Cooperative Principle Research Articles

Humor Analysis in Interactive Stand-up Comedy Based on Cooperative Principle

Humor Analysis in Interactive Stand-up Comedy Based on Cooperative Principle

The Role of Language In Ensuring Logical and Reasonable Presentation in Legal Texts

Purpose: The study aims to identify principles and strategies for using language appropriately to ensure the logic, consistency, and clarity of legal texts while adhering to legal rules and requirements. Approach/method: Drawing upon Solan's (2005) insights on the relationship between linguistic structure and legal interpretation, Tiersma's (2008) analysis of how language choices shape legal communication, and Grice's (1989) cooperative principle regarding the effective conveyance of pragmatic implications, the study examines the interplay between logical structure, speech act forces, and pragmatic implications in achieving coherence and intelligibility in legal texts. The research analyzes how elements such as logical structure, speech act forces, and pragmatic implications influence the logic, consistency, and comprehensibility of legal texts. Finding: By analyzing data from 10 indictments across various offenses, the study proposes principles for employing a tight logical structure, selecting appropriate speech act forces for legal utterances, and adhering to cooperative principles to convey meaning clearly. Discussion: Applying appropriate principles and strategies for language use can contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of the legal system, promoting transparency and fairness in legal construction and application.

Pragmatics of Contradictions in Police-Suspect Interactions in Ibadan, Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study examines the pragmatic appeal inherent in the deployment of contradictions in police- suspect interactions (PSIs). Anchoring Grice’s Cooperative Principle as theoretical model, ten purposively selected interrogation sessions on murder, felony, conspiracy and unlawful conversion, observed at the State Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department, Ìyágankú, Ibadan, Nigeria, were analysed. Suspects consciously violate the cooperative maxims to seek exoneration. Contradictions are constructed through denials, deliberate omissions, inclusion and rewording. The use of contradictions generates context-driven implicatures in a bid to initiate, maintain, sustain and contest power in PSIs. The study notes that power is contextually erected in PSIs.

RPL Management Model for Capacity Building of Village Apparatus: A Case Study on Cooperation between Surabaya State University and Bojonegoro District Government

Law Number 23 of 2014 grants regional autonomy, which means that each regional institution is authorized to manage its own policies. This includes village governments, which are regulated by Law Number 6 of 2014. Therefore, it is crucial to have competent village personnel who can provide exceptional services to the citizens. In 2021, 45,387 village heads, 43,876 village secretaries, 31,147 village-owned enterprise managers, and 7,889 professional assistants graduated from high school, according to data from the Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration. This highlights the need to strengthen the education of village apparatus. One way to achieve this is through the Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) program, which is a collaboration between the Ministry and universities such as the State University of Surabaya and the State University of Yogyakarta. This program can help improve the skills of village apparatus. However, there is a gap between the reality and the implementation of the collaboration between the Ministry and Pertindes regarding the implementation of RPL for village apparatus. In Bojonegoro Regency, for instance, only 61% of village heads had a high school educational background in 2022, according to the Office of Community Empowerment and Village Government. To address this issue, the researcher aims to understand the management of RPL in Bojonegoro Regency to improve the capacity of village apparatus. The research is based at the State University of Surabaya and Bojonegoro Regency. The study obtained primary data from interviews, literature studies, and a memorandum of understanding between the State University of Surabaya (UNESA) and the Bojonegoro Regency Government. The researcher used a knowledge management approach in program planning, which focused on six main stages in development planning. These stages included problem identification, problem diagnosis, design stage, design implementation, design testing, and solution formulation. The results of the study showed that collaboration and support from educational institutions are strategic solutions for improving village human resources. Additionally, the RPL program is relevant to the functions of higher education institutions in preparing personnel for village government administration. The implementation of RPL in Bojonegoro is in accordance with the principles of cooperation. However, there were some technical obstacles in the implementation of activities.

Ambiguity of the Japanese negative comparative expression <i>kurabe mono-ni nara-nai</i> ‘cannot be compared’

The Japanese comparative expression kurabe mono-ni nara-nai ‘cannot be compared’ has some characteristics that ordinary comparatives lack. First, its meaning is ambiguous in terms of whether the subject x is much higher than the object y or whether x is much lower than y in terms of scale. Second, it always appears with negation. I will argue that these two kinds of interpretation can be derived from the interaction with negation and the notion of category, and that the polarity sensitivity of the expression is due to its interaction with the maxim of quantity (Grice 1975). I will also compare the Japanese data to some related expressions in Chinese, English, and Japanese and discuss their similarities and differences. This paper shows that there is a new type of comparative, context-dependent comparison in natural language whose relative relationship is not linguistically encoded explicitly.

Family Planning, Irrigation, and Agricultural Cooperatives for Sustainable Food Security in Kenya

Rapid population growth causes smallholders to practice unsustainable forms of land intensification to meet increasing food demand. Food insecurity is exacerbated by unreliable rainfall. We revisit family planning, smallholder irrigation, and agricultural cooperatives as potential sustainable solutions. We use primary data from Kakamega Central and Navakholo in Kenya. Results from respondents indicate 83% had no family planning information, while 82% had no access to irrigation. The main reasons are poverty, illiteracy, misconceptions, gender inequality, and constraints in accessing credit, lack of investment in water resources, and lack of family planning. Lack of access to agricultural extension services limits the adoption of sustainable farming practices. Cooperatives’ principles and values make them suitable pathways to reach the poorest and facilitate members’ access to productive resources. Cooperatives can be used to train members in sustainable agricultural practices and educate members on family planning issues. Descriptive statistics and econometric regression results suggest that cooperatives have contributed to better yields, incomes, nutritional status, and reduced poverty. However, they are constrained by a lack of capital, credit, infrastructure, markets, training and technology, delayed payment, and low prices. Governments and development agencies should support the establishment and development of cooperatives with capacity building, market infrastructure, finance, and education in cooperative principles and values.

Assuring AI safety: fallible knowledge and the Gricean maxims

AbstractIn this paper we argue that safety claims, when justified by a safety case, are descriptive fallible knowledge claims. Even if the aim of a safety case was to justify infallible knowledge about the safety of a system, such infallible safety knowledge is impossible to attain in the case of AI-enabled systems. By their nature AI-enabled systems preclude the possibility of obtaining infallible knowledge concerning their safety or lack thereof. We suggest that one can communicate knowledge of an AI-enabled system’s safety by structuring their exchange according to Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle which can be achieved via adherence to the Gricean maxims of communication. Furthermore, these same maxims can be used to evaluate the calibre of the exchange, with the aim being to ensure that communicating knowledge about an AI-enabled system’s safety is of the highest calibre, in short, that the communication is relevant, of sufficient quantity and quality, and communicated perspicuously. The high calibre communication of safety claims to an epistemically diverse group of stakeholders is vitally important given the increasingly participatory nature of AI-enabled system design, development and assessment.

International Legal Regulation of Activities of States in the Great Mediterranean Region

INTRODUCTION. In modern international and domestic maritime law, regional fragmentation of legal regulation is becoming more and more noticeable, which, in turn, objectifies and actualizes the formation of complex arrays of legal norms, united by the consistency of the political and legal positions of the contracting states that have national interests in the relevant water area, primarily-coastal states extending their state sovereignty to certain areas of maritime space. In this context, the Greater Mediterranean region should be considered as one of the most important in the world merchant shipping and naval support of international peace and security, as a basin that optimally connects the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from the point of view of logistics, which requires the formation of an appropriate scientific and methodological basis for full implementation of the fundamental principle of international cooperation in the maritime policy of the states of the region.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To substantiate the expediency of singling out the Greater Mediterranean as an independent object of legal regulation, general and special international legal treaties, the domestic legislation of the Mediterranean states, as well as political and legal documents indicating the existence of certain disputes and situations around certain zones of the Mediterranean water area, primarily – in the Eastern Mediterranean region. To obtain reliable and substantiated results of the study, methods of scientific knowledge were used: formal-legal, logical, historical-legal, system-structural analysis. Thus, the formal legal method made it possible to clarify the content and meaning of international legal treaties concluded at different times and aimed at regulating public relations in the maritime sphere. The logical method made it possible to substantiate the need for comprehensive international cooperation of the coastal states of the Greater Mediterranean. With the help of the historical and legal method, an overview was made of both the world, Soviet and Russian practice of applying the norms of domestic and international law on issues related to ensuring international law and order in the Greater Mediterranean region. The logical method made it possible to build the necessary connections and patterns of development of international legal regulation in the Greater Mediterranean region in the general context of ongoing universal and regional political and legal processes and transformations. Using the method of system-structural analysis, it was possible to display a holistic picture of law-making and law enforcement of the Mediterranean states, aimed at the formation of unified principles and norms for the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal states.RESEARCH RESULTS. International maritime merchant shipping seems to be a very complex area of public relations with a large number of entities that have different legal status and, accordingly, are related to each other in a very different way.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This work is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of the Greater Mediterranean region in terms of formulating key international legal guidelines and rules of conduct for its constituent states. The object of the study is the legal relations carried out in the maritime spaces of the Greater Mediterranean as one of the key regions, which, along with its economic and political significance, is an integral zone for the implementation of the national interests of the Russian Federation, extending to the entire World Ocean.

Unraveling Conversational Implicatures: A Study on Arabic EFL Learners

Abstract The present research aimed to evaluate the comprehension level of conversational implicature among a group of 30 senior Native Arabic-speaking students enrolled in the BA program of English Language and Literature at a UAE university. The participants’ comprehension of implicatures was assessed by providing them with 20 excerpts from the American sitcom Seinfeld (https://www.seinfeldscripts.com/seinfeld-scripts.html). The participants were asked to select the implied meaning of one underlined utterance as it occurred in context. The findings of the study indicate that Arab English as a Foreign Language learners have a slightly below-average proficiency in comprehending implicatures produced by native English speakers, which can be attributed to their lower level of proficiency, lack of pragmatic competence, and their lack of information about the American culture. The most challenging types of implicatures to grasp were those flouting the maxim of manner (35.34%), while the easiest types to interpret were those flouting the maxim of quantity.

Linguistic Strategy in Online Digital Communication: A Pragmatic Study

This study pragmatically examines the linguistic strategies used in online digital communication. It is crucial to comprehend how humans create meaning, navigate goals, and communicate social behaviour in digital time due to the rapid expansion of online platforms and interactions. The study aims to highlight the significant role of linguistic strategies in online digital communication, and identify the different strategies in online communication with different intended meanings, and analyze the selected online digital communication according to the pragmatic theory. This study uses the theoretical framework of pragmatics to explore the pragmatic characteristics, purposes, and consequences of language tactics in online digital communication. The study utilizes a qualitative theoretical framework by collecting accurate data from real online platforms and channels and using pragmatic analysis tools to transcribe the data. The study explores how meaning is constructed and negotiated, focusing on the pragmatic elements of linguistic tactics such as implicature and politeness by adopting the practical theories of Searle's (1979) Speech Act Theory and Gricean's Theory of Implicature and Cooperative Principle (1975). As a result, the study finds that language techniques differ across various digital communication platforms and emphasizes context's influence on online conversation. The results enhance our comprehension of how people develop linguistic techniques in online digital communication and have consequences for successful communication, social engagement, and digital literacy in modern digital settings.

Guidelines of Rational Communicative Behavior: An Analysis of Grice's Maxim Exploitation

Guidelines of Rational Communicative Behavior: An Analysis of Grice's Maxim Exploitation

Violation of the Principle of Cooperation and Implicature in the Drama One Liter of Tears

The objective of this study is to provide a description of the various instances where the cooperation principle is violated and implicatures are present in the drama One Litre of Tears. The data on violation of the cooperation principle and implicatures are analyzed using Grice's theory of cooperation principle (1975) and Yule's theory of implicatures (2006). This research is a descriptive study conducted using a qualitative approach. The primary data source utilized in this study is the television drama series titled "One litre of tears." The research data consist of utterances that include breaches of the collaboration principle and encompass implicatures. Data gathering approaches employ the method of listening and recording. Data analysis techniques employ intralingual and extra-lingual correspondence methods, utilizing advanced comparison linking techniques to achieve both equalization and differentiation. The study findings indicate that there are 8 instances of violating the quantity maxim, 6 instances of violating the quality maxim, 6 instances of violating the relevance maxim, and 6 instances of violating the way maxim. These violations result in a total of 10 general conversational implicatures, 6 specialized conversational implicatures, 6 scaled implicatures, and 4 conventional implicatures.

Voice Behaviours within Cooperatives. The Importance of the Relational Aspects of Leadership and Integrative Mechanisms for Loyalty

AbstractThis study explores the dynamics of cooperatives, with a focus on the internal challenges associated with sustaining democratic governance and promoting active member participation. The emphasis is on individual-level participation within the workplace, an often-neglected aspect in cooperative literature. An empirical model examines how member loyalty influences constructive and destructive voice behaviours. Leader–member exchange (LMX) relationship and integrative mechanisms are the proposed mediators in this context. Analysing data from 301 members of 19 worker cooperatives in Italy revealed different mediating effects through LMX, integrative mechanisms and a combined sequence. These findings enrich the cooperative literature by highlighting the importance of loyalty and voice behaviours in regenerating cooperative principles and member participation. The study also underscores the role of interpersonal relationships in affecting operational processes and explaining members’ loyalty and participation dynamics, proposing suggestions for cooperative management upholding democratic governance rooted in trust-based relationships, organic organisational models and mutual values.

Violations Of Grice’s Maxim

Violations in conversation are found not only in everyday life when people interact with other people, but also, in drama and films performed by characters, in novels, interviews, debates, and other forms of social interaction performed for various reasons. This study examines the violations of Grice's Maxim in the movie Jack Reacher: Never Go Back, focusing on the characters' conversational utterances. Using observation method and note-taking technique, the descriptive qualitative method was applied, analyzing data using the Theory of Cooperative Principles and Context of Situation. The results showed twenty-nine data of conversation were violated by the characters in the movie. Maxim of Quality (51,7%), Maxim of Quantity (13,8%), Maxim of Relation (10,4%), and Maxim of Manner (24,1%).

The United States’ Assault on Multilateralism: The Crisis in WHO, WTO and ICC

The culmination of the second world war marked the beginning of multilateral cooperation amongst nations of the world to achieve peace, security, economic prosperity, and social advancement. The United States led the international movement towards achieving common goals through multilateral efforts during that era. However, in recent years, the United States’ disenchantment with the principle of multilateral cooperation has become increasingly prominent. The authors have adopted descriptive analytical approach to analyse the unilateral actions taken by the United States against three multilateral organisations, namely, the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization and the International Criminal Court, which have been at the forefront of the United States’ criticism. The article also critically evaluates the criticism by the United States against these organisations. Further, the authors have also explored the shortcoming in terms of the structure and functioning of these organisations. These organisations have long relied on the cooperation between their members to fulfil their mandates in addressing global challenges. The United States' actions against these organizations have demonstrated a disregard for multilateralism and a preference for the age-old dictum of ‘might is right’. The actions of the United States must also be seen from the lens of challenges it faces today, particularly from China and other emerging economies. Perhaps, the United States’ actions can be seen as an attempt to counter the diminishing giant syndrome. Thus, it is imperative for other nations to respond by reaffirming their commitment to collective action and shared responsibilities.

Peranan Koperasi dalam Mensejahterakan Anggota pada Koperasi Pegawai Kementerian Agama Kabupaten Langkat

This research examines the role of cooperatives in improving the welfare of members of the Langkat Regency Ministry of Religion employee cooperative. The purpose of this research is to find out what cooperatives are, types of cooperatives, basic principles and principles of cooperatives, functions and objectives of cooperatives. The research approach used in writing this article is a descriptive method, namely research that attempts to describe phenomena, events and occurrences that are occurring in the present. This approach is also supported by conducting interviews and direct observation and is also supported by library methods. The results of this research show that the Langkat Regency Ministry of Religion employee cooperative has a very influential role on cooperative members, including by providing income and providing loans to members. The obstacle faced by cooperatives is bad credit. Efforts made to improve employee cooperatives at the Ministry of Religion of Langkat Regency include collecting loans from members who experience bad credit, being more selective in providing loans and giving prizes to borrowers who repay loans on time.

A Study of Speech Acts Used in Baby Songs

Speech act theory is one the most important theories in linguistics in general and pragmatics in particular. The first part of the research is concerned with the theoretical background of speech acts while the second part is concerned with data analysis and conclusions then the references used in this research. The current study deals with the theory of speech acts that has been proposed by Austin and developed by Searle. The study focuses on the use of speech acts through baby songs. It is an Analysis of macro and auxiliary speech acts which is presented by van djik.In this study, six famous baby songs are utilized to be the data of analysis and finally Grice maxims are tackled in this study.

The Pragmatic Analysis of the Verbal Humor in Two Broke Girls—from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle

The Pragmatic Analysis of the Verbal Humor in Two Broke Girls—from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle

The Dynamics of Power in Dramatic Discourse: A Stylistic Analysis of the Arabic Drama Bab Al-Hara

This study explores the linguistic indexes of power dynamics through the lens of linguistic politeness and impoliteness in Arab media discourse. This objective was achieved through examining Abu Shawkat's utterances systematically utilizing well-established politeness theories, impoliteness paradigms, plus cooperation principles. The examination delves into Abu Shawkat’s patriarchal authority and its impact on their discursiveness from the viewpoint of complex societal interplays involving power relations, social distance assessments and imposition. Characters skillfully employ varied strategies of both politeness and impoliteness techniques alongside slight offensiveness methods for effectively navigating these subtly shifting landscapes to ultimately achieve various social objectives. The study emphasizes the need for comprehending politeness theories when navigating complex dramatic dialogues. Face-threatening acts and politeness strategies determine the relative power dynamics in the conversation between dramatic characters. In addition to that, this analysis shows how impoliteness can create complex authority hierarchies whilst simultaneously claiming autonomy within a narrative structure. This study in conclusion amplifies our understanding of the linguistic interplay weaved within dramatic discourse, primarily if it is tied deeply with Arab cultural nuances.

Conversational Implicatures of Short Story in the Newspaper

Humans communicate using language, a medium that facilitates understanding in conversations, allowing individuals to connect and share information. This form of communication has evolved over time as people have interacted and engaged with one another. Within conversations, individuals often convey their intended meaning through indirect communication, a phenomenon that is explored through the lens of pragmatic concepts. The research conducted employed descriptive qualitative methods to delve into this aspect. By utilizing Grice’s implicature theory (1975) and the cooperative principle as frameworks, the study focused on observing and analyzing the various types of conversational maxims and implicatures in a short story from The Jakarta Post newspaper. The findings of the study revealed that the maxim of relevance was the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 43% of the instances, followed by the maxim of quality at around 33%, the maxim of manner at 19%, and the maxim of quantity at 5%. Additionally, it was noted that particularized conversational implicatures constituted 57.5% of the total, while generalized implicatures made up the remaining 42.5%. This research serves as a valuable resource for scholars and researchers in the field of linguistics, particularly those interested in exploring Grice’s implicature theory and its application to conversational implicatures. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of language use and interpretation by shedding light on the nuances of communication within written discourse.