Primary Maxillary Central Incisors Research Articles

Prevalence of usage of stainless steel crown, strip crown and zirconia in anterior teeth for paediatric dental patients in different age groups

Aesthetic treatment for primary teeth has been considered as the greatest challenge in paediatric dentistry today. While there is a considerable amount of literature available on the subjective influences of aesthetic in adults, little is known about esthetics in children. The knowledge of the children's aesthetic perception is relevant to pediatric dentists because children are conscious of their dental aesthetic appearance and that of the other children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of usage of Stainless steel crowns, strip crowns and zirconia crowns in paediatric dental patients in different age groups. The study was conducted in a university setting. A total of 120 samples were collected and the data was collected from the dental archives software. It was tabulated in an excel sheet and was analysed by SPSS software by IBM. The output was represented in the form of graphs and pie charts. The most common type of crown used for the treatment of anterior teeth was found to be the strip crown (100 %). Based on gender, about 60.3% of males underwent treatment for strip crowns, whereas 39.62% of females underwent treatment for strip crowns. Among the strip crowns, 27.76% of the primary upper maxillary right central incisors, 20.86% primary maxillary right lateral incisors, 29.65% primary maxillary left central incisors, 21.77% primary maxillary left lateral incisors underwent treatment for strip crowns. 28.93% belong to the year of 4 years who underwent treatment for strip crowns. The p-value obtained after running the chi-square analysis for the correlation of the gender of patients treated and the tooth number was statistically insignificant (p = 0.803).

Most Frequently Extracted Primary Tooth in Maxillary Arch of Children Visiting A University Hospital In Chennai: A Retrospective Study

Early or premature loss is defined as the loss of a deciduous tooth before its time of natural exfoliation.Thedisruption in the normal physiological process of deciduous tooth exfoliation and eruption of its successormay cause a series of changes in the dental arches ranging from a change in arch length to malocclusion ofsuccessive teeth. Premature loss of teeth can adversely affect oral health-related quality of life in children. The main aim of this study was to investigate the most frequently extracted maxillary primary tooth inchildren aged 1-15 years in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. This retrospective study was conducted among pediatricpatients who visited the OP of a university teaching hospital in Chennai during the period of June 2019 toMarch 2020. The collected data was then subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for SocialScience (SPSS). Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were used. The most frequent age group wasthe 7-12 years age group with 61.5% of the total population. Exodontia was most frequently seen in boyswith 53.9% of the total population.The most frequently extracted teeth was maxillary first right primarymolar with 17.8% followed by maxillary first left primary molar with 16.1%.Maxillary central incisors wasthe most frequently extracted teeth in younger age group 1-6 years with right primary maxillary centralincisor 8.33% and maxillary left primary central incisor 7.95% of total population. Within the limits of thestudy,Most frequently extracted tooth in the maxillary arch was the first primary molar. Exodontia was moreprevalent in the age group of 7-12 years. The most frequently extracted tooth in the younger age group (1-6years) was found to be the central incisors.

Color distribution of maxillary primary incisors using a dental spectrophotometer in Korean children

The purpose of this study was to analyze the color distribution of the maxillary primary central and lateral incisors using a dental spectrophotometer. Color measurements of maxillary primary central and lateral incisors of 32 pediatric patients aged 2 to 6 years were performed using SpectroShade Handy Dental Type 713000 (Serial No. HDL2678, MHT, Verona, Italy) by one researcher in the same clinic. CIE L*, a*, b* values of total surfaces and cervical, middle, incisal region were recorded. L* values were higher and a* values were lower in the primary central incisors than those in primary lateral incisors, but b* values didn't show statistical difference. L* values of the middle region were the highest, and a* and b* values decreased from the cervical region to the incisal region. There were significant color differences between each region, and ΔE*<sub>ab</sub> between each region were greater than ΔE*<sub>ab</sub> between the primary central and lateral incisors. For esthetic restorations of primary incisors, it is necessary to consider the color differences between each region rather than those between the primary central and lateral incisors.

Root canal conicity estimation of primary maxillary central and lateral incisors-A study by Nano-CT.

The objective of the study was to estimate the conicity of the root canals of maxillary central and lateral incisors by computed nanotomography (Nano-CT). This in vitro study included nine extracted primary maxillary central incisors and 12 maxillary lateral incisors, which were subjected to Nano-CT analysis. The resulting images of each tooth were reconstructed using the OnDemand3D software, and root canal area, volume, and taper analysis were performed using the free FreeCAD 0.18 software for the 3D computer-aided design (CAD) model. Data were statistically analysed using the Stata v14.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5%. The results presented the mean value of the diameter and area of theroot canal of primary central and lateral incisors. In addition, the taper values for both dental groups between points D0-D5, D5-D7, and D7-D10 were determined. Considering the diameters obtained over the entire length of the root, with a length of 12mm, a conical model was constructed. Detailed knowledge of root morphology of maxillary central and lateral incisors of primary dentition by means of Nano-CT is important to achieve faster, more accurate, and efficient endodontic treatments.

Primary Tooth Extraction Pattern Among Turkish Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries Treated Under General Anesthesia

Objective: To determine the frequency and distribution of extracted primary teeth due to severe Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in young pediatric patients treated under general anesthesia. Material and Methods: This study employed a retrospective design and consisted of a total of 1644 children (1011 boys, 633 girls) children aged 3 to 5 who had been diagnosed with several ECC and treated under general anesthesia in a dental faculty between 2013-2019. The data was obtained from the medical and dental forms obtained from the faculty database. The patients were divided according to age groups and sex. A total of 2605 teeth were classified according to the sex, tooth number, and age groups. Results: Of the subjects, 14% (n = 245) were 3 years old, 31% (n = 505) were 4 years old, 55% (n = 894) were 5 years old. The mean ± SD age of subjects was 4.2 ± 0.8 yr. While the most extracted teeth were found to be maxillary primary central incisors and molar teeth, the less were found to be mandibular primary canines. While there was a statistically significant difference between canines and incisors with molars (p<0.05), no difference existed between incisors and molars. There was a statistically significance difference among all age groups (p<0.05). While 3 years old group had the less number of extracted teeth, 5 years old group had the most number of extracted teeth. Conclusion: Severe ECC causes higher tooth extraction in patients treated under general anesthesia. Effective personal and community programs should be initiated to prevent ECC and mitigate its potential disruptive impacts in children’s oral health.

Triplication of upper right primary anterior teeth : a case report

The fusion is an anomalous union of two or more tooth germ at some stage in the development process resulting in a decreased number of teeth in the dental arch. Fusion is common odontogenic anomaly but triplication of primary teeth is a rare phenomenon. We report a case of a 3 - year - old girl who visited our clinic for the pain on maxillary anterior tooth. The patient was diagnosed by the fusion of a the maxillary primary right central and lateral incisor with a supernumerary tooth and caries of dentine. And then, Endodontic treatment and composite resin restoration were performed on the triple teeth. After follow-up of 6 months period, there was no marked complications.

Toward Preventing Enamel Hypoplasia: Modeling Maternal and Neonatal Biomarkers of Human Calcium Homeostasis

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess biomarkers of calcium homeostasis and tooth development, in mothers during pregnancy and their children at birth, for enamel hypoplasia (EH) in the primary maxillary central incisor teeth. Methods: Bayesian methodology was used for secondary data analyses from a randomized, controlled trial of prenatal vitamin D₃ supplementation in healthy mothers (N = 350) and a follow-up study of a subset of the children. The biomarkers were serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), total circulating 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D). The maternal biomarkers were assayed monthly during pregnancy, and the child’s biomarkers were derived from cord blood. Digital images of the child’s 2 teeth were scored for EH using Enamel Defects Index criteria for each of the incisal, middle, and cervical regions for an EH extent score. Results: The child EH prevalence was 41% (60/145), with most defects present in the incisal and middle tooth regions. Cord blood iPTH and 1,25(OH)₂D levels were significantly associated with EH extent after controlling for maternal factors. For every 1 pg/mL increase in cord blood iPTH, the EH extent decreased by approximately 6%. For every 10 pg/mL increase in cord blood 1,25(OH)₂D, the EH extent increased by almost 30% (holding all other terms constant and adjusting for subject-level heterogeneity). The relationship between maternal 25(OH)D and maternal mean iPTH varied significantly by EH extent. Conclusion: The results suggest possible modifiable relationships of maternal and neonatal factors of calcium homeostasis during pregnancy and at birth for EH, contributing to the frontier of knowledge regarding sound tooth development for dental caries prevention.

Dental trauma on primary teeth at different root resorption stages-A dynamic finite element impact analysis of the effect on the permanent tooth germ.

Dental trauma is a common emergency in children with primary teeth. The aim of this study was to determine stress propagation to the permanent tooth germ and surrounding bone and soft tissues during dental trauma to primary central incisors with three levels of physiological root resorption. Stresses were determined using finite element analysis (FEA). Cross-sectional models were created using cone-beam computed tomography images of 3.5, 5, and 6years olds, representing three different physiological root resorption stages of a maxillary primary central incisor. The models included periodontal ligament, bone, and soft tissues. An impact with an asphalt block moving at 1m/s,was simulated for two impact two directions, frontal on the labial tooth surface, and on the incisal edge. Stresses and strains were recorded during impact. The impact caused stress concentrations in the surrounding bone and soft tissues and permanent tooth germ, regardless of the direction of impact and the primary tooth resorption stage. Impact stresses in dental follicles and surrounding bone increased in models with more physiological root resorption of the primary tooth. Incisal impact generated higher stress concentrations in surrounding bone and soft tissues and permanent tooth germ regardless of physiological root resorption stage. The primary incisor with no physiological root resorption showed high stress concentrations at its root apex. During impact to a primary incisor, stresses most significant for potential damage to the formation of permanent enamel and dentin were at the dental follicle and surrounding bone tissue with the three levels of physiological root resorption.

Management of Talons Cusp in a Primary Maxillary Central Incisor: A Rare Case Report

Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly that manifest’s as an accessory cusp like structure most commonly seen on the crown of the anterior teeth. This report describes the conservative management of a tooth with a Talon cusp with pulp extension. A 5-year-old female reported to our department with the chief complain of decayed teeth. On examination Talon cusp was noticed on the palatal aspect of 51. Caries excavation followed by restoration and fluoride varnish was applied. Cusp reduction was done to avoid occlusal interference. Depending on the type of Talon cusp a proper diagnosis and treatment plan needs to be formulated. Treating a tooth with talon does not always require endodontic management and can be treated conservatively. Clinical significance: Early diagnosis of this anomaly and management of the same by the clinician will help prevent further complications.

Management of impacted primary maxillary central incisor: A report

Impaction of primary tooth is a rare and unusual finding, particularly in the maxillary anterior segment. A variety of reasons are listed in literature for such condition. Here is a case report of impacted primary maxillary left central incisor in a 4-year-old child. The condition was diagnosed with the help of clinical examination, intraoral periapical radiograph, and cone-beam computed tomography. The tooth was surgically removed, and the patient was asked for periodic check-up.

Reciprocating instrumentation in a maxillary primary central incisor: A protocol tested in a 3D printed prototype.

Efficient endodontic instrumentation of primary teeth is a challenge for paediatric dentists. To evaluate biomechanical outcomes of endodontic instrumentation with a reciprocating system in a polymer-prototyped primary maxillary central incisor. The specimen was systematically instrumented and micro-CT scanned before and after each file. The amount of debris, percentage of non-instrumented areas, removed dentin volume, and lower dentin thickness at specific points along the root canal were analyzed. A 10% increase in removed dentin volume was observed when R40 was compared to R25 (14.5% vs 4.2%). When comparing R50 with R40, this increase was only 3.4% (17.9% vs 14.5%). In the root cervical third, there was substantial reduction in dentin thickness with R50 (48.8%), followed by R40 (39.5%) and R25 (18.6%). There was no difference between R25 and R40 in the removal of dentin at the apical third (15.8%), while R50 resulted in 39.8% reduction in dentin thickness. Percentage of non-instrumented areas were the same for all files. Accumulated debris with R40 and R50 was the same (0.19mm³) while for R25 was 0.11mm³. The Reciproc® system was effective for instrumentation of a prototyped primary maxillary central incisor. The most suitable file for apical preparation was R40.

Occurrence of traumatic dental injuries among preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective:To determine the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) among Saudi preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compare it with Saudi preschool children without ASD.Methods:This study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of three to five year old Saudi preschool children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of two groups; a study group (SG) of 257 ASD children, and a control group (CG) of age- and gender-matched 257 children without ASD. Clinical examinations were performed at selected ASD centers and kindergartens to determine the occurrence of TDIs based on modified World Health Organization (WHO) classification system.Results:Out of 514 children examined, 108 (21.0%) had suffered TDIs. The prevalence of TDIs was significantly higher in the SG (25.7%) children than the CG (16.3%) [p=0.012]. The primary maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth in both the groups; significantly more in CG (72.9%) than SG (50.1%) [p=0.017]. Enamel fracture was the most frequent type of TDI in both the groups; significantly more in CG (29.2%) than SG (21.1%) [p=0.032]. Luxation injuries and tooth avulsions were significantly higher in the SG than the CG (p=0.028).Conclusions:The occurrence of TDIs was higher in Saudi preschool children with ASD than in non-ASD children.

Three year follow-up and management of a severely dislocated tooth after primary trauma.

Objective: This case report describes the management and a 3-year follow-up of an unerupted and ectopic positioned anterior tooth. Case Report: The patient, a girl (9 years old) was referred due to the lack of a permanent maxillary left central incisor. When she was 2 years old suffered a complete intrusion of her primary maxillary left central incisor, and the tooth re-erupted after 4 weeks. Radiographic examination revealed the impaction and severe dislocation of the permanent maxillary left central incisor. The impacted tooth was surgically exposed and placed in orthodontic traction for alignment over a period of 12 months. Results: After this period the central incisor presented satisfactory periapical and periodontal health, adequate occlusion and a good esthetic outcome. After three years of follow-up, apically rounded and no extensive damage to tooth or tissues structures were observed Conclusion: The orthodontic management had been successfully performed with excellent functional and esthetic results. Treatment of an impacted incisor is a challenge, which should be carefully planned. A clinical and radiographic follow-up by a multi-professional group is of outmost importance.

Additional Maxillary Primary Central Incisor Root Causing Disturbance of Permanent Tooth Eruption

Additional Maxillary Primary Central Incisor Root Causing Disturbance of Permanent Tooth Eruption

Unilateral Talon Cusp on Primary Lateral incisor in a three-year-old Libyan Girl: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background: Talon cusp is an uncommon dental anomaly; it is a cusp-like projection appears usually on the palatal surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth in both deciduous and permanent teeth. Case report: A threeyear-old Libyan girl seeks the dentist for carious anterior teeth. On examination: asymptomatic talon cusp on the palatal side of tooth 52 was found. Discussion: Talon cusp is more common in permanent dentition than primary dentition, and is relatively rare in primary maxillary lateral Incisor comparing with the primary maxillary central incisors. Conclusion: Talon cusp is asymptomatic, but it could affect esthetic or interfere with occlusion, and might be a sign for a developmental anomaly in its permanent successors, so early diagnosis and management are important.

Dental trauma in contact sports

ABSTRACT Objective Investigate the prevalence of dental traumas in participants of two contact sports (Judo and Taekwondo) and characterise some related factors. Methods Cross-sectional pilot study of observational nature, conducted by observing and collecting data and information. The sample consisted of 60 individuals of both genders aged between 5 and 15 years old, participants of Judo or Taekwondo. The statistical analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical measures. Results The prevalence of dental trauma in the studied sample was of 38,3%, with the majority occurring outside the practice of sport (82,6%). Only 4 children suffered trauma whilst playing their sport, corresponding to a prevalence of 6,67%. In addition, all 4 cases pertained to the practice of Judo. The most affected teeth were the primary maxillary central incisors followed by the permanent maxillary central incisors, with only one injured tooth in most cases. The lips were the soft tissue with greatest number of registered traumatic lesions. A statistically significant relationship was observed between risk factors and the occurrence of trauma. Conclusion A high prevalence of dental trauma in the studied population was found. Despite no record of traumatic lesions in Taekwondo, this prevalence was particularly noticeable in Judo.

Dental trauma in contact sports

ABSTRACT Objective Investigate the prevalence of dental traumas in participants of two contact sports (Judo and Taekwondo) and characterise some related factors. Methods Cross-sectional pilot study of observational nature, conducted by observing and collecting data and information. The sample consisted of 60 individuals of both genders aged between 5 and 15 years old, participants of Judo or Taekwondo. The statistical analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical measures. Results The prevalence of dental trauma in the studied sample was of 38,3%, with the majority occurring outside the practice of sport (82,6%). Only 4 children suffered trauma whilst playing their sport, corresponding to a prevalence of 6,67%. In addition, all 4 cases pertained to the practice of Judo. The most affected teeth were the primary maxillary central incisors followed by the permanent maxillary central incisors, with only one injured tooth in most cases. The lips were the soft tissue with greatest number of registered traumatic lesions. A statistically significant relationship was observed between risk factors and the occurrence of trauma. Conclusion A high prevalence of dental trauma in the studied population was found. Despite no record of traumatic lesions in Taekwondo, this prevalence was particularly noticeable in Judo.

Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries Among 2- to 5-year-old Preschoolers in Kindergartens of Weifang City, China: A Cross-sectional Study.

To assess the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 2- to 5-year-old preschool children in Weifang City, China, and to investigate the factors related to this condition. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 2829 children (2-5 years old, including 1601 boys and 1228 girls) in twenty kindergartens in Weifang City, China, in 2014. These children were selected via cluster sampling. First, the percentages of ECC and severe ECC (S-ECC) as well as the mean dmft were compared between different genders and ages, and the tooth distribution pattern of ECC was analysed. Meanwhile, the information regarding feeding and oral hygiene practices was collected by a questionnaire with 14 questions to evaluate their relationships with the percentages of ECC and S-ECC as well as the mean dmft. The chi-squared test, t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted to evaluate the significant differences. The ECC prevalence of the preschoolers was 53.3%, and the mean dmft was 2.12 ± 2.56. 71.4% of the 1509 children with ECC were identified as S-ECC. Not only the percentages of ECC and S-ECC but also the mean dmft differed statistically significantly according to gender and age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, caries was most common in primary maxillary central incisors. Feeding and oral hygiene practices were shown to be the significant determining factors for caries. The oral health status of children living in Weifang is very poor. Appropriate strategies must be implemented to promote oral health early on by improving feeding and oral hygiene practices.

Factors leading to Nonhealing of severe Lip and Tongue Ulceration in a 10-month-old Infant with Spastic Quadriplegia

ABSTRACT This paper reports a 10-month-old spastic quadriplegic male child presenting with severe ulceration of ventral surface of tongue and lower lip due to the presence of mandibular and maxillary primary central incisors. The patient was on antiepileptic medication since birth. The recent development of ulcers aggravated the already deficient dietary intake due to his compromised medical status. After considering various treatment modalities, a conservative approach to cover the mandibular teeth and gum pads with a splint made in a flexible denture material was decided. The appliance incorporated an extraoral wire component for prevention of risk of inadvertent ingestion and to aid in attaching retentive components as and when needed. The challenges faced by the clinicians and the pitfalls influencing the ultimate outcome with this intervention are described. How to cite this article Kapur A, Bhandari S, Goyal A, Gauba K, Jaiswal MA. Factors leading to Nonhealing of severe Lip and Tongue Ulceration in a 10-month-old Infant with Spastic Quadriplegia. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2017;51(3):140-143.

Prenatal vitamin D and enamel hypoplasia in human primary maxillary central incisors: A pilot study

BackgroundEnamel hypoplasia (EH) increases risk for dental caries and also is associated with vitamin D deficiencies. This pilot study evaluates the feasibility to determine the association of human maternal circulating vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and EH in infant's teeth that develop in utero. MethodsA pilot population of 37 children whose mothers participated in a RCT of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy was evaluated. Major outcome was EH and major exposure was maternal monthly serum circulating 25(OH)D concentrations during pregnancy. EH was assessed using the Enamel Defect Index and digital images made by a ProScope High Resolution™ handheld digital USB microscope at 50× magnification. ResultsDuring initial 8 weeks of study, 29/37 children had evaluable data with mean age of 3.6 ± 0.9 years; 48% male; and 45% White, 31% Hispanic, and 24% Black. EH was identified in 13 (45%) of the children. Maternal mean 25(OH)D concentrations were generally lower for those children with EH. ConclusionsPreliminary results suggest follow-up of children of mothers in a vitamin D supplementation RCT during pregnancy provides an important approach to study the etiology of EH in the primary teeth. Further study is needed to discern thresholds and timing of maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations during pregnancy associated with absence of EH in teeth that develop in utero. Potential dental public health implications for prevention of early childhood caries via sound tooth structure as related to maternal vitamin D sufficiency during pregnancy need to be determined.