Maxillary Vein Research Articles

The cranial venous system in the rat: anatomical pattern and ontogenetic development: II. Dorsal drainage

The precise anatomical pattern and the developmental sequences of the dorsal cranial sinuses are described with special reference to the petrosquamosal sinus. The pattern of the dorsal cranial venous system of the rat is quite similar to that of man, although there are certain important differences. In rats, the transverse sinus bifurcates into the small dorsally directed sigmoid sinus and the large laterally directed petrosquamosal sinus. The latter emerges through the wide petrosquamosal fissure and joins the maxillary and posterior facial veins, sending two roots to each. The superior sagittal sinus anastomoses ventrally with the interperioptic sinus. This pattern is already established at an early developmental stage and is obvious by gestational day E 19. The anlages of the transverse and the sigmoid sinuses are formed from anastomoses between the three dural stems which drain the blood from the brain vesicles via the primary head vein into the anterior cardinal veins. The middle dural stem is connected by a rich capillary network to both the developing maxillary vein and the external jugular venous system before day E 16, thus establishing the anlage of the petrosquamosal sinus. Its definitive pattern is already discernible on day E 18. The external jugular vein becomes the main cranial venous outflow in the postnatal rat.

The fine vasculature of the rat mandibular joint.

There is no detailed description of the fine vasculature of the rat mandibular joint in the literature. The gross vasculature of the cephalic area and of the mandible is known, but without particular emphasis on the joint itself. This article describes the fine vasculature of the rat mandibular joint, using transverse (coronal) and sagittal thick sections of specimens injected with India ink and analyzed with light microscopy. The main vascular supply to the joint comes from the rostral and caudal aspects. Medially, the joint is directly vascularized by vessels from the lateral pterygoid muscle. Rostrally, the synovial membrane and the bilaminar zone of the disc are supplied by articular branches from the rostral deep temporal vessels, terminal branches of the maxillary artery. Caudally, the rich synovium of the retrodiscal pad and the bilaminar zone are supplied by the articular branches of the caudal deep temporal artery, a branch of the maxillary artery. Venous return is into the short, but large retroarticular vein which empties into the maxillary vein together with the vein from the transverse sinus exiting from the postglenoid foramen. Intra-articular synovial membranes own rich venous plexuses, and are lined by a dense capillary network. The central part of the fibrous articular disc is avascular in adult rats, and is circumferentially lined by a rim of capillaries from the bilaminar zone.

Maldistribution of the cerebral blood flow in retrograde cerebral perfusion.

Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) through a superior vena caval (SVC) cannula has now become a useful alternative for brain protection during aortic arch operations. However, little is still known about its physiological effects, especially regarding the flow distribution in the brain. We studied the cerebral blood flow distribution under hypothermic conditions using mongrel dogs (n = 6, weighing 9.5 to 14 kg). We measured the cerebral tissue blood flow of the cortex with a laser Doppler flowmeter and cerebral tissue blood flow of the medulla using the hydrogen clearance method. The cerebral blood distribution at 28 degrees C with a whole body bypass flow of 100 ml/kg per min and aortic pressure of 88.3 +/- 20.4 mmHg was used as a control. Then the body temperature was decreased to 20 degrees C and the descending aorta was cross-clamped just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery to establish antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP). The perfusion flow was decreased to 54.8 +/- 12.4 ml/kg per min so as to make the aortic pressure similar to the control conditions. After measuring the cerebral blood flow distribution in ACP, the perfusion was then switched to RCP through the bilateral internal maxillary vein and the SVC pressure was kept at 40 mmHg. In RCP, the cerebral blood flow of the medulla was quite similar to that in ACP (12.4 ml/min per 100 g versus 15.2 ml/min per 100 g, NS). In contrast, the cerebral blood flow of the cortex significantly decreased to 16% of the flow in ACP (7.8 perfusion units versus 50 perfusion units, P < 0.01). Because of the maldistribution of the cerebral blood flow in RCP, careful attention should be paid to the clinical application of this method.

Distribution and peptide content of sympathetic axons innervating different regions of the cutaneous venous bed in the pinna of the guinea pig ear.

This study utilised catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry, multiple-labelling immunohistochemistry and retrograde axonal transport to determine the distribution and neuropeptide content of sympathetic neurons innervating veins in the dorsal skin of the guinea pig pinna. There was a dense plexus of sympathetic axons innervating the large central vein at the base of the ear and the adjoining maxillary vein. The density of the plexus decreased towards the distal margin of the ear and in smaller veins, and was very sparse in the lateral veins at the base of the ear. Small venules < 50-80 microns diameter were not innervated. Probably all noradrenergic axons in the large veins near the base of the ear contained immunoreactivity (IR) to neuropeptide Y (NPY), but the proportion of axons with NPY-IR decreased in large veins in more lateral regions of the ear, and in smaller veins (80-100 microns diameter). Injections of Fast Blue or DiI close to large veins in the ear resulted in retrograde labelling of tyrosine hydroxylase-IR neurons in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, 64% of which contained NPY-IR. Nearly all (> 90%) of the TH-IR axons in small and large veins also contained IR to dynorphin-related peptides. Thus, sympathetic venoconstriction in the thermoregulatory bed of the guinea pig pinna is likely to occur predominantly in the large central veins towards the base of the ear. Furthermore, sympathetic constriction is likely to be qualitatively different in large cutaneous veins from that occurring in small veins, and absent altogether from small venules and some lateral veins.

Optimal perfusion pressure for experimental retrograde cerebral perfusion.

We evaluated cerebral metabolism during retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) and circulatory arrest during profound hypothermia, and also investigated the effects of perfusion pressure on RCP. Twenty-four adult mongrel dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and cooled to a nasopharyngeal temperature of 20 degrees C. At this temperature, hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA; n = 6), and RCP with a perfusion pressure of 10 mmHg (RCP10; n = 6), 20 mmHg (RCP20; n = 6), and 30 mmHg (RCP30; n = 6) were carried out for 60 minutes. RCP was performed with oxygenated blood via the bilateral maxillary veins, and the retrograde flow rate was regulated to maintain a mean perfusion pressure of 10, 20, or 30 mmHg in the external jugular vein. At 60 minutes of RCP, we measured nasopharyngeal temperature; regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF); cerebral oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide excretion, and excess lactate; cerebral tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and energy charge; and cerebral tissue water content. In the RCP10 group, there was excess cerebral lactate, and ATP and energy charge were low. In the RCP30 group, the water content of cerebral tissue was significantly higher than in other groups. In the RCP20 group, temperature was maintained in a narrow range, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion could be observed, there was no excess lactate, and ATP and energy charge were significantly higher than in the HCA group. In conclusion, RCP can provide adequate metabolic support for the brain during circulatory arrest, and a perfusion pressure of 20 mmHg is most appropriate for RCP.

Retrograde cerebral perfusion using pulsatile flow under conditions of profound hypothermia

We investigated the effects of pulsatile flow for retrograde cerebral perfusion under profound hypothermia. Total cardiopulmonary bypass was carried out in adult mongrel dogs to induce hypothermia. One hour of total circulatory arrest was then performed at 20 °C in the control group of 6 dogs. In another group of 6 dogs, after cardiac arrest was obtained at 20 °C, retrograde cerebral perfusion with nonpulsatile flow was performed through both sides of the internal maxillary vein for 60 minutes; in a third group of 6 dogs, retrograde pulsatile perfusion was continued for 60 minutes. At the end of either retrograde perfusion or total circulatory arrest for 60 minutes, cerebrospinal fluid pressure and blood flow in the cerebral tissues were measured, and cerebral tissues were collected to measure water and adenosine triphosphate content. A significant difference was found for water content between the group undergoing retrograde perfusion with pulsatile flow as opposed to nonpulsatile flow. Cerebral tissues in the group perfused retrogradely with nonpulsatile flow contained more water than in the group perfused with pulsatile flow. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was lower in the group perfused retrogradely with pulsatile flow when compared with nonpulsatile flow, but no significant difference could be found. As for cerebral flow and adenosine triphosphate content, no significant differences could be found between the groups perfused retrogradely with pulsatile or with non-pulsatile flow. Values were always higher, nonetheless, in the groups perfused with pulsatile flow. We conclude that retrograde cerebral perfusion with pulsatile flow, when used under conditions of profound hypothermia, possesses more cerebroprotective effects than does non-pulsatile perfusion or circulatory arrest.

Measurement of zeranol in plasma from three blood vessels in steers implanted with zeranol1

Zeranol (Z) is a widely used growth promotant; however, plasma Z profiles in cattle implanted with Z have not been characterized. This study was conducted to determine bovine plasma Z profiles. In Exp. 1, four steers (BW = 284.8 +/- 5.6 kg) were implanted with 108 mg of Z (Ralgro). To determine the effect of sampling site on plasma Z concentrations, blood was sampled by venipuncture from the maxillary vein ipsilateral (IMV) to the ear in which Z was implanted and from the ipsilateral (IJV) and contralateral (CJV) jugular veins of each steer. Samples were collected on d 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 after implantation and Z was assayed by RIA. There was an effect of sampling site (P < .01). The overall mean plasma Z concentrations and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each vessel were 282 (CI: 172 to 463), 135 (CI: 85 to 215), and 67 (CI: 42 to 106) pg/mL for the IMV, IJV, and CJV, respectively. Plasma Z concentration was higher (P < .05) in IMV than in IJV and higher (P < .05) in IJV than in CJV. In Exp. 2, nine steers (BW = 316.7 +/- 10.0 kg) were implanted with 108 mg of Z and IMV blood was collected on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 63, 73, and 91 after implantation. Day affected plasma Z concentration (P < .01); plasma Z was elevated above preimplantation levels for 91 d (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Unilateral congenital aneurysm of the jugular, linguofacial, and maxillary veins in a dog

Unilateral congenital aneurysm of the jugular, linguofacial, and maxillary veins in a dog

虹マスの頭部静脈 : 特に歯の静脈分布について

Using 30 rainbow trouts, their venous drainage from the cranii were observed. Each trout was infused with 10% gelatine solution with indian ink or vermilion added, and fixed in 10% formalin. The cranii were embedded in celloidin and cut into serial 300-500μ sections in three dimentions. All of these sections were transparented by a mixture of isosafrol and winter green oil for observation under a binocular microscope. The obtained results are as follows : 1. The venous drainage of the trout crnium can be divided into two, internal jngular and inferior jugular vein systems. The inferior jugular vein drains the lingual and ventral thoraoic wall region on one hand and the internal jugular vein, on the other hand, drains most of the cranium excepting those regions. 2. The internal jugular vein receives the occipital, anterior cerebral, ophthalmonasal and maxillary veins and muscular venous tributaries. The occipital vein drains occipital region and posterior half of the cerebrum, and the anterior cerebral vein does the anterior half of the cerebrum. The ophthalmonasal vein receives the anterior meningeal, anterior maxillary, nasal and ophthalmic veins. In the most cases the maxillary vein receives the mandibular vein but in a few cases it does not. The mandibular vein receives the anterior and posterior dental veins on one hand and the maxillary vein receives the posterior palatine and posterior maxillary dental veins. 3. The nasal vein receives the anterior maxillary dental vein and the anterior maxillary vein receives the vomeral dental, and lateral maxillary dental and anterior palatine dental veins. 4. The maxillary vein receives the posterior palatine, posterior maxillary dental veins and small venous tributaries from the orbit. 5. The mandibular vein receives the anterior and posterior mandibular dental veins and the anterior mandibular dental vein receives the muscular venous tributaries from the most part of oral base. 6. The inferior jugular vein receives the lingual and anterior thoracic veins and muscular venous tributaries. The lingual vein is made of the sublingual, lingual dental and lingual root veins, and join to the contralateral one to become common trunk and then receives the submandibular vein from the small part of the oral base. 7. The venous drainage from the teeth in the rainbow trout can be classified as following : The anterior maxillary dental vein is for the premaxillary teeth. The lateral maxillary dental veins is for the most maxillary teeth. The anterior palatine dental vein is for the palatine teeth. The vomenal dental vein is for the vomeral teeth. The posterior maxillary dental vein is for the small part of the maxillary dental arch. The anterior mandibular dental vein is for the anterior group of the mandibular teeth. The posterior mandibular dental vein is for the posterior group of the mandibular teeth. The lingual dental vein is for the lingual teeth.

Transplantation of the Canine Larynx

Auto-and allotransplantation of the canine larynx were performed. In the autotrans-plantation experiment, the completely excised larynx was replanted in the former place after 1 or 2 hours preservation. In the allotransplantation experiment, the heparinized donor cadaver was preserved in a hypothermic chamber under perfusion from one side of the common carotid arteries which were damped bilaterally at the upper and lower parts of the diverging portion of the cranial thyroid arteries. Following 24 hours storage in this setting, the larynx was removed and transplanted to the recipient. The vessel anastomosis vas performed on the unilateral common carotid artery and on the lingual, facial and external maxillary veins bilaterally. For the nerve anastomosis, the pedicled nerve muscle graft method was deviced, that is, laryngeal nerve pedicled intrinsic laryngeal muscle block was implanted on the corresponding muscle of the transplanted larynx. Temporary tracheotomy was performed and nutrition, antibiotics and immunosuppressive administration were provided by preliminary gastrostomy during the period of intensive care. Endoscopic observation showed almost normal movement of the vocal cords with normal color and tone in 5 weeks after operation and servived over 2 years in the autotransplanted cases and inwards movement of the vocal cords to the paramedian position at the time of phonation in 8 weeks postoperatively in the allotransplanted cases. Azathioprine and steroid were administrated as the immunosuppressive agent. At present, the longest servival time of animals along with their allotransplanted larynges is 65 days.