Incisors Research Articles

Prevalence of microdontia among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal

Background: Microdontia is a condition where the teeth are smaller than the normal size, which may involve all teeth or be limited to a single tooth or a group of teeth. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of microdontia among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 190 orthodontic casts of patients (166 males and 224 females) who came for orthodontic treatment between the age of 14 to 28 years (mean age of 17.43±4.28 years) were randomly selected. The mesiodistal dimension of each tooth was recorded with the help of digital vernier caliper. A tooth was diagnosed as microdontia when it is smaller than the normal size. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 with a confidence level set at 95% (P<0.05). Chi-square test was used to determine the difference in prevalence of microdontia among the genders. Whereas, mesio-distal dimensions of teeth were compared on both sides of the jaws using student’s t-test. Results: The prevalence of overall microdontia was 6.66% (26) whereas prevalence of single tooth microdontia, multiple teeth and generalized microdontia was 2.3% (9), 2.83% (11) and 1.53% (6) respectively. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of microdontia among genders (p=0.987). In addition, there was no statistical difference in the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth on both sides of the jaws (p>0.05). Conclusion: The most common tooth affected by microdontia was maxillary lateral incisor. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of microdontia among genders. Keywords: Microdontia, Nepal, Orthodontic patients, Prevalence

Evaluation of Injectate Distribution of the Middle Mental Nerve Block Within the Mandibular Canal in a Cadaveric Canine Model.

Awareness among veterinarians has increased regarding the need for comprehensive pain relief, but many companion animal veterinarians do not administer regional analgesia pre-emptively during dental procedures. The middle mental nerve (MMN) block desensitizes the ipsilateral mandibular incisor and canine teeth as well as soft tissues rostral to the delivery site. There is little published information on the efficacy of the MMN block in dogs. The objective of this study was to determine injectate distribution within the mandibular canal using a radiopaque contrast media/methylene blue solution. Half a milliliter of solution was injected within the opening of the middle mental foramen using a standard hypodermic syringe and a 25G x 25 mm needle. The course of the injectate was traced both via computed tomography (CT) and, in some cadavers, gross dissection. Post-treatment CT revealed that in 90% of the cases, the contrast diffused at least as far caudally as the mesial root of the third premolar tooth. The injectate was not identified within the canal of 5% of cadaveric mandibles examined. Although the solution used diffused caudally within the mandibular canal when injected using recommended clinical techniques, this may not completely represent the extent of clinical effects experienced in live patients. This technique also confirmed that the needle does not need to be advanced into the mandibular canal to achieve adequate diffusion to at least the mesial root of the third premolar tooth.

Evaluating Clear Aligners Versus Fixed Appliances for Periodontal Patients: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Current Evidence

Periodontal patients may face orthodontic problems because of bone support loss, such as maxillary incisor proclination, spacing, rotation, extrusion, pathologic tooth migration (PTM) or traumatic occlusion. Orthodontic treatment is therefore an element within the comprehensive treatment of periodontitis after the periodontal condition has stabilized. The presence of fixed appliances (FAs) promotes the accumulation of bacterial biofilm and impedes hygiene procedures. The increasing popularity of clear aligner (CA) treatment is due to the convenience of use, less discomfort, better esthetics, easier hygiene, lower failure rate, and shorter, less frequent visits. Therefore, the question arises whether treatment with aligners is a good solution for periodontal patients. To answer this question, the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases were searched using the following keywords: periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, clear aligners, multibracket orthodontic appliances, fixed appliance, root resorption, gingival recession and pathologic tooth migration. The search strategy identified 18 relevant studies. A total of 1090 participants took part in the analyzed studies. The available literature was analyzed in terms of the occurrence of root apex resorption, the possibility of treating pathologic tooth migration, the occurrence of gingival recession, periodontal health status and occlusal stability in patients treated with CAs and FAs. Despite statistically significant differences in terms of Plaque Index (PI), probing depth (PD), apical root resorption and gingival recession favor the use of CAs. However, these values are mostly of no clinical significance. It is possible to treat PTM with CAs, but it is limited by the high degree of tooth mobility and incisor inclination. Obtaining perfect occlusion is comparably difficult in both CA and FA treatment. When planning orthodontic treatment in patients with reduced periodontium, the use of both CAs and FAs should be considered. The choice of method would ultimately depend on the patient’s dental condition.

Analysis of Impacted Mandibular Second Premolar Finding Trough Panoramic Radiograph: A Case Report

Abstract: An impacted tooth is a tooth that cannot erupt to its normal functional position after the development of the root. The mandibular second premolar is the third most impacted that can potentially cause problems in the tooth and surrounding structures. Panoramic radiography can detect and evaluate the impacted tooth, surrounding tissues, and possible pathologies including cysts and tumors. This study aimed to discuss the findings of impacted mandibular second premolar on panoramic radiograph. We reported a 13-year-old male patient who came to RSIGMP-UMI complaining of protruding upper front teeth and occasional food impaction in the right lower anterior molar area. Panoramic radiograph showed a vertical angulation of tooth 45, with the crown directed towards the occlusal line between teeth 46 and 44, and the apex directed towards the mandibular ramus border approaching the mandibular canal, with an inclination 0° and type I. Panoramic radiographs are essential in dentistry, particularly in orthodontic treatment. In this case, the radiograph revealed an impacted mandibular second premolar. Extraction of this tooth is often necessary for optimal treatment outcomes. However, in this case, the patient's parents were still hesitant to proceed with tooth extraction. Keywords: impacted teeth; second premolar teeth; panoramic radiography

Papilla Access Tunnel Combined With the Laterally Closed Tunnel: A Technique for Treatment of Deep Gingival Recession in the Anterior Mandible.

Treatment of gingival recession in the anterior mandible is more complex due to unique anatomic features including excessive tension due to frenal and muscle attachments, thin tissue, shallow vestibule, and narrow interdental space. These features are particularly limiting in the presence of deep recession and negatively impact the success most routine soft tissue grafting procedures. The recently proposed laterally closed tunnel combined the benefit of tension management from tunneling rather than incising papillae with lateral closure of deep recession to minimize the need for coronal advancement. This is an effective, although technically demanding procedure. This report presents a method of facilitating tunnel preparation by utilizing superficial papillary access incisions bilaterally in the papilla between the lateral incisor and canine. This papilla has the least tension and most robust interdental volume and blood supply. This incision creates a mini flap that facilitates tunnel dissection and graft placement. Because the mini flap is used for graft insertion, the suturing for lateral closure can be performed before graft insertion. The result is reduced technical difficulty.

Influence of Using a Puncturing Method and Cooldown Period Before Pressing the Second-Layered Sheet on the Final Thickness of Double-Layered Sports Mouthguards: An Experimental Study.

The thickness of the mouthguard is a crucial factor in its protective ability for athletes. This study aimed to investigate the final thickness of double-layered sports mouthguards, which were fabricated using different methods before pressing the second layer. Seven upper working models (n = 7 per group) were prepared for mouthguard fabrication. The first 3-mm mouthguard sheet underwent heating, pressing, and vacuuming onto the model, followed by various protocols before the second 3-mm sheet was pressed. Group 1: The second sheet was pressed immediately. Group 2: The first sheet underwent a 1-h cooldown period before pressing the second sheet. Group 3: The interproximal areas of the first sheet were punctured followed by immediate pressing of the second sheet. Group 4: The first sheet was punctured followed by a 1-hcooldown before pressing the second sheet. After 24 h, the mouthguard thickness was measured at various points on the left and right central incisors and first molars using a digital caliper. The thickness analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0 with one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis. At the labial surface of the central incisors, Group 4 exhibited the highest thickness, while Group 3 had the lowest (p < 0.001). Groups 1 and 2 did not show significant differences in thickness. At the incisal edges, Group 3 again had the lowest thickness (p < 0.05), with no significant differences observed among the other groups. There were no significant differences in thickness across all areas at the first molars, including cusp tips, pits, and buccal surfaces (p > 0.05). Group 4 demonstrated greater uniformity at the central incisors in thickness compared with the other groups. Using the puncturing method at interproximal areas combined with a cooldown period could enhance mouthguard thickness at the labial surfaces of the central incisors and improve its thickness uniformity.

Effect of Local Zoledronic Acid Application in Alveolar Bone Healing: An Experimental Study.

This experimental study aimed to assess the three-dimensional and histological changes of the alveolar socket with local application of ZA. Nine male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated into 4-, 8-, and 12-week groups after the extraction of 4 incisor teeth. The upper and lower right sockets were filled with ZA + collagen sponge (ZA-CS group), while the left sockets were filled with collagen sponge alone (CS group) postoperatively. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks (T1, T2, and T3) after the extraction, radiographic and histomorphometric evaluations were conducted for both groups. The increase in alveolar bone density of the ZA-CS group at T2 and T3 was significantly higher than the CS group (P＜0.01). Three-dimensional evaluations demonstrated no statistically significant differences in ridge height and width between the 2 groups at T2 and T3. On histological evaluation, the ZA-CS group included significantly fewer TRAP-positive cells than the CS group at T1 (P＜0.05). In ALP staining, all cases in both groups were classified as positive at each time point. Masson trichrome staining showed significantly higher mean red collagen volume fraction in the ZA-CS group (76.09%, 79.64%) than in the CS group (66.17%, 69.22%) at T2 and T3, respectively (P＜0.05 and ＜0.01). Although local ZA application with collagen sponge did not reduce alveolar ridge contraction, it improved the bone density and maturity of newly formed bone after tooth extraction.

Efficacy of Clear Aligner Therapy for the Treatment of Anterior Open Bite in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of clear aligner therapy (CAT) for the treatment of anterior open bite (AOB) in adults. The focused question was "Is CAT effective for the management of AOB in adults?". Databases were searched without time and language barriers up to and including August 2024 based on pre-specified eligibility criteria. Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment was performed using the Risk-of-Bias-In-Non-randomised-Studies-of-Intervention (ROBINS-I) tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects model (REM) for change in AOB and cephalometric measurements with an evaluation of the mean difference (MD) and/or standardised mean difference (SMD). The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the quality of evidence. Publication bias was assessed using Funnel plots and Egger's regression test. There were 14 studies included in the qualitative assessment and 12 in the meta-analysis. The RoB was moderate in 13 studies and low in one. The meta-analysis showed significant AOB correction with CAT [(MD) = 2.76 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.23-3.28] due to maxillary and mandibular incisor extrusion (MD = 0.85 mm, CI: 0.43-1.26 and MD = 0.86 mm, CI: 0.29-1.44, respectively). There were no significant changes identified for maxillary and mandibular molar intrusion or changes in the mandibular plane angle (MPA). The level of confidence was high for AOB correction, incisor extrusion, and molar intrusion and low for MPA. CAT leads to a significant correction of AOB of approximately 2.76 mm, which can be mainly attributed to incisor extrusion.

Diagnostic considerations and orthodontic treatment approaches of adolescents with the dentoalveolar form of class II malocclusion

Relevance. Class II malocclusion (distal occlusion) is a common pathology of the maxillofacial region in the sagittal plane and is one of the most prevalent malocclusions. Studies confirm that Class II malocclusion in adolescents exhibits significant variability, prompting the development of various treatment approaches using both removable and fixed orthodontic appliances. The challenges of adolescence include concurrent physiological and psychological changes, which can complicate the treatment process.Purpose. To enhance the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment for patients with the dentoalveolar form of Class II malocclusion by utilizing the Rotation-Torque Index (RTI).Material and methods. A study was conducted on 49 residents of St. Petersburg with physiological occlusion types, who were included in the control group. The main group comprised 95 adolescents (aged 12-18) with the dentoalveolar form of Class II malocclusion classified into three levels of severity, based on the proposed working prognostic classification.Results. A new method was developed to calculate a coefficient that describes the relationship between the position of the upper and lower jaws and the torque of the central incisors. This coefficient helps predict treatment outcomes and guides the selection of the optimal treatment strategy. The Rotation-Torque Index (RTI) was introduced to quantify the relationship between the position of the jaws in the skull (SNA, SNB) and the inclination of the central incisors of the upper jaw relative to the nasal line (NL) and those of the lower jaw relative to the mandibular line (ML).Conclusions. Based on the Rotation-Torque Index (RTI), a working prognostic classification and treatment strategies for patients with the dentoalveolar form of Class II malocclusion were proposed.

The Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Radiographic Boundary of Mandibular Full-Arch Distalization in Different Facial Patterns

Objective: Mandibular full-arch distalization (MFD) is a popular approach, particularly in non-extraction cases. However, we still cannot confirm whether facial patterns affect the amount of limits. This study aimed to determine the anatomical MFD limits in patients with different facial patterns. Study design: Using computed tomography (CT), the shortest distances from the mandibular second molar to the inner cortex of the mandibular lingual surface and from the lower central incisor to the inner cortex of the lingual mandibular symphysis were measured in 60 samples (30 patients). The available distalization space in both regions was compared between groups with different facial patterns. Results: The available space in symphysis was more critical than that in retromolar area: the shortest distances to the inner cortex of the lingual mandibular symphysis at root levels 8 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction of the incisor were 1.28, 1.60, and 3.48 mm in the high-, normal-, and low-angle groups, respectively. Conclusions: Facial patterns affected the MFD capacity, and the thickness of the lingual mandibular symphysis was the most critical anatomic limit encountered. Practitioners should always pay attention to the possible impacts from facial patterns, especially in the treatment of high-angle cases.

Color Ranges and Distribution of Human Teeth: A Prospective Clinical Study.

This study investigated the in vivo color range of human teeth using a research-grade noncontact spectroradiometer, analyzing the effects of gender, age, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors, including diet, smoking, and oral hygiene. A total of 1004 participants were recruited at two research sites and stratified by gender, age, and ethnicity, and data on their dietary and oral habits were collected. Noninvasive color measurements of an upper central incisor were performed using a spectroradiometer and a fiber-coupled Xe-Arc light source. Color differences were computed using the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulas, statistically analyzed, and interpreted through comparisons with 50:50% perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds for dentistry. CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color coordinate values varied significantly. Female teeth appeared lighter and less yellow than men's. Age correlated with darker, more chromatic teeth, stabilizing only after Age 46. Significant ethnic differences were observed, particularly between African-American and Asian participants. Coffee consumption impacted teeth yellowness and chromaticity, while tea had no significant effect. Frequent tooth brushing led to lighter teeth, and tooth whitening considerably influenced color, emphasizing the effect of cosmetic dental treatments. Smoking showed minimal impact, with slight discoloration noted among light smokers compared to nonsmokers. Color coordinate values by gender, age, and ethnicity exhibited statistically significant differences and, in most cases, noticeable color differences. With exceptions, the dietary/oral habits of the patient had a significant impact on the color of human teeth. The findings from this study provide detailed information and understanding of the color range and distribution of human teeth, which can help enhance the esthetic outcome of dental care and, consequently, the patient's satisfaction.

Digital Analysis of Closest Speaking Space in Dentates—Method Proposal and Preliminary Findings

Aims: The aim of this study is to identify methods for the digital analysis of the closest speaking space in dentates and to assess certain particularities using digital analysis. Method: For the adult patients included in this study, traditional dental casts were fabricated, and interocclusal registrations of the maximal intercuspal position and of the closest speaking space were taken using polyvinyl siloxane. Dental casts in both positions were scanned using a dental laboratory scanner, and digital analysis was conducted using the 3Shape 3D Viewer. Results: The interocclusal distance corresponding to the closest speaking space can be easily and precisely measured digitally or assessed using occlusion maps, at the level of all teeth. The interocclusal distance was variable across the dental arch, central incisors, and second molars, registering the smallest values, and was asymmetrical, with mandibular lateral deviation being suggested. The assessment of the range of motion of the mandible during the speaking test, recorded based on tooth movement, was conducted using superimpositions. The movement of the tooth was the largest in central incisors and decreased progressively as the tooth was more distal, and, in all cases, mandibular deviation occurred, more frequently to the left. Conclusions: Digital methods for the analysis of the closest speaking space have the advantages of increased precision and a broader range of analysis and application, showing research and clinical value.

Field tests reveal acoustic variation of call types in a subterranean rodent, the Northern Mole Vole Ellobius talpinus

Abstract This study investigates acoustic variation of human-audible sonic (below 20 kHz) and human-inaudible ultrasonic (above 20 kHz) calls in a wild subterranean rodent, the Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus), under 3 call-eliciting tests conducted during captures for 1 day. The Contact-in-Tunnel Test modeled contacts of 2 individuals during digging earth in a burrow tunnel. The Restraint Test modeled restraint of an animal by a surrogate predator (human hand). The Release-to-Burrow Test modeled acoustic communication of many family members returned to their home burrow after their isolation for about 8 h, from morning to evening. We described 8 call types: 3 sonic, 3 ultrasonic, and 2 expanding from sonic to ultrasonic range of frequencies; 6 call types were described for the first time for this species. No relationship was found between acoustic parameters and proxies of body size (body mass and the width of 2 upper incisors). No sex differences were found in body size or the acoustic parameters. Different call types prevailed in different tests: wheeks and upsweeps were made during peaceful interactions; squeaks and squeals were related to animal discomfort during the Restraint Test; rasps were only made in Release-to-Burrow Tests when animals were plugging the burrow entrance; and variative calls did not show any relationship with type of test. Based on presence or absence of certain call types in the tests, we evaluate their potential communicative role in comparison with published data on vocal repertoires of other subterranean rodents.

Evaluation of External Apical Root Resorption in Cases with Extraction and Non-Extraction Fixed Orthodontic Treatment.

The objective of this study was to evaluate external apical root resorption (EARR) in cases with extraction and non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatment. Ninety subjects were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: 43 with extraction treatment and 47 with non-extraction orthodontic treatment. EARR was measured using the crown-to-root ratio of the maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines on panoramic radiographs taken at the beginning (T0) and end of the treatment (T1). The Bonferroni corrected Z test was used for multiple comparisons. There were 24 (55.8%) individuals in the extraction group and 12 (25.5%) in the non-extraction group, with a minimum of one tooth with severe resorption. There was no resorption in 0% of individuals in the extraction group and five (10.6%) individuals in the non-extraction group. There was a statistically significant correlation between the groups and the degree of resorption (p = 0.008). When the maxillary and mandibular teeth in the extraction group were compared, a significant difference was found in all degrees of resorption except for mild resorption. There was a significant difference in EARR between the extraction and non-extraction treatment groups, with maxillary incisors showing more resorption in the extraction treatment.

Effects of radiotherapy dose and application time on the load-to-failure values of teeth filled with different sealers

BackgroundThe materials used in root canal filling and radiotherapy (RT) application can affect the load-to-failure of the teeth. This study aimed to compare the load-to-failure of the teeth filled with AH Plus (AHP) or AH Plus bioceramic (AHPB) before or after 60 Gy- and 70 Gy-dose radiotherapy.Materials and methodsOne hundred and ten maxillary incisors were endodontically prepared up to ProTaper Next X4 instruments. The teeth were randomly divided into 5 main groups as: non-irradiated, root canal treatment (RCT) before 60 Gy radiotherapy, RCT before 70 Gy radiotherapy, RCT after 60 Gy radiotherapy, RCT after 70 Gy radiotherapy. These groups were divided into 2 subgroups for filling material: AHP ve AHPB. After filling and radiotherapy procedures, the teeth were fixed on the thermoplastic mask plane. The plane were placed in the middle of a rectangular prism shaped glass phantom, and irradiated via a linear accelerator device. The teeth were then embedded in cylindrical acrylic blocks and the force (N) that caused the fracture was recorded under the Universal testing device. Student t-test was used for statistical comparisons. Statistical significance level was determined as p < 0.05.ResultsAfter 70 Gy dose radiotherapy, the group filled with AHPB showed statistically significantly lower fracture strength than the group filled with AHP (p < 0.05). In the control group, before 60 Gy RT group, after 60 Gy RT group, and before 70 Gy RT group, the sealers had statistically significantly similar load-to-failure. (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe group filled with AHPB caused a lower fracture strength than the group filled with AHP following a 70 Gy dose of RT. The sealers in the control group, before 60 Gy RT group, after 60 Gy RT group, and before 70 Gy RT group exhibited comparable load-to-failure values.

Evaluation of anterior teeth crown-root morphology and alveolar bone structure in patients with closed deep overbite using cone beam computed tomography

This retrospective study used cone-beam computed tomography to investigated the crown-root morphology and alveolar bone structure in incisors region in subjects with closed deep overbite and comparison the difference between gender and age. The CBCT images for 40 subjects (group C) with Angle II division 2 were selected from patients of the HeFei Stomatological Hospital from November 2023 to March 2024.20 individual normal occlusion subjects (group A),20 patients with Angle II division 1(group B) were included. The crown-root ratio of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, crown-root angle and alveolar bone structure were measured on the CBCT images, the data were statistically analyzed. In addition to mandibular lateral incisor, the crown-root ratio of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in the Class II division 2 group was higher than that in the individual normal occlusion group and the Class II division 1 (P < 0. 05). The crown-root angle of maxillary anterior teeth in the Class II division 2 group was smaller than that in the individual normal occlusion group and the Class II division 1 (P < 0. 05). The alveolar bone thickness of the maxillary central incisor was comparatively smaller, while the alveolar bone height was relatively higher in the Class II division 2 group. Age and gender were associated with change in root lengths and crown-root angle for the Class II division 2 group (P < 0. 05). Patients with closed deep overbite malocclusion exhibit a significant difference compared to the controls for most measurements. The patients presenting with Class II division 2 malocclusion exhibit excessive inward positioning of the anterior teeth, resulting in evident crown-root angle, a large crown-root ratio, and minimal labial alveolar bone. In order to keep the tooth movement within the safe range of alveolar bone movement, it is necessary to strictly control the torque and use appropriate orthodontic force to reduce the risk of bone fenestration, bone dehiscence, gingival recession and root resorption.

Diagnostic Approaches of Palatogingival Groove: A Systematic Review

Palatogingival Grooves (PGG) constitute developmental anatomical irregularities primarily situated along the palatal aspects of the roots of maxillary incisors. Literature is sparse on diagnostic approaches of PGG. Our study aimed to alleviate clinicians the process of recognizing anomaly. Systematic electronic searches of scientific literature without publication date or language restriction were undertaken in 2023.11.03 research was conducted in PubMed, Willey Online Library, Science Direct and Medline Ovid. Using specific keywords 54 articles with 67 cases were included in our study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pre-made Cochrane data extraction templates were used for frequency evaluation, nonparametric Spearman’s, Kendall rank correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U Test and Odds ratio was assessed by statistic to evaluate significant correlations. Most quantitively expressed symptoms of PGG included increased tooth mobility, appearance of purulent discharge, sinus tract and periodontal pocket with an average mean of 9,14 ± 2,30 mm along with painful vertical per-cussion. However, statistical assessment showed inverse correlation between in-creased mobility and painful percussion. Furthermore, quantitively, deeper perio-dontal pockets were accompanied by more prominent gingival alterations, however only one opposing significant correlation was noted between the depth of per-iodontal pocket and existence of additional root. Frequency evaluation revealed that IPR was the main diagnostic tool used in majority of cases. Deeper periodontal pocket was assessed by conjunction of two or three tools. CBCT was used most with deeper periodontal pocket averaging 9,75 ± 1,02 mm. In conclusion, quantita-tive data suggest that periodontal pockets averaging 9,14 ± 2,30 mm, I or II-degree mobility, painful percussion and purulent discharge are the main PGG characteristics, with sparce significant correlations between them. IPR was noted as the main roentgenological modality as should be used firstly when suspecting PGG, yet both quantitative and statistical data suggest that CBCT is ought to be used to alleviate the assessment.

Management of Strip Perforation on the Upper Front Tooth and Tooth Rehabilitation Using Flexible Glass Fiber Post: A Case Report

Management of Strip Perforation on the Upper Front Tooth and Tooth Rehabilitation Using Flexible Glass Fiber Post: A Case Report

Conservative Management of Facial Talon Cusp in a Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: A Case Report

Conservative Management of Facial Talon Cusp in a Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: A Case Report

Perda precoce dos elementos 11 e 12 por trauma dental, com intervenção ortodôntica preventiva na odontopediatria: relato de caso

Dental trauma is one that affects the hard tissues embraced, supporting structures or soft tissues in the oral cavity. It is observed more frequently in male children of school age (07 to 12 years old). The most affected teeth in the trauma taken are central and lateral incisors. With regard to tooth avulsions, the protection of children's bone tissue favors a higher frequency in this population than in the adult population. Dental avulsion occurs after displacement of the element out of its alveolus. There is a break in the blood supply to the pulp of the tooth and when this happens the chance of replantation achieved is totally impossible. Thus bringing several harms to the patient such as difficulty in speech, poor aesthetics, or even mesialize or distalize some other acquired element. Space maintainers are used as removable or fixed appliances to treat malocclusion or esthetic defects. They are braces made of acrylics with two extended teeth. Choosing a removable appliance comes with benefits such as better hygiene, satisfactory aesthetics, low cost, and maintenance of the cervico-occlusal space, in addition to the mesio-distal space. The objective of this study was to report a clinical case of avulsion of element 11 and 12 caused by trauma in childhood with the use of a space maintainer. We conclude that it is possible to treat a patient with dentoalveolar trauma with intervention using a space maintainer, since in the present case success was obtained in the selection of therapy, restoring aesthetics and function to the patient. Thus reducing possible orthodontic problems of the child, with follow-up until his/her old age.