Matter Yield Research Articles

ANALISIS DETERMINAN VOLUME PERDAGANGAN SUKUK NEGARA RITEL SERI SR-007

<p><em>Trading volume of retail sukuk is the number of sheets of the State retail sukuk listed on the stock exchange. The country's retail sukuk issued to finance a deficit Budget of income and Expenditure of the State (STATE BUDGET) the purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the influence of internal factors and external factors against a trading volume of sukuk country retail series SR-007. This research uses descriptive kuantitaif approach. Researchers use the data monthly April 2015 period until March 2018. The variables used in this study is the price, the Yield to Maturity (YTM), exchange rates, For the results of Mudharabah Deposits, the BI rate, inflation and trading Volume of Sukuk Retail Series SR-007. The research analytical tool is Vector Error Correction models (VECM) using Eviews 9. The results of this research show that there is a short-term relationship between variables that influence positive YTM against trading volume of sukuk retail series SR-007. In a long term relationship variables YTM, the exchange rate, the BI Rate, and inflation provide a positive influence against the trading volume of sukuk retail series SR-007. Variable YTM on long term negative effect against the trading volume of sukuk retail series SR-007.</em></p>

Correction and standardization of critical limit of zinc for maize (Zea mays L.) crop: Bangladesh perspective

Critical limit (CL) determination of zinc (Zn) is very important for predicting response of maize crop to its application in soils and for the crop’s actual fertilizer requirement. This study was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, to determine the CL of Zn for maize grown in 20 soils collected from the five Agro–Ecological Zones during January to March, and April to June of 2017. The available Zn content of soils and maize biomass were estimated utilizing the extraction method with 0.005 M diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). During January to March and April to June 2017, the amount of DTPA extractable Zn in different soils ranged from 0.60–3.25 mg kg−1 and 0.50–1.68 mg kg−1, respectively. During both periods of crop growth (January to March and April to June, 2017), the soil available zinc was negatively significantly correlated with soil pH, available P, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg and positively significantly correlated with relative dry matter (DM) yield. Soil Zn also positively significantly correlated with maize tissue Zn content (r = 0.521*). However, the CL of Zn were estimated to be 0.84 mg kg−1 in soils and 26.1 mg kg−1 in maize tissue for maize cropping as determined by Cate and Nelson’s (1965) graphical procedure. Maize crop may respond to Zn application in soils containing Zn at/below the above level. This data may be used for predicting plant response to Zn fertilizer and development of crop Zn nutrition guide for maximum production.

Effects of vermicompost placement on nutrient use efficiency and yield of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)

ABSTRACTThis study investigated different methods of applying vermicompost (VC), with the aims of improving yield in organic tomato production and decrease the amount of fertiliser required. Three methods of placement (application) of the VC were used in the field trial: a) VC placed in a row on the soil surface with incorporation behind the planting lines (R), b) broadcast in the field (B), and c) in the transplant hole under the root plug of the transplant (U). As a second factor, VC was applied at three different rates of application (3, 6 and 9 t ha−1 for R and B, and 2, 4 and 6 t ha−1 for U). In both years, the different rates and placement methods had no significant effect on the fresh yield of tomatoes. However, in 2015, the treatment with the higher rate and the U placement of the VC increased the dry matter (DM) yield of the plants by up to 48% (8.4 t ha−1). Evidently, treatments with the U method had 23 % higher nitrogen (N) uptake (156 kg ha−1) compared with the treatments where VC was broadcast in the field (121 kg ha−1). In 2015, the N use efficiency was significantly higher for the U method (102%) compared with the R and B methods (38 and 34%, respectively) and the phosphorous and potassium use efficiency followed a similar pattern. The study demonstrated that the U placement method for VC increased DM yields, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency in organic tomato production.

Integrated Management of Phosphorus, Organic Sources, and Beneficial Microbes Improve Dry Matter Partitioning of Maize

ABSTRACTPhosphorus (P) unavailability and lack of organic matter in the soils under semiarid climates are the two major constraints that negatively influence dry matter partitioning and yield in maize. Three field experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of phosphorus, organic sources and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on dry matter partitioning (DMP) of maize during summer 2014 and 2015. The experiments were carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. The results revealed that application of P at the rate of 75–100 kg P ha−1 for open pollinated variety and 120 kg P ha−1 for hybrid maize was more beneficial in terms of higher DMP and accumulation. Application of compost at sowing time along with poultry manure (5 tons ha−1), 2 weeks before sowing of maize increased DMP significantly. The results further suggested that incorporation of legume (faba bean) residues (10 tons ha−1) 1 month before sowing significantly increased DMP in maize as compared to the incorporation of garlic and paper mulberry residues. The results confirmed that seed inoculation with PSB increases the availability of calcium bound-phosphorus under calcareous soils in semiarid climates hence increased DMP and accumulation, and total maize biomass.

Growth and Productivity of Chickpea Genotypes under Different Soil Moisture Environment

The field experiment was conducted in concrete drought plots at crop physiology field lab, Department of Agronomy at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi season 2017-18 with the objective to study the effect of soil moisture environment on growth and productivity of chickpea genotypes in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. In one block two irrigations one at pre-flowering stage and other at pod development stage were applied and in other block no post sown irrigation was applied. Significantly more number of days were taken to reach various phenological stages, taller plants and higher dry matter accumulation and yield was recorded under irrigated environment in comparison to rainfed environment. Among genotypes, H 13-09 had taken significantly more number of days to 50 percent flowering, 50 percent podding and maturity as compared to other genotypes. Highest seed yield (2097 kg/ha) was recorded in genotypes H 13-36 as compared to other genotypes; however, it was statistically at par with genotypes H 12-63(1979 kg/ha) and H 13-09(2011 kg/ha).

Copper induced iron deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

A pot experiment was conducted to study the interaction effects of phosphorus and copper on wheat. The soils used were calcareous loamy sand (ls) and non calcareous sandy loam (sl). Four levels of Cu (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Cu kg−1 soil) and six levels of P (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg P kg−1 soil) were applied in all possible combinations with three replications. Soil pH decreased with Cu application while Olsen P increased with P application in both soils. Growth and yield of wheat improved significantly with graded levels of applied P. However, when any level of P was combined with 20 mg Cu kg−1 soil, severe iron chlorosis of leaves, a drastic reduction in growth and chlorophyll content was observed in calcareous ls only. The results indicated that it was Cu and not P that induced Fe deficiency in wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil and the Cu requirement of the crop seemed to be much lower in the calcareous ls. Root dry matter, grain and straw yield decreased with increasing levels of applied Cu in ls but in sl maximum increase of 62.5, 74.3 and 63.7 per cent in root, grain and straw yield was observed with a combined application of 400 mg P and 5 mg Cu kg−1 soil over control. Accumulation of Cu in roots decreased the Fe absorption by roots which indicated that Fe chlorosis of wheat leaves is expected when Cu: Fe concentration ratio in root is > 0.30.

Effects of Organic Fertilizer and HB101 Plant Vitalizer on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To study the effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 organic plant vitalizer on the growth and yield components of the BH9 rice variety, a field experiment with 4 x 3 factorial design was conducted at Hong Thai commune, Kien Xuong district, Thai Binh province in 2017 summer season using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Organic fertilizer derived from chicken manure and peat was applied at 3 levels (0 ton ha-1, 4 tons ha-1, and 6 tons ha-1) while the HB101 plant vitalizer was sprayed in 4 levels (0%, 0.015%, 0.025%, and 0.035%; the amount of water to dilute HB101 was 1000 litre ha-1). The application of the organic fertilizer alone and the combination of organic fertilizer and HB101 positively increased the total tiller number, effective tiller number, leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, dry matter accumulation, yield components, and grain yield of rice. There were also differences in the SPAD values (at flowering stage), dry matter weight (at active tillering stage), and 1000 grain weight under the influence of the HB101 solution. The combination of 6 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer and HB101 significantly increased the grain yield as compared to the other treatments, and the highest grain yield (3.03 tons ha-1) was obtained when organic fertilizer (6 tons ha-1) was applied in combination with HB101 plant vitalizer (0.025%).

Liming and Nitrogen Effects on Maize Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

ABSTRACTThe study was aimed to determine the appropriate nitrogen (N) rate to combine with liming for enhanced maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two maize varieties [Ikom White (IKW) and Obatanpa-98 (Oba-98)], two lime rates (0 kg ha−1 and 500 kg ha−1) and three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha−1) were used. The treatments were laid as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The growth attributes, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), harvest index, dry matter, and grain yield increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increases in N rates, especially in plots amended with lime. Oba-98 was better yielding (2.12 versus (vs) 1.88 t ha−1) and absorbed more (P ≤ 0.05) radiation (442.06 vs 409.54 μmol m−2s−1) than IKW. The efficiency indices and partial factor productivity were best optimized at the 90 kg ha−1 N rate with Oba-98 having higher values than IKW. Therefore, liming (500 kg ha−1) plus N at 180 kg ha−1produced the best yield of the hybrid maize, Oba-98.

Yield-Maturity Relationships of Summer Maize from 2003 to 2017 in the Huanghuaihai Plain of China

Information on yield-maturity relationships is important for maize breeding and cultivation, but it is seldom available in geographic zones where there are limited heat resources for summer maize. Two novel systematic crop yield models were put forward in terms of production efficiency. These models as well as three other conventional models were used to analyze the crop yield and maturity dataset of 23,691 records that were collected from the annual reports for the national summer maize zonal trials conducted in the Huanghuaihai Plain of China during 2003 to 2017. (1) Crop yield increases were usually below 14.5 kg/666.7 m2 due to longer maturity days, varying from 1 d to 15 d increments. Maize hybrids with later maturity fell into five categories: statistically significantly less, not significantly less, the same, not significantly more, or statistically significantly more output than their earlier counterparts. (2) Three yield components acted on crop yield gaps in the order of descending effects as kernel number per ear ≈ 1000-kernel weight > ear number per unit land area. (3) Space production efficiency was more important than canopy volume to crop yield. (4) Time production efficiency was dominant and maturity was negligible in crop yield formation. The findings provide insights into yield–maturity relationships in maize and useful information for summer maize breeding and cultivation strategies.

Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Impacts on Soil Nitrate in Potato Production

ABSTRACTParts of the Kern County have high nitrate levels in groundwater. A State Water Resources Control Board commissioned report has indicated that crop land agriculture is the main source of nitrates in the groundwater. Annual rainfall is less than 20 cm, thus irrigation is necessary for optimum crop production. A project was undertaken to evaluate current nitrogen fertility and irrigation scheduling in potato production and their contribution, or lack thereof, to nitrate movement in the soil profile and potential nitrate contamination of groundwater. A line-source sprinkler plot area was established to create soil moisture regimes of 120% of target, target (optimum soil moisture for potato growth) and 80% of target. Pre-plant and post-harvest soil samples were collected to a depth of 2 meters. Plant, root and tuber samples were collected and analyzed for nitrogen content. Soil moisture and irrigation amounts were monitored. Plant dry matter and tuber yield increased with each N rate increase. The high N rate increased plant growth disproportionally to the increased tuber yield. Appropriate irrigation scheduling did not produce water movement beyond the effective potato rooting zone. Excessive irrigation moved soil nitrate deeper into the soil profile.

PENGARUH TINGKAT SUKU BUNGA, BOND RATING, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (DER) TERHADAP YIELD TO MATURITY OBLIGASI KORPORASI DI BEI PERIODE TAHUN 2010-2012.

<p><em>This study aimed to analyze the effects of interest rates, bond rating, company size, and debt to equity ratio (DER) of the yield to maturity (YTM) of corporate bonds in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Previous researches showed different results, therefore, it is necessary to re- study by testing the four variables on the yield to maturity.</em></p><p><em>The population in this study was all corporate bonds listed and traded on the Stock Exchange in the period of 2010-2012. There were 324 bonds. Based on the Purposive sampling criteria, 66 bonds were obtained. The research hypothesis was tested by multiple linear regression (multiple regression) and the analysis tools were company's financial statements, market price of the bond, SBI interest rate and bond ratings.</em></p><p><em>The results showed that the variable interest rates and the debt to equity ratio did not significantly affect the yield to maturity of the bonds. Variable bond rating and company size gave significant</em><em> </em><em>n</em><em>e</em><em>g</em><em>a</em><em>ti</em><em>ve</em><em> </em><em>ef</em><em>f</em><em>ec</em><em>t</em><em>s</em><em> </em><em>ontheyield</em><em> </em><em>t</em><em>omaturity</em><em> </em><em>of</em><em> </em><em>t</em><em>he</em><em> </em><em>bonds.</em><em></em></p>

Effect of Increasing Species Diversity and Grazing Management on Pasture Productivity, Animal Performance, and Soil Carbon Sequestration of Re-Established Pasture in Canadian Prairie.

Simple SummaryCanadian grasslands are recognized for providing high quality forage for grazing livestock and wildlife. The study was conducted on a re-established pasture in a Western Canadian semi-arid climate to investigate the effect of pasture species mixture and grazing management on pasture productivity, animal performance, and soil carbon sequestration. Pasture productivity and animal response were independent of pasture mixture but affected by grazing management. Average pasture dry matter productivity was greater with deferred-rotational grazing while pasture quality and animal gain were higher with continuous grazing. Soil carbon change varied with pasture seed mixture and grazing management interaction where pasture with 7-species mixture under continuous grazing had the lowest soil carbon gain. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of type of pasture mix and grazing management on pasture productivity, animal response and soil organic carbon (SOC) level. Pasture was established in 2001 on 16 paddocks of 2.1 ha that had been primarily in wheat and summer fallow. Treatments consisted of a completely randomized experimental design with two replicates: two pasture mixes (7-species (7-mix) and 12-species (12-mix)) and two grazing systems (continuous grazing (CG) and deferred-rotational grazing (DRG)). Pasture was stocked with commercial yearling Angus steers (Bos Taurus, 354 ± 13 kg) between 2005 and 2014. All pastures were grazed to an average utilization rate of 50% (40% to 60%). Average peak and pre-grazing pasture dry matter (DM) yield and animal response were independent of pasture seed mixture but varied with grazing management and production year. Average peak DM yield was 26.4% higher (p = 0.0003) for pasture under DRG relative to CG (1301 kg ha−1). However, total digestible nutrient for pasture under DRG was 4% lower (p < 0.0001) as compared to CG (60.2%). Average daily weight gain was 18% higher (p = 0.017) for CG than DRG (0.81 kg d−1), likely related to higher pasture quality under CG. Soil carbon sequestration was affected by seed mixture × grazing system interaction (p ≤ 0.004). Over the fourteen years of production, pasture with 7-mix under CG had the lowest (p < 0.01) average SOC stock at 15 cm (24.5 Mg ha−1) and 30 cm depth (42.3 Mg ha−1). Overall, the results from our study implied that increasing species diversity for pasture managed under CG may increase SOC gain while improving animal productivity.

Phosphorus requirement for irrigated bush beans production on coastal plain soils

Economic agricultural production of coastal plain sandy soils requires intensive nutrient and irrigation management. Optimization of nitrogen and phosphorus applications will bring environmental sustainability also to the production. A greenhouse study was conducted on irrigated sandy soils with bush beans comparing six different phosphorus (P) rates set in completely randomized blocks with four replications during 2016 and 2017 to determine optimum P requirement. Soil and tissue nutrients, plant height, dry matter, and relative yield (RY) data were collected. Agronomic Use Efficiency (AUE) was calculated. Highest RY and AUE were recorded at 53 or 59 kg ha−1 of P application rates, above which there was no response. A negative P: zinc (Zn) impact was also documented. A maximum soil application rate of 59 kg P ha−1 can be suggested as adequate to optimize the yield of bush beans produced on coastal plain sandy soils of the southeastern United States.

Forage production, economic performance indicators and beef cattle nutritional suitability of multispecies annual crop mixtures in northwestern Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT A 2-year field study compared annual crop mixtures and monoculture cereal crops (controls) for forage yield and quality value for beef cattle production. Each of the mixtures consisted of 2 to 9 crop species. The cropping treatments investigated significantly influenced (P < 0.05) forage dry matter (DM) yield, quality and economic performance parameters. Forage DM yield was up to 9.25 t/ha for the mixtures compared to 7.72 t/ha for the control crops. Forage yield advantage from mixtures was up to 50% over controls. Forage crude protein (CP) was >13.0% for most mixtures, while CP for controls was ≤12.0%. All mixtures and controls mostly exceeded the suggested required levels of K, Mg, Na, S, Fe and Zn for beef cattle. The four top ranked mixtures in terms of marginal returns and benefit/cost ratio were mixtures #4, 8, 10 and 12 in that order. Study results demonstrated that growing a minimum of 3 annual crops, rather than 1 or 2 crops, increased forage production and offered a forage-based diet that, which in most cases, was able to adequately meet the nutritional requirements of beef cattle. The mixture with the highest forage yield consisted of crops from 3 different species categories: Poaceae, Leguminosae and Brassicaceae.

Influence of sea weed bioformulations on improving yield of plant and ratoon crop of sugarcane

The effect of seaweed bio-formulations on the growth and development, quality and yield response of plant and ratoon was tested in the papular variety Co 86032 by conducting field experiment during 2017–18 at farmer's field (Plant crop) in larger scale and ratoon crop experiment conducted at Bannari Amman Sugar factory, Sathiyamangalum. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The foliar spray of Seaweed bioformulations namely, LBD @ one ml/L, LBD @ 0.5 ml/L, LBS 6 @ one ml/L was given thrice during formative phase (30, 60 and 90 DAP) of plant and ratoon crop. The results of both the experiments indicated that the foliar application of seaweed formulations with different concentrations significantly improved growth parameters and yield attributes compared to control plants. In plant crop, among the seaweed extract formulations tested, LBS 6 @ one ml/L recorded comparatively higher yield attributes viz., internodes length (24.7%), cane length (26.2%), cane thickness (16.2%), single cane weight (10.0%) and cane yield (105.5 t/ha) compared to control with 23.5% increase in yield over control. This treatment also recorded higher economic net returns (Rs. 1,13,702 ha−1) with benefit cost ratio of 1.60. In ratoon crop, Among the seaweed extract formulations tested, LBS 6 @ one ml/L recorded significantly higher the plant height (253 cm), LAI (4.21), SPAD value (38.4) and total dry matter production (81.3 tones/ha), yield attributes and cane yield (154.9 tones/ha) compared to other treatments studied. It was found that sugarcane cane yield was increased significantly by 19.1% over control. This treatment also recorded higher economic returns (Rs. 2, 43,706/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.23).

Effect of meat and bone meal (MBM) and Bacillus subtilis on the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and white mustard biomass

The aim of this pot experiment was to determine the effect of increasing rates of meat and bone meal (MBM), applied alone or in combination with a microbial preparation containing Bacillus subtilis (FITOdoctor), on the growth of Sinapis alba L.. Dry matter (DM) yield, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content of white mustard were determined, together with the mineral N (Nmin) and available P content of soil. The application of FITOdoctor to the soil improved white mustard yield only during the second growing season. Second-harvest white mustard biomass had a significantly lower content of N and P than first-harvest biomass. The highest MBM rate significantly increased the Nmin content of soil. Nitrogen uptake by plants and N concentration in biomass were highest in the treatments with the highest mineral N content of soil. Similar relationships were observed for P whose uptake by plants was also affected by B. subtilis in two treatments (NPK, 0.8% MBM). MBM is a valuable N and P fertilizer, whereas B. subtilis has varied effects.

Growth characteristics and Productivity of Italian Ryegrass (&lt;i&gt;Lolium multiflorum&lt;/i&gt; Lam.) New Variety, ‘Green Call’

This experiment was conducted to breed a very early maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 2015-2017. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, ‘Green call 2ho’ is a diploid variety with green in leaf color and has semi-erect growth habit in late autumn and erect growth habit in early spring, ‘Green call 2ho’ was in heading date as a early-maturing variety April 24. Also ‘Green call 2ho’ was narrower by 2 mm in flag leaf width, longer by 2.5 cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 3 cm in plant height than those of the control variety, ‘Florida 80’, respectively. ‘Green call 2ho’ was also thicker by 0.33 mm in stem thickness and strong in winter hardness. Dry matter (DM) yield (11,688 kg/ha) of ‘Green call 2ho’ was 7% higher than that of ‘Florida 80’. Total digestible nutrient (TDN), crude protein (CP) and relative feed value (RFV) of ‘Green call 2ho’ were 61.3 %, 9.8 % and 98.2, respectively which are 2.6, 0.6, and 8.4 % higher, respectively than those of ‘Florida 80’, respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of ‘Green call 2ho’ were 34.9 and 58.5 % which are 3.3 and 2.7 % lower than those of ‘Florida 80’, respectively.

Impact of integrated potassium management on plant growth, dry matter partitioning and yield of different maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Impact of integrated potassium management on plant growth, dry matter partitioning and yield of different maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Forage Production and Economic Performance of Pasture Rejuvenation Methods in Northern Alberta, Canada

Producing high quality forage and maintaining productive pastures is a major challenge that beef producers encounter, as rejuvenation is a complex and costly challenge. This is part of a series of papers looking at potential options and methods of rejuvenation to improve the productivity of older forage stands in northern Alberta. The methods of rejuvenation investigated were sub-soiling, break &amp; re-seeding, a combination of manure application plus subsoiling, high stock density grazing, bale grazing, pasture rest, as well as direct seeding in spring and fall. In this series, forage dry matter (DM) yield, forage nutritive value and economic performance are presented and discussed. The top 5 forage DM yielders were bale grazing, manure + subsoil in fall, break &amp; re-seeding, high stock density grazing and fertilizer application in that order. In both years, bale grazing consistently produced higher forage DM yield than other methods including control, with bale grazing giving up to 100% higher yield at site-1 and 219% at site- 2 for the 2-year total forage DM. Most forage nutritive value parameters measured were similar for the rejuvenation methods investigated. A simplified economic analysis done in this study showed that the direct input cost of rejuvenation an old forage stand was higher with the break &amp; re-seeding method than other methods. However, for bale grazing, when the cost of hay bales used was factored in, then the cost of bale grazing far exceeded those of other methods including break &amp; re-seeding. The implications of the results obtained in this study in relation to beef cattle production system are highlighted.

Root plasticity under fluctuating soil moisture stress exhibited by backcross inbred line of a rice variety, Nipponbare carrying introgressed segments from KDML105 and detection of the associated QTLs

In rainfed lowland rice ecosystem, rice plants are often exposed to alternating recurrences of waterlogging and drought due to erratic rainfall. Such soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) which is completely different from simple or progressive drought could be stressful for plant growth, thereby causing reduction in yield. Root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation under such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in dry matter production and yield under SMF using Nipponbare, KDML 105 and three backcross inbred lines (BILs) and to identify QTL(s) associated with root traits in response to SMF at two growth stages using Nipponbare/KDML105 F2 plants. A BIL, G3-3 showed higher shoot dry matter production and yield than Nipponbare due to its greater ability to maintain stomatal conductance concomitant with greater root system development caused by promoted production of nodal and lateral roots under SMF. QTLs were identified for total nodal root length, total lateral root length, total root length, number of nodal roots, and branching index under SMF at vegetative and reproductive stages. The QTLs detected at vegetative and reproductive stages were different. We discuss here that relationship between root system of G3-3 and the detected QTLs. Therefore, G3-3 and the identified QTLs could be useful genetic materials in breeding program for improving the adaptation of rice plants in target rainfed lowland areas.