Maturity Groups Research Articles

Correlation analysis of interstitial maturity and prognosis of colorectal cancer: Meta-analysis.

To investigate the relationship between interstitial maturity and prognosis of colorectal cancer. To examine the correlation between interstitial maturity and the prognosis of colorectal cancer. The paper database PubMed, EMBASE, Cochranelibrary, Springerlink, CNKI, and Wanfang database were searched until December 2023. "tumor stroma maturity" "desmoplastic stroma reaction" "desmoplastic reaction" "stroma reaction" "degree of stroma reaction "" stroma classification" "stroma density" "colorectal cancer" "colon cancer" "rectal cancer" "prognosis" were searched for the search terms. Two system assessors independently screened the literature quality according to the inclusion exclusion criteria, Quality evaluation and data extraction were performed for the included literatures, and meta-analysis was performed for randomized control trials included at using Review Manager 5.2 software. Finally, data of 9849 patients with colorectal cancer from 19 cosets in 15 literatures were included, including 4339 patients with mature type (control group), 3048 patients with intermediate type (intermediate group) and 2456 patients with immature type (immature group). The results of meta-analysis showed: Relapse-free survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.30-3.08; P < 0.00001], disease-free survival (HR = 3.68, 95%CI: 2.33-5.81; P < 0.00001) and overall survival (HR = 1.70, 95%CI: 1.53-1.87; P < 0.00001) were significantly lower than those in mature group (control group); relapse-free survival (HR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.17-1.59; P < 0.0001) and disease-free survival rate (HR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.53-2.24; P < 0.0001) was significantly lower than the mature group (control group). There is the correlation between tumor interstitial maturity and survival prognosis of colorectal cancer, and different degrees of tumor interstitial maturity have a certain impact on the quality of life of colorectal cancer patients.

Growth trends during life stages in the Arabian Sea middle-sized form Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

ABSTRACT The Arabian Sea middle-sized form (ASM) of the purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis differs genetically from the other three morphotypes of the species from this region. Statolith microstructure analysis was used to investigate the age and growth of typical ASM squid. The number of increments in the statolith of the ASM form ranged from 38 to 156 which, assuming a daily periodicity of increment deposition, equates to a short lifespan. The growth rate varied between 0.12 and 2.1 mm of dorsal mantle length (DML) per day. Age-DML and age-body-weight data were best fitted with linear and power models respectively. The paralarval phase of S. oualaniensis in the Arabian Sea was about two months. Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis matured rapidly, some within 100 days. Median age at first maturity was 115 days at a size of 115 mm for males and 118 days at a size of 156 mm for females. The back-calculation of hatching dates of the ASM form indicated that spawning takes place throughout the year with a peak in November. The ASM form in the southern Arabian Sea may be an early maturing group, while squids in the Northwest Indian Ocean may be a late maturing group.

The Effect of Breast Milk from Different Lactation Stages on in Vitro Wound Healing.

Objective: Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process essential for restoring tissue integrity and homeostasis. It is thought that breast milk contributes positively to the wound healing process, thanks to the components it contains. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of breast milk on the wound healing process at different lactation stages and to evaluate the underlying mechanism(s). Materials and Methods: The effects of breast milk from different lactation stages (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk) on wound healing were determined by in vitro scratch assay in L929 fibroblast cells. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total oxidant, and antioxidant capacity were used to confirm antioxidant effects. The effect of breast milk on netrin-1 levels in L929 cells was elucidated by ELISA. Results: Breast milk at different lactation stages promoted wound healing. While the wound closure percentage was determined as 48.7% in the control group, this rate was determined to be the highest at 81.6% in the mature milk group (p:0.0002). The free radical scavenging capacity of colostrum, transitional, and mature milk with DPPH was determined as 49.69%, 60.64%, and 80.85%, respectively, depending on the lactation stages. Netrin-1 levels detected by ELISA were determined as 490.1 ± 6.5 pg/mL in the control group, while the lowest level was determined as 376.6 ± 4.5 pg/mL in mature milk (p:0.0003). Conclusions: Breast milk, especially mature milk, promoted wound healing on L929 cells by suppressing netrin-1 levels and scavenging free radicals.

Geographical adaptability for optimizing the recommendation of soybean cultivars in the Brazilian Cerrado

Yield multi-location trials associated to geostatistical techniques with environmental covariables can provide a better understanding of G x E interactions and, consequently, adaptation limits of soybean cultivars. Thus, the main objective of this study is understanding the environmental covariables effects on soybean adaptation, as well as predicting the adaptation of soybean under environmental variations and then recommend each soybean cultivar to favorable environments aiming maximize the average yield. The trials were carried out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replicates over three years, in 28 locations. Thirty-two genotypes (commercial and pre-commercial) representing different maturity groups (7.5–8.5) were evaluated in each trial were covering the Edaphoclimatic Region (REC) 401, 402 and 403. The covariables adopted as environmental descriptors were accumulated rainfall, minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum temperature, photoperiod, relative humidity, soil clay content, soil water avaibility and altitude. After fitting means through Mixed Linear Model, the Regression-Kriging procedure was applied to spacialize the grain yield using environmental covariables as predictors. The covariables explained 32.54% of the GxE interaction, being the soil water avaibility the most important to the adaptation of soybean cultivars, contributing with 7.80%. Yield maps of each cultivar were obtained and, hence, the yield maximization map based on cultivar recommendation was elaborated.

GGE biplot analysis and selection indices for yield and stability assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes under drought and irrigated conditions

Maize is mainly a rainfed crop prone to drought stress, suffering yield losses. The present study evaluated eleven early and nine late maturity hybrids to identify widely adapted genotypes under drought stress and irrigated conditions at the flowering stage. Genotypes showed 25.2% yield reduction under drought over irrigated conditions. GGE biplot analysis demonstrated major effect of environment (72–85%) on grain yield followed by genotype × environment (8–18%), identifying two different mega-environments under drought stress. Suitable selection indices identified DRMH 1417, DKC 7074 in the early and CMH12-686 in late maturity group as high-yielding and drought-tolerant hybrids.

Field Evaluation of Ukrainian Potato Varieties for Resistance to Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens in the Polissya Area of Ukraine

This study aimed to assess the field resistance of Ukrainian potato varieties to fungal and bacterial pathogens under natural infectious conditions in the Polissya area of Ukraine. Field experiments were conducted during 2020-2022 to examine the manifestation and spread of fungal and bacterial diseases on 20 Ukrainian potato varieties across different maturity groups. Varieties were evaluated for resistance to Alternaria blight, Rhizoctonia solani, Common scab (Streptomyces spp.), and Fusarium dry rot using predefined scales. The Ukrainian potato varieties Aria, Khortytsia, Kniahynia, Myroslava, Shchedryk, and Slovianka displayed field resistance to Alternaria blight. The varieties Charunka, Feia, Khortytsia, Okolytsia, and Shchedryk showed field resistance to R. solani. The varieties Aria, Okolytsia, Skarbnytsia, Strumok, and Slovianka were highly resistant to Common scab in field conditions, while Anika, Aria, Charunka, Kimmeria, Letana, Slovianka, Shchedryk, and Tyras exhibited field resistance to Fusarium dry rot. Twelve out of 20 potato varieties displayed field resistance to multiple pathogens with five of them (Aria, Charunka, Khortytsia, Slovianka, and Shchedryk) being resistant to the majority of pathogens under investigation. These varieties hold promise for integration into cropping systems with reduced fungicide usage. Additionally, these varieties can be recommended for inclusion in breeding programs as valuable sources of resistance to these fungal and bacterial pathogens. Future research should focus on elucidating the genetic basis of resistance in these varieties and further exploring the nature of inheritance of the observed resistance from the parental forms, that include the varieties Bellarosa, Beloruskyi 3, Bahriana, Slovianka, Oberih, Lyu, Meve, Kondor, Tyras and Barylchykha, and the hybrids 86.281c12, KE 78.50.53, 77.583/16, and P.88.12-11.

Natural variation in tocopherols, B vitamins, and isoflavones in seeds of 13 Korean conventional soybean varieties

Soybean seeds are excellent sources of tocopherols, B vitamins, and isoflavones, which are well known for their health benefits. This study investigated the influence of environment and genotype on these constituents across 13 Korean soybean varieties cultivated in three locations during the 2017–2019 growing seasons. Statistical analyses, employing both univariate and multivariate methods, revealed significant impacts of genetic and environmental factors on the composition of tocopherols, B vitamins, and isoflavones. Through permutational univariate analysis of variance, the primary contributors to each measured component were identified. Genotype strongly influenced the levels of β- and δ-tocopherols, whereas the interaction between location and year predominantly affected α- and γ-tocopherols. Vitamin B1 content was predominantly determined by genotype, whereas B3 and B6 were influenced by annual variations. Vitamin B2 level was primarily affected by the interplay between environmental and genotypic effects. Genotype had a significant effect on isoflavone components, with the exception of daidzein. Furthermore, early maturing varieties and those with black seed coats exhibited low levels of isoflavone components and total isoflavones, suggesting a relationship between maturity group and seed coat color in isoflavone variation. These findings can be used as reference values for compositional equivalence assessment of genetically modified soybeans.

Повышение эффективности селекции сои с пониженной реакцией на длину дня на примере сорта Липчанка

A very early maturing soybean cultivar Lipchanka with a reduced response on a day length was isolated from the hybrid combination F4 D-12/14 × L-247 by traits of productivity, cold resistance, photoperiodic sensitivity, and the morphotype of the flower ovary style. The Lipchanka variety belongs to a very early maturity group, at the latitude of Krasnodar (45°) it ripens in 95 days, and in terms of yield exceeds the standard cultivar Barguzin by an average of 0.11 t/ha. In a competitive variety testing in Krasnodar in 2021–2023 its yield was 1.32–3.19 t/ha. In a competitive variety trial in Lipetsk at a latitude of 52°, the duration of the growing season of this cultivar averaged 105 days with a yield of 2.41–2.67 t/ha, which exceeded the standard variety Barguzin by 0.09 t/ha. Under the conditions of the Kaluga region, at a latitude of 54°, the cultivar Lipchanka had a growing season of 113 days and successfully ripened until mid-September. The height of Lipchanka plants at the latitude of Krasnodar was 70–85 cm. In the Lipetsk region, the plant height of Lipchanka varied within 70–95 cm. In the conditions of the Kaluga region, the height of the cultivar Lipchanka was 71 cm. The new very early maturing soybean cultivar Lipchanka has reduced sensitivity to the range of day lengths formed at latitudes of 45–54°, high yield in the long-day conditions of the Central Black Earth region, and successful ripening in the conditions of the Central region of the Russian Federation. Such features of the cultivar allows to recommend it for cultivation in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, Ural, and West Siberian regions of the Russian Federation.

Root systems of peanut cultivars respond differently to soil P availability to improve P uptake

AbstractBackgroundPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is regarded as a crop with high nutrient use efficiency, but there may be differences between cultivars. Furthermore, there is little information on the strategy of peanut cultivars to adapt to soil P availability and to what extent they explore non‐labile P pools.AimsOur objective was to evaluate growth, root morphology, enzymatic activity in the rhizosphere, and P uptake of peanut cultivars grown under different soil P status.MethodsThe study was conducted in a greenhouse in 6‐L pots. Soils with low P (without fertilization) and high P content (with fertilization) and seven peanut cultivars of different origins, different maturation groups, and release years were investigated. Peanut shoot yield, phosphorus uptake, root growth, soil P fractions as well as phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil were determined.ResultsIn P‐deficient soil, a higher dry matter yield was associated with longer root hairs and root length, which resulted in decreased soil non‐labile P was observed mainly with cultivars developed in Argentina (ARG‐medium‐old and ARG‐medium‐new) and the late maturity Brazilian cultivar (BR I‐late new). These cultivars adapted well to P deficiency and were less dependent on labile P. New Brazilian early and medium maturity cultivars developed less, shorter root hairs, and showed low acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere under P deficiency, resulting in lower P uptake and dry matter yield. Under high P availability, new Brazilian cultivars of medium and late maturity showed the highest dry matter yield (9.0 and 9.8 g plant−1, respectively) and longest roots, around 120 m plant−1. High P availability decreased root hairs in all cultivars.ConclusionOverall, the adaptation of peanut cultivars to P‐deficient soils was lower for the new mid‐ and early‐maturing Brazilian cultivars compared with the Argentinian and old or late‐maturing Brazilian cultivars. The main strategies of P‐efficient cultivars under low P availability are to increase root length, root hair length, and root hair density.

Climate–resilient strategy for shortening the crop cycle in rice and the host influenced rhizosphere microbiome

We present the field rapid generation advancement procedure for shortening the crop cycle in rice. The practical protocol developed by us using different maturity groups of rice showed promising early flower induction. We observed a shortening of crop cycle to about 35–40 days depending on the variety. The spacing between the plants was the major influencer for flower induction compared to other interventions tested viz., clipping, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate and paclobutrazol spray. Our raised bed direct seeding strategy completely avoided the transplantation. The work flow for flower induction can be a reference to increase generations of rice breeding. The rhizosphere bacterial dynamics using 16srRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed the Acinetobacter population abundance as a key mediator and marker for flowering time. The alpha diversity at flowered and unflowered stage showed the species richness as Control < Pusa Sugandh 5 < BPT-5204. The rice rhizosphere of this ecosystem had an abundance of Methylotrophs that utilize methane as a carbon source suggesting that the developed method is a green technique suitable for generation advancement that can be replaced for flooded condition assisted breeding in rice. Selective enrichment of functional abundance between varieties suggested the host - influenced microbiome for early flowering in rice. This protocol is expected to greatly accelerate the process of new variety breeding and the construction of mapping populations.

From Slow Shifts to Fast Flips: Unraveling problem-based learning group function dynamics

PurposeProblem-Based Learning (PBL) relies on self-directed learning in small groups in the presence of a tutor. While the effectiveness of PBL is often attributed to the dynamics of group function, change in group function over time and factors influencing group function development are less understood. This study aims to explore the development of PBL group function over time to better understand the factors that give rise to high-functioning groups.MethodWe examined time-function graphs of group function and conducted semi-structured focus group discussions in 2023 with medical students enrolled in a PBL curriculum. Students reflected on their experiences in four different PBL groups, creating time-function graphs to characterize development of group function over 8–12-week periods. We analyzed graphs and transcripts in a staged approach using qualitative description and direct content analysis, sensitized by two frameworks: Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development and the Dimensions of PBL Group Function.ResultsThree archetypes of PBL group function development were identified: Slow Shifters, Fast Flippers, and Coasters. (1) Slow Shifters were characterized by a complex and extended pattern of growth consistent with Tuckman’s model, typically occurring amongst inexperienced groups, or groups faced with a novel task. (2) Fast Flippers were characterized by abrupt state changes in group function arising from internal or external disruptions. (3) Coasters were characterized by plateaus, where maintenance of group function was a frequently cited challenge. Abrupt changes and plateaus occurred more among mature groups and groups with significant PBL experience.ConclusionsPBL group function varies over time in 3 different patterns. Classic Tuckman’s stages are apparent among inexperienced groups, or groups facing novel tasks, whereas experienced groups often face abrupt change or plateaus. PBL educators and students should consider the need for novelty and disruption in more experienced groups to incite growth.

Vitrification alters growth differentiation factor 9 and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor expression in human cumulus-mural granulosa cells.

Ovarian tissue vitrification is widely utilized for fertility preservation in prepubertal and adolescent female patients with cancer. The current literature includes reports of successful pregnancy and live birth following autografting. However, the effects of the vitrification process on cumulus-mural granulosa cells (C-mGCs)-somatic cells in ovarian tissue crucial for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development-remain unclear. This study was conducted to explore the impact of vitrification on the cellular function of C-mGCs by quantifying the expression of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), connexin 37, survivin, and caspase 3. Mature and immature C-mGCs were obtained from 38 women with polycystic ovary syndrome who participated in an in vitro fertilization program. The C-mGCs were then divided into two groups: fresh and vitrified. The expression levels of target genes were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. After vitrification, GDF-9 expression was significantly decreased among both mature and immature C-mGCs, with 0.2- and 0.1-fold changes, respectively (p<0.01). Similarly, FSHR expression in the mature and immature groups was reduced by 0.1- and 0.02-fold, respectively, following vitrification (p<0.01). The expression levels of the other genes, including BMP-15, LHR, connexin 37, survivin, and caspase 3, remained similar across the examined groups (p>0.05). Vitrification may compromise oocyte maturation through reduced GDF-9 and FSHR expression in C-mGCs after warming.

Pigeonpea hybrid breeding in India

The constantly increasing gap in the demand to supply for pigeon pea has been a matter of concern to pigeon pea researchers in India to increase productivity and production. The entomophily abet cross-pollination behavior of pigeon pea is a desirable crop to develop and establish the hybrid system to exploit the commercial heterosis. Keeping this in view, pigeon pea research was directed towards a new initiative on hybrid pigeon pea breeding at ICRISAT, Hyderabad immediately after the identification of a male sterile line in 1974. Which in turn led to the development of a new GMS hybrid called ICPH 8 in 1991 for cultivation in the central zone. Then five GMS hybrids (PPH 4, CoPH 1, CoPH 2, AKPH 4101, and AKPH 2022) in the early maturing group were released by the state and central varietal release committee. Nevertheless, the GMS-based hybrids did not yield much success due to difficulty in the production of commercial F1 seed. Trifurcation of All India Coordinated Pulses Improvement (AICPIP) and further strengthening of AICPRP on pigeon pea led to the development of national level strategic and basic research vis-àvis provided testing platform for varieties and hybrids. The advertent GMS system led to the development of a stable and economically viable CGMS system in pigeon pea after 26 years of its first GMS initiative. The first CGMS line GT 288A and its maintainer B line was registered by Pulse Research Station, SDAU, GAU, SK Nagar, Gujarat in 2000. Consequently, in 2006 the first CMS hybrid GTH 1 was developed by SDAU, Gujarat, and released by CVRC for cultivation in the central zone. Thirty-nine CGMS lines have been registered with ICAR-NBPGR and four CMS-based hybrids (ICPH 2671, ICPH 2740, IPH 15-03, and IPH 09-5) are released for cultivation. It is to endorse that the joint efforts of the ICAR-NARS and ICRISAT led to the establishment of the hybrid system in pigeon pea by sharing the materials and technology. Nonetheless, supplying quality hybrid seed is a mammoth task to reap the true potential of hybrid technology in pigeon pea.

Influence of weather conditions in Central Polissia, Ukraine, on the expression of quality indicators in potato cultivars of different maturity groups

For Ukrainians, potatoes are a key foodstuff and the most important strategic crop in the vegetable segment, and therefore it is vital to investigate the quality characteristics of potato tubers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of various meteorological factors on the taste and starch content of tubers of different potato cultivars. The study employed laboratory, analytical, mathematical, and statistical methods. Both positive and negative correlation between starch content in tubers, taste, average monthly temperature, and precipitation were found in cultivars of different ripeness groups. For some potato cultivars, the positive effect on the starch content in tubers was due to the synergistic interaction of temperatures in August and precipitation in July, while for other cultivars this effect was determined by temperature and precipitation in August. It was found that an increase in temperature in August contributed to the improvement of the taste characteristics of early-ripening cultivars, while for middle early and mid-ripening genotypes, increased temperatures in June and August were key factors, and middle-late cultivars responded to increased precipitation in August. For each of the 19 cultivars studied, periods with a positive effect of average monthly temperature and precipitation on the improvement of taste were identified. The cluster analysis helped to identify potato cultivars with high starch content – Lietana, Opillia, Vzirets, and Oleksandryt, with high taste qualities – Lietana, Mezhyrichka 11, Vzirets, Avanhard, Partner, Oleksandryt, Fanatka, Rostavytsia, and Opillia. The findings of this study can serve as a scientific basis for the formulation of policies aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change and adapting existing cultivars to support sustainable potato production in a particular region and creating new plastic potato genotypes with sustainable quality characteristics

Deciphering genetic factors contributing to enhanced resistance against Cercospora leaf blight in soybean (Glycine max L.) using GWAS analysis.

Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, C. kikuchii, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae, is a significant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] disease in regions with hot and humid conditions causing yield loss in the United States and Canada. There is limited information regarding resistant soybean cultivars, and there have been marginal efforts to identify the genomic regions underlying resistance to CLB. A Genome-Wide Association Study was conducted using a diverse panel of 460 soybean accessions from maturity groups III to VII to identify the genomic regions associated to the CLB disease. These accessions were evaluated for CLB in different regions of the southeastern United States over 3years. In total, the study identified 99 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) associated with the disease severity and 85 SNPs associated with disease incidence. Across multiple environments, 47 disease severity SNPs and 23 incidence SNPs were common. Candidate genes within 10kb of these SNPs were involved in biotic and abiotic stress pathways. This information will contribute to the development of resistant soybean germplasm. Further research is warranted to study the effect of pyramiding desirable genomic regions and investigate the role of identified genes in soybean CLB resistance.

Seed productivity of rod-shaped millet depends on ripeness groups of varieties

Seed productivity of rod-shaped millet depends on ripeness groups of varieties

Breeding value of potato hybrid clones from the VIR collection revealed in the environments of Kamchatka Territory

Background. Potato breeding involves planned artificial hybridization between previously selected parental lines. A way to make potato breeding more efficient is to use the diversity of the germplasm and broaden the gene pool of parental lines. Interspecific potato hybrids originated on the elite potato germplasm display a set of valuable traits. The current challenge is to assess the performance of potato hybrids under specific soil and climate conditions to clarify their breeding value.The objective of the study was to evaluate potato hybrids in the environments of Kamchatka Territory according to a set of traits, identify the best parental lines, develop new hybrid combinations, and select promising breeding material.Materials and methods. Eleven potato hybrids from VIR were studied over three years (2020–2022) in the fields of Kamchatka Research Institute of Agriculture. The hybrids were benchmarked against two reference potato cultivars, ‘Fresco’ and ‘Vulkan’, belonging to the early and mid-early maturity groups, respectively. Crosses between the hybrids and 28 potato cultivars were carried out in the greenhouse. The new hybrid material was tested in a preliminary trial nursery for yield and earliness.Results. Hybrid 117-2 was better in yield (899 g/plant) than cvs. ‘Vulkan’ and ‘Fresco’ (700–739 g/plant). Hybrids 94-5, 99-10- 1, 8-1-2004, 8-3-2004, 8-5-2004, 135-3-2005, 135-5-2005, 99-6-6, and 134-2-2006 in most traits matched the potato cultivars, manifesting good berry formation and seed setting when crossed. Out of 140 crosses between 11 hybrids and 28 cultivars, 35 crosses between 10 hybrids and 13 cultivars were successful. Most hybrids were effectively used in crossings as maternal forms.Conclusion. VIR’s hybrids 94-5, 8-1-2004, and 8-5-2004 proved the most promising as source material for the development of new early potatoes under the conditions of Kamchatka Territory.

Registration of ‘S16‐16814R’: A glyphosate‐tolerant, high‐oleic soybean cultivar

AbstractThere is a demand for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with more functional soybean oil for food and industrial applications. Soybean breeding programs have devoted more efforts to developing high‐yielding soybean cultivars with elevated oil content and improved fatty acid profiles. The University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research, Extension, and Education Center soybean breeding program has developed and released the high‐oleic soybean cultivar ‘S16‐16814R’ (Reg. no. CV‐561, PI 704911). It is a maturity group 4‐late (relative maturity 4.9), glyphosate‐tolerant (Roundup Ready 1) soybean cultivar with high oleic (84.0%) acid content and a reduced linolenic (3.5%) acid content. S16‐16814R is resistant to multiple nematode species, including soybean cyst nematode races 2 (HG Type 1.2.5.7), 3 (HG Type 5.7), and 5 (HG Type 2.5.7); southern root‐knot nematode; and reniform nematode. S16‐16814R was evaluated from 2017 to 2020 in 61 environments across eight southern US states. It averaged 92% of the check mean for yield, indicating competitive yield performance across multiple environments.

Food and feeding strategies of the green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus, in southeastern India

Abstract Observations and analysis of the food and feeding habits of penaeid shrimp are decisive for understanding food webs and ecological processes. Published information on the feeding habits of the green shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatusDe Haan, 1844, from Indian waters, however, dates back four decades, despite the fact that green tiger shrimp is one of the important shrimp species that forms a unique fishery in Palk Bay, on the southeastern India. Hence, its dietary preferences were analysed concerning sex, season, gonad maturity, and size. The species preyed on were composed of diversified components, with mollusc remains being the most common food item in females, followed by crustacean remains, whereas in males, the crustacean remains were the most common food items followed by mollusc remains. There was no significant difference in the gastrosomatic index of females and gonadal maturity stages among seasons, but a significant difference among size groups. In males, there was no significant difference among seasons, gonadal maturity, and size groups. Females were more active feeders than males, and the difference could be seen in their size groups. Larger groups fed more actively than smaller groups. Feeding was more active in the post-monsoon and summer monsoon seasons. Penaeus semisulcatus dominates the ecosystem among the shrimp species due to its carnivorous behaviour. The observations made in this study form key inputs for trophic modelling and ecosystem-based studies, which could help develop suitable strategies for managing the shrimp resource in Palk Bay.

Virtual Idol Fan Culture: The "Third Space" of The Digital Age

Virtual idol fan groups have gradually integrated with mainstream culture from the initial subcultural tribes, and formed a mature virtual idol fan group regional chain. The fan group space it creates not only carries specific commercial purposes, but also is a social collective memory and imagination community. The fan group regards virtual idols as totems for gathering, and individuals with values and resonance play their respective roles in the fan group. The various spatial members in the group are worth exploring. This article analyzes the most popular virtual idols and discusses the universality of attraction aggregation maintenance in the fan group space. It also studies the dissemination logic of the spatial form of virtual idol fan groups in the internet era.