher 7 days after competition in both the high and low weight reduction groups. Compared with baseline, maximal anaerobic power was significantly lower 1 day before competition only in the high weight reduction group (P <0.01). Our results suggest that energy restriction in addition to intense exercise training before major competition has an adverse effect on anaerobic power and elevates serum creatine kinase concentration, leading to an impairment of muscular function and an increased susceptibility of muscle tissue to injury.

Les caractéristiques électrocardiographiques et échocardiographiques du rugbyman

Aim. – To describe the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic patterns of a group of high level trained French rugbymen. Patients and methods. – Thirty-five French first league’s rugbymen were studied with a resting electrocardiogram and left ventricular echocardiography. They performed two field tests to assess their maximal anaerobic power (MAP) and their maximal aerobic velocity (MAV). Results. – Resting electrocardiogram showed neither significant arrhythmia nor atrioventricular or intraventricular delay. A high prevalence of lateral early repolarisation was notified. Echocardiography found moderately dilated left ventricles with no significant increase of parietal thickness or left ventricular mass index. Resting systolic as diastolic function was unaltered. Cardiac patterns and field tests parameters were not significantly correlated. However, we noted a trend between P wave size and MAP as well as maximal heart rate; and between left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and MAV. Conclusion. – This study suggests that the high level of isometric and dynamic physical training sustained by French first league’s rugbymen do not induce major alterations of their electrocardiogram or of their left ventricle echocardiographic patterns.

Influence of gender, age and BMI on lower limb muscular power output in a large population of obese men and women

To depict the general trends of muscle anaerobic performance in obese subjects within a wide range of age and body weight. Cross-sectional study for the measurement of lower limb maximal anaerobic power output with a modification of the Margaria stair climbing test in a large population of obese subjects of both genders within a wide span of age (18-80 y) and body mass index (BMI, 30-68 kg m(-2)). Furthermore, body composition was also determined by bioimpedance analysis in a representative subgroup, in order to evaluate the relationships between fat-free mass (FFM) and power output. A total of 1298 obese subjects (486 males, 812 females) from an Italian population seeking medical support for body weight reduction. Within this sample, a consistent subgroup of 193 subjects (59 males, 134 females) was also selected for accessory study of body composition. In general, male subjects developed significantly higher lower limb power output (W) than female subjects (P<0.001-0.01), both in absolute terms and per unit body mass. In both genders, W was influenced negatively by age (P<0.001) and positively by BMI (P<0.001). While the effect of age was similar in both genders, BMI had a different positive effect in male and in female subjects, being more definite in male subjects. In the subgroup, FFM was found to depend both on age and BMI, in a fashion comparable with that displayed by W. The gender-related differences in W disappeared when expressed per unit FFM and a significant linear correlation was found between FFM and W, both in male and female subjects (R2=0.32-0.51, P<0.001). The lower limb maximal power output is significantly higher in obese male subjects than in female subjects, being negatively influenced by age but positively related to BMI. Female subjects appear to be at a greater disadvantage for effect of obesity, the major motor limitations being suffered by older women with higher BMI. These gender differences in age- and BMI-dependent W changes seem to be related to changes in FFM in the subgroup in whom body composition was studied.