Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Research Articles

Examining Current Conceptualizations of Psychopathology With the MMPI–2/MMPI–2–RF Restructured Clinical Scales: Preliminary Findings From a Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACTWatson (2005) proposed a hierarchical reorganization of the underlying structure of emotional disorders. This study cross-culturally evaluated Watson's (2005) structure of mood and anxiety disorders, using mainly dichotomous criteria, and explored the placement of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in this model. It also tested Sellbom, Ben-Porath, and Bagby's (2008) proposed elaboration of the 2-factor model (positive and negative activation) that incorporates a higher order dimension of demoralization. One hundred men and 133 women from psychiatric settings in Israel completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (Butcher et al., 2001) and the Maudsley Obsessional–Compulsive Inventory (Hodgson & Rachman, 1977). They were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (Sheehan et al., 1998). Confirmatory factor analyses replicated Watson's structure for women but not for men. Mixed results were obtained regarding OCD's location in the model. Findings among women support the applicability of Watson's (2005) model across a variety of assessment modalities, as well as in a different language and for diversified cultural backgrounds. This conclusion, however, should be tempered in consideration of the results among men. Findings also provide evidence of the importance of demoralization in mood and anxiety disorders.

A Study on Sexual Function in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Patients With and Without Depressive Symptoms.

The aim of study was to evaluate sexual function in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients with and without depressive symptoms. Fifty-six married OCD patients referred to the outpatient clinic of Roozbeh Hospital from 2011 to 2013 filled out the demographic questionnaire, obsessive compulsive inventory-revised OCI-R, Maudsley obsessional-compulsive inventory (MOCI), Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), international index of erectile function (IIEF), and female sexual function index (FSFI). In total, 80.6% of women and 25% of men had sexual dysfunction and 82% of them had depressive symptoms. Comparing sexual dysfunction in OCD patients with and without depressive symptoms demonstrated that the mean index of IIEF in subscales of erection and satisfaction without depressive symptoms (BDI-II index ≤ 15) is higher than in those with depressive symptoms and the mean index of FSFI showed a marginal significance in the pain subscale of the FSFI. Regarding the possible role of the symptoms of depression on sexual function, sexual assessment in OCD patients should be considered.

Self-concept and obsessive-compulsiveness as moderators of anxiety and depression: a Portuguese prospective study

Research shows a high prevalence of psychopathology among medical students. This study aims to assess the time trend of depression, anxiety, self-concept and obsessive-compulsiveness in medical students within the first year (short-run) and over the years (long-run) of medical school, and to measure if self-concept and obsessive-compulsiveness predict anxiety and depression trends. At baseline, 183 freshman students that enrolled at FMUP in the 2002/03 academic year were recruited; from these, 71 (39%) participated in the short-run study and were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the first year and 151 (83%) participated in the long-run study (assessed in the first, third and fifth year). Participants answered three self-report questionnaires: the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and a self-concept scale. In the long-run, there was a negative linear trend with time for the MOCI score (B = -0.68, p < 0.001) and for the HADS anxiety score (B = -0.28, p < 0.001), a positive linear trend for self-concept (B = 1.37, p < 0.001) and no association with depression (B = -0.05). The short-run results were opposite given that anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsiveness increased and no differences were found for self-concept.After adjusting for self-concept and obsessive-compulsiveness, there was no effect of time on anxiety but there was a negative interaction between self-concept and time on depression scores. The effect of time on depression is moderated by a protective effect of self-concept, while obsessive-compulsiveness explained time trends on anxiety scores.It is important to understand and find the pathways of anxiety and depression to improve medical students' mental health.

Putamen volume correlates with obsessive compulsive characteristics in healthy population

Obsessions and compulsions (OCs) are frequent in healthy subjects; however neural backgrounds of the subclinical OCs were largely unknown. Results from recent studies suggested involvement of the putamen in the OC traits. To investigate this issue, 49 healthy subjects were assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Anatomical delineation on MRI yielded the global volume and local shape of the putamen. Other striatal structures (the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus) were also examined for exploratory purpose. The relationship between volume/shape of each structures and MOCI measure was analyzed, with sex, age, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and full-scale Intelligence Quotient regressed out. The volume analysis revealed a positive relationship between the MOCI total score and the bilateral putamen volumes. The shape analysis demonstrated associations between the higher MOCI total score and hypertrophy of the anterior putamen in both hemispheres. The present study firstly revealed that the volume changes of the putamen correlated with the manifestation of subclinical OC traits. The dysfunctional cortico-anterior striatum networks seemed to be one of the neuronal subsystems underlying the subclinical OC traits.

Social cognition and metacognition in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an explorative pilot study.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe psychiatric condition that is, among other features, characterized by marked impairment in social functioning. Although theoretically plausible with regard to neurobiological underpinnings of OCD, there is little research about possible impairments in social cognitive and meta-cognitive abilities and their connections with social functioning in patients with OCD. Accordingly, we sought to examine social cognitive skills and metacognition in OCD. Twenty OCD patients and age-, sex-, and education-matched 20 healthy controls were assessed using neurocognitive and diverse social cognitive skills including the Ekman 60 Faces test, the Hinting Task, the faux pas test, and a proverb test. In addition, the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 was administered to both the OCD and the control groups. Social functioning was measured using the Personal and Social Performance Scale. Symptom severity in patients was determined by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. No group differences emerged in basic social cognitive abilities. In contrast, compared to controls, OCD patients scored higher on all MCQ dimensions, particularly negative beliefs about worry, uncontrollability, and danger; beliefs about need to control thoughts; and cognitive self-consciousness. There were no significant correlations between social or metacognitive parameters and OCD symptom severity. However, in the patient group, depression and metacognition predicted social functioning. OCD patients show normal basal social cognitive abilities, but dysfunctional metacognitive profiles, which may contribute to their psychosocial impairment.

Predicting obsessions and compulsions according to superego and ego characteristics: A comparison between scrupulosity and non-religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive images or impulses and/or ritualistic and rigid behaviors. Symptoms of OCD have different contents including contamination, harming and symmetry. Religion is one of the themes that has been observed in the context of OCD frequently. The aim of the present study was to examine the power of superego and ego characteristics in predicting scrupulosity and non-religious obsessions and compulsions, as well as comparing the two sets of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Sixty six Iranian (19 men, 47 women) participated in the study. All participants were asked to complete Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity, Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory, the Multidimensional Anger Inventory, and Ego Strength Scale. Results showed that perfectionism and anger were positively correlated with scrupulosity and non-religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Ego control was negatively correlated with scrupulosity, while ego resiliency was not correlated with any of these two sets of symptoms. Regression analysis indicated that among these variables, anger was the best predictor of non-religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms, while perfectionism and ego control were the best predictors of scrupulosity.

Correlation between Overactive Bladder Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Women.

BackgroundOveractive bladder syndrome is characterized by urinary urgency, usually accompanied by Frequent urination and nocturia, with or without urgent urinary incontinence. There must be the absence of causative infection or pathological conditions. Overactive bladder syndrome is related to mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. However, obsessive-compulsive symptoms are investigated much less frequently. The purpose of the present study was thus to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms in overactive bladder syndrome patients.MethodsFifty-seven women patients with overactive bladder syndrome and fifty-seven women without it (age matched control group) were prospectively enrolled. They completed the overactive bladder syndrome-validated 8-question screener and the Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire at the same time they visited the clinic. Patients were compared with controls on the Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire and its checking, tidiness, doubting, and fear of contamination components.ResultsPatients showed more obsessive traits than controls on the Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire total score (P=0.006) and on the checking subscale (P=0.001). Odds ratio for the overactive bladder syndrome group's obsessive-compulsive symptoms traits (score≥14) was 5.47 (P=0.001). The Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire total score was associated with the overactive bladder syndrome-validated 8-question screener score in patients (P=0.03).ConclusionObsessive-compulsive symptoms may constitute an important aspect of the psychiatric profile of overactive bladder syndrome patients. The severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms seems to be related to the degree of the overactive bladder syndrome severity. Clinicians may consider screening women with overactive bladder syndrome for obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Epidemiological Survey on the Status of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder among School-age Children in Iran

Background and purpose: The age of the onset of obsessive-compulsive disord er (OCD) and its manifestation is now identified at childhood. In th e present study, we aimed to epidemiologically assess OCD and its main determinants in school-age children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 600 con secutive schoolage children (7-12 years old) in primary schools at Kermanshah, Iran in May 2012. OCD status was assessed using the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory . Results: In this study, the prevalence of OCD in children we re 12.2% (73 person). Among OCDs, 32.0% were male and 68.0% were female with a significant difference (P < 0.001). Among different subscales of OCD, checking was more prevalent in girls than in boys (74.0% vs. 65.0%, P < 0.001), whereas doubting was more revealed in boys than in girls (56.0% vs. 34.0%, P < 0.001). In this regard, no differences w ere found between boys and girls in the rate of washing subscale (43.0% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.456) and slowness domain (30.0% vs. 34.0%, P = 0.294). Totally, mean MOCI score was significantly a higher in girls than in boys in different grades of education. OCD was influenced b y father’s occupation status, parents’ education level, order of birth, dependence to moth ers and previous history of OCD in fathers. Conclusion: The prevalence of OCD was a higher than other areas in the country and other populations. Because of the existence of OCD potent ial determinants including socioeconomic level and familial tendency, the high prevalence of the disease must be considered in correlation with these factors.

Is nocturnal eating in restless legs syndrome linked to a specific psychopathological profile? A pilot study.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate psychological comorbidity in drug-naive or drug-free primary restless legs syndrome (p-RLS) patients with nocturnal eating disorder (NED), and to analyze the association of comorbid p-RLS and NED with obsessive-compulsive, mood and anxiety symptoms, and personality. Participants comprised 20 consecutive female outpatients with p-RLS, 10 without NED and 10 with NED, and 10 female controls matched for age. Both patients and controls were evaluated by the Hamilton Depression and the Anxiety Rating Scales, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory and the temperament and character inventory-revised. Compared to controls, p-RLS patients without and with NED had higher trait anxiety and current anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. p-RLS patients with NED also had significantly higher doubting compared to p-RLS patients without NED. Furthermore, groups differed for harm avoidance (HA), with p-RLS patients with and without NED having higher scores than controls. Untreated p-RLS patients, particularly those with nocturnal eating, report anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, perceive stressful situations as dangerous and threatening and tend to respond with anxiety to such situations. They have higher tendency to respond intensely to aversive stimuli, inhibiting behavior to avoid punishment, novelty, and frustrative omission of expected rewards. We hypothesize that higher levels of HA, a biologically determined personality trait, might constitute a diathesis predisposing individuals to display obsessive-compulsive symptoms, namely increasingly severe compulsive nocturnal eating.

Chewing and spitting out food as a compensatory behavior in patients with eating disorders

ObjectiveRecent studies suggest that chewing and spitting out food may be associated with severe eating-related pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between chewing and spitting, and other symptoms of eating disorders. We hypothesized that patients who chew and spit as a compensatory behavior have more severe eating-related pathology than patients who have never engaged in chewing and spitting behavior. MethodWe divided 359 patients with eating disorders into two groups according to whether they engaged in chewing and spitting as a compensatory behavior to lose weight or not. After comparing eating-related pathology between the two groups, we examined factors associated with pathologic eating behaviors using logistic regression analysis. ResultsAmong our 359 participants, 24.5% reported having engaged in chewing and spitting as a compensatory behavior. The chewing and spitting (CHSP+) group showed more severe eating disorder symptoms and suicidal behaviors. This group also had significantly higher scores on subscales that measured drive for thinness, bulimia, and impulse regulation on the EDI-2, Food Craving Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory. DiscussionChewing and spitting is a common compensatory behavior among patients with eating disorders and is associated with more-pathologic eating behaviors and higher scores on psychometric tests.

Music therapy as an adjunct to standard treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder and co-morbid anxiety and depression: A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundPrevious studies have highlighted the potential therapeutic benefits of music therapy as an adjunct to standard care, in a variety of psychiatric ailments including mood and anxiety disorders. However, the role of music in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have not been investigated to date. MethodsIn a single-center, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial (NCT02314195) 30 patients with OCD were randomly assigned to standard treatment (pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavior therapy) plus 12 sessions of individual music therapy (n=15) or standard treatment only (n=15) for one month. Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form were administered baseline and after one month. ResultsThirty patients completed the study. Music therapy resulted in a greater decrease in total obsessive score (post-intervention score: music therapy+standard treatment: 12.4±1.9 vs standard treatment only: 15.1±1.7, p<0.001, effect size=56.7%). For subtypes, significant between-group differences were identified for checking (p=0.004), and slowness (p=0.019), but not for washing or responsibility. Music therapy was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety (post-intervention score: music therapy+standard treatment: 16.9±7.4 vs standard treatment only: 22.9±4.6, p<0.001, effect size=47.0%), and depressive symptoms (post-intervention score: music therapy+standard treatment: 10.8±3.8 vs standard treatment: 17.1±3.7, p<0.001, effect size=47.0%). LimitationsInclusion of a small sample size, lack of blinding due to the nature of the intervention, short duration of follow-up. ConclusionIn patients with OCD, music therapy, as an adjunct to standard care, seems to be effective in reducing obsessions, as well as co-morbid anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Orthorexia Nervosa in Turkish Dietitians

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in dietitians, as assessed by administering ORTO-15, Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40) and Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Our study included 117 dietitians (Ankara). Orto-15 test scores below 40 points was considered indicative of orthorexia, while higher scores indicated a normal eating behavior. It was found that participants with ORTO-15 scores less than 40 had higher scores for EAT-40 and MOCI (p < 0.05). The results showed a significant negative correlation between the ORTO-15 and EAT-40 scores and BMI values. In that respect, further investigation with dietitians into orthorexia nervosa is recommended.

Prefrontal activation during two Japanese Stroop tasks revealed with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy.

The Stroop task is sometimes used in psychiatric research to elicit prefrontal activity, which presumably reflects cognitive functioning. Although there are two Stroop tasks (Kana script and Kanji script) in Japan, it is unclear whether these tasks elicit the same hemoglobin changes. Moreover, it is unclear whether psychological conditions or characteristics influence hemoglobin changes in the Japanese Stroop task. The aim of this study was to clarify whether hemoglobin changes elicited by the two Japanese Stroop tasks accurately reflected cognitive functioning. Hemoglobin changes were measured with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 100 healthy Japanese participants performing two Japanese Stroop tasks. The Beck-Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) were administered to participants to identify psychological conditions or personality characteristics. Compared with the Kanji task, the Kana task produced a greater Stroop effect and a larger increase in oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentration. Moreover there were no significant correlations between oxy-Hb concentration and BDI, STAI-trait, STAI-state, or MOCI scores. Therefore we found that a participant's psychological conditions or characteristics did not influence the hemodynamic changes during either task. These data suggest the Kana Stroop task is more useful than the Kanji Stroop task for NIRS studies in psychiatric research.

Quality of life and self-esteem in children with chronic tic disorder

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the quality of life and self-esteem in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (TS) and other chronic motor or vocal tic disorders in comparison with the control group. This is the first study examining the effects of quality of life and self-esteem on each other in chronic tic disorders. Among 62 patients aged between 6 and 16 years who were diagnosed with chronic tic disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, 57 patients who met the study inclusion criteria constituted the study group and 57 age- and gender-matched individuals constituted the control group (Ethics committee file number: 2009/69; ethics committee meeting number: 2009/14 (11.06.2009); ethics committee decision number: 16). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Children's Depression Inventory, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version were applied to the children and adolescents. In the study group, all quality of life subtests were found to be lower compared to the control group both in children and adolescents except for self-reported emotional functionality and social functionality. Being below the age of 12 years and female gender were found to be predictors of low self-esteem in tic disorder. In the reports obtained from the children and adolescents, low self-esteem was related with decreased quality of life in all areas except for academic functionality. Children and adolescents with tic disorder experience functional disruption with a higher rate compared to the group without a psychiatric disorder or severe medical condition. Applying holistic approaches considering other clinical psychiatric symptoms as a part of chronic tic disorder will be useful in increasing the quality of life and self-esteem of these children.

Alkol bağımlılığında obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ve dürtü kontrol bozukluğu ek tanısı ile dürtüsellik, kompülsivitenin değerlendirilmesi

Obsessive compulsive disorder and impulse control disorder comorbidity and evaluation of impulsivity and compulsivity in alcohol dependent patients Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder and impulse control disorders in patients with alcoholism and evaluate the effects of impulsivity and compulsivity on the severity of alcohol dependence. Methods: Using SCID-I, we investigated impulse control disorder (ICD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in 81 male patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence. Impulsivity was evaluated using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). The Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were used to evaluate compulsivity and severity of alcohol dependence, respectively. Results: There was at least one ICD in 24.6% of the alcohol dependent patients. The most commonly encountered subtype was pathological gambling (16.0%) which was followed by intermittent explosive disorder (6.1%) and compulsive shopping (3.7%). 13.5% of the patients were diagnosed with OCD while OCD at a subclinical level was found in 19.8% of them. 46.9% of the patients presented either with “obsessive compulsive traits” or ICD or both. Conclusion: In addition to the evaluation of impulsivity and compulsivity with using scales, OCD and ICD comorbidity was investigated in alcohol dependent patients. Together with the not otherwise specified impulse control disorders, at least one ICD was found in 24.6% of the addicts while 13.5% presented with OCD comorbidity.

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Abused and Neglected Children an Inpatient Center Model

Rehabilitation and treatment centers are organizations that provide services for children and adolescents, with the main goal being to implement a “mental health” treatment plan for the individuals under their care. These organizations, which provide a continuous 24-hour service, may differ from one another in terms of the specific programs and treatment methods they apply.The Oğuz Kağan Köksal Children and Youth Center was established in the Adana Province to provide for the treatment and rehabilitation of girls between the ages of 8 and 18 who have been subject to abuse or neglect, who suffer from alcohol/substance abuse, who are in need of treatment for mental problems and/or who live on the streets.A study was made of 72 girls who had been admitted to the institution for treatment and rehabilitation since 2004 with a history abuse and neglect. The girls were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I), the Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-II) and the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) upon being admitted to the institution and at the end of their stay (i.e. their discharge). The differences between the mean admission and discharge scores of the girls in the BDI, STAI-I, STAI-II and MOCI assessments was determined to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.001).According to the duration of stay groups (0–3 months; 4–6 months; 7–9 months and ≥10 months), a statistically significant difference was identified between the mean admission and discharge scores of children who remained in the institution for 3–7 months, with the post-treatment scores of the inventories being significantly lower in comparison to the baseline values (p≤0.05). These results suggest discharging patients from the center prior to their third month of stay or a stay period of longer than seven months does not affect with any significance the scores of the depression, anxiety and obsession inventories.To ensure a healthy society, it is of critical importance that children who have been subjected to abuse and neglect are given the appropriate support in treatment and rehabilitation centers; that plans are made concerning their lives and futures; that efforts are made to ensure that they can adapt to daily life after leaving the center; that measures are taken allowing them to continue their formal education; and that the necessary approaches are implemented so that they can effectively prepare for their occupational life.Keywords: Residential Treatment Center, Children, Sexual Abuse

Development and validation of the Japanese version of the obsessive-compulsive inventory.

BackgroundThe Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI) was designed to evaluate the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical samples. The aim of the study was to develop a Japanese version of this scale (OCI-J) and validate it in both non-clinical and clinical Japanese samples.FindingsIn Study 1, the OCI-J, the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), and measures of anxiety and depression were administered to 150 undergraduate students (non-clinical sample) in order to investigate the internal consistency and convergent validity of the OCI-J. Furthermore, 118 non-clinical participants completed the OCI-J after a 2-week interval to determine the test-retest reliability. In Study 2, OCD participants (n = 35), anxiety control participants with panic disorder (n = 22), and healthy control participants (n = 37) completed the OCI-J in order to test its clinical discrimination ability.Correlational analysis indicated moderate to high correlations between the subscales and total scores of the OCI-J and MOCI. In addition, the OCI-J and its subscales demonstrated satisfactory test-retest reliabilities. Finally, the OCI-J showed good clinical discrimination for patients with OCD from healthy and anxiety controls.ConclusionsThe OCI-J is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring OCD symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical samples of Japanese.

Assessment of Cognitive Inhibition in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not only one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, is also one of the most disabling medical disorders with some cognitive deficits, like poor cognitive inhibition. Objectives: The main purpose of the present study is to compare cognitive inhibition between patients with OCD and a healthy control group. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, performed on 20 patients with OCD and 20 patients in the control group, selected with convenience sampling method, from outpatients and inpatients. They completed a computerized cognitive inhibition task and the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Data were analyzed by SPSS and a P-Value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results indicated that patients and control groups were equal according to sex and education and there was no significant difference. Also, the results show that the difference in negative prime between the two groups was significant, although the differences in positive prime and neuter stimuli were non-significant. Conclusions: According to cognitive inhibition deficits in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder, it seems that in protocol treatment, patients should be provided with instructions, in the field of cognitive rehabilitation.

Clinical Features of Night Eating Syndrome among Depressed Patients

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and clinical features of night eating syndrome (NES) in a sample of patients with depression. The study sample consisted of 155 depressed outpatients. Socio-demographic Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Night Eating Questionnaire were utilised for data collection. Night eating syndrome was identified in 21.3% of the patients. Comparisons between NES and non-NES patients revealed significant differences in BMI, smoking status, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, rumination and PSQI sub-scores for sleep quality, latency, disturbances and daytime dysfunction. In our sample, the predictors of NES were BMI, smoking and the subject's score on the PSQI sleep disturbances subscale. Night eating syndrome is negatively associated with sleep, severity of anxiety and depression. Our findings suggest that there is a complex relation between NES and depression, and it is recommended that depressed patients be evaluated for NES.

Discriminating Power of Dissociation in Patients with Psychological Trauma

Purpose: The purposes of the study were to identify the discriminating power of dissociation as defined by depression, obsession, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI; psychopathology) in patients with psychological trauma. Methods: Participants were patients (N=114) from S clinic for psychological trauma. Data were collected from April to June 2014 through semi-structured interviews and self-reports using a modified Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events, Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Beck Depression Inventory-2, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, and MMPI-2. Results: Participants were grouped in to two groups depending on DES scores; dissociative (n=15) and non-dissociative (n=99). Depression, F-scale (infrequency), Ma (Hypomania), and Hs (Hypochondriasis) scale of MMPI correctly discriminated 86.8% of the sample. There were also significant differences in Obsession, K-scale (korrection), D (Depression), Hy (Hysteria), Pd (Psychopathic Deviate), Pa (Paranoia), Pt (Psychasthenia), Sc (Schizophrenia), Si (Social Introversion) scales of MMPI between two groups, but they were not significant discriminant factors. Conclusion: Future interventions for patients with high levels of dissociation and psychological trauma should focus on the prevention of suicide and chronic dissociation by assessing depression-related factors; suicidal behavior, impulsivity, aggression, and alexithymia. Therapists should also interpret patients’ MMPI profiles carefully, especially in the presence of an extremely elevated F-scale.