Matrouh Governorate Research Articles

IMPACT OF ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS) EXTRACTS ON TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED RATS

This study evaluated the activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) plant extracts on Trypanosomaevansi infection compared to diminazene aceturate drug (DA). Eight extracts wereprepared at concentrations of 4, 10, & 20mg/ml (four from leaves and four from stem bark) ofthe rosemary plant collected from Matrouh Governorate. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethylalcohol, and distilled water were used in order of increasing polarity. Phytoscreening of thoseextracts and their toxicity were assessed. In vitro & in vivo studies evaluated T. evansi viabilitypost treatment and the efficiency of different extracts. Also, for potential hematological and biochemicalabnormalities that may be associated with the administration of different treatments.The results showed that the phytochemical screening showed significant differences (p≤0.05)between leaves and stem bark components. Extract of 20mg/ml in vitro affected activity of T.evansi more than others but, less than diminazene aceturate without acute toxicity. Statisticalanalysis corroborated anti-trypanosomal activity-specifically correlated to treatment based onsolvent type and plant part extracted. In vivo results showed a significant reduction in infectioninducedalterations in treated groups compared to untreated healthy group. Some extracts didnot achieve complete restoration of some selected biochemical indices to a pre-infection state.

The Role of Agricultural Extension in Diffusion and Adoption of Biological Control Methods for Tomato Growers in Villages of Matrouh Governorate

This research aimed to define the role of agricultural extension in the process of Diffusion and adoption of biological control methods among tomato growers in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, and also to define the relationship between their role in agricultural extension in Diffusion and adopting biological Control methods for tomato growers and some independent variables .The research was conducted in Matrouh Governorate using a random sample of 323 farmers, representing 16% of the total research cohort amounting to 2050 farmers; the data were collected using a questionnaire in September 2019. Data wereanalyszed using a statistical program, arithmetic mean, and the simple correlation coefficient of Pearson (r). The results are also presented in tabular form using frequencies and percentages.The main results of the research are as follows:the majority of farmers (82.97%) stated that the role of agricultural extension in diffusion and adoption methods of biological control among tomato growers was low, while 15.17% said that agricultural extension plays an intermediate role and 1.86% said it played a key role.There is a positivecorrelation at the 0.01 level of significance between the level of farmers' adoption of biological control methods as an dependent variable and each of the following independent variables: participation in local development organizations, social participation, satisfaction with life in the region, and attitudes towards agricultural innovations; and there is a positive correlation at the 0.05 level of significance with the levels of modernization and farmers' education.

A STUDY OF CLIMATE CHANGES IMPACT ON THE QUANTITIES OF WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION

The assessment of water needs is one of the key elements in the development of the water budget Which is a very important issue in the field of irrigation. Assessing the water needs is the first essential step to develop future development plans and planning the strategic planning of irrigation projects. This paper presents a study on the irrigation water needs and the impact of climate change on the quantities of water used for irrigation. This study was conducted on three crops in Marsa Matrouh, which are banana, sweet pepper and potato. The method used to do so is “Cropwat” based on some input information such as climate, rain, crop, soil and crop pattern for the study area. The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo was calculated with the following basic data temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind speed. In this study, crop coefficients (Kc) were applied to different growth stages of crops (banana, sweet pepper, and potato) to control and estimate actual evaporation ETc through the through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed the annual (ETo) was estimated at 1109.6 mm. The lowest daily value of ETo of 1.37 mm, was observed in December month, while the highest value 4.51 mm was observed in June. One of the factors that affect the increase in evapotranspiration (ETo) and thus the irrigation needs is temperature, as it has a great direct impact on plants. An important factor in the occurrence of soil moisture is precipitation, as this process plays a major role in increasing crop productivity. Through The crop evapotranspiration ETc and the crop irrigation requirements calculations, irrigation projects can then be scheduled in different seasons for water use efficiency based on these results. The net irrigation demand, the gross irrigation demand and irrigation interval for the various crops grown have been computed. In this paper, the author briefed using CR+OPWAT 8.0 to assess the water needs and provide general guidance to produce three kinds of crops banana crop, sweet pepper crop, and potato crop, all in Ma-trouh Governorate located in the north coast in Egypt. يعتبر تقييم الاحتياجات المائية أحد العناصر الأساسية في تطوير الميزانية المائية وهي قضية مهمة للغاية في مجال الري ، وتعد الخطوة الأساسية الأولى لتطوير خطط التنمية المستقبلية والتخطيط الاستراتيجي لمشاريع الري. يقدم هذا البحث دراسة عن احتياجات مياه الري وتأثير تغير المناخ على کميات المياه المستخدمة للري. أجريت هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة محاصيل بمحافظة مرسى مطروح وهي الموز والفلفل الحلو والبطاطس. الطريقة المستخدمة للقيام بذلک هي Cropwat بناء على بعض المعلومات مثل المناخ والمطر والمحاصيل والتربة ونمط المحاصيل لمنطقة الدراسة. تم استخدام طريقة Penman-Monteith لتقدير وحساب ETo باستخدام البيانات الأساسية درجة حرارة ، والرطوبة ، وضوء الشمس وسرعة الرياح ، تم تطبيق معاملات المحاصيل (Kc) على مراحل النمو المختلفة للمحاصيل (الموز والفلفل الحلو والبطاطس) لحساب التبخر الفعلي ETc من خلال التوازن المائي لمتطلبات مياه الري. أظهرت النتائج أن (ETo) السنوي قدر بـ 1109,6 ملم. لوحظ أدنى قيمة يومية لـ ETo عند 1,37 ملم ، في شهر ديسمبر ، بينما لوحظ أعلى قيمة 4,51 ملم في يونيو. من العوامل التي تؤثر على زيادة التبخر النتح (ETo) وبالتالي احتياجات الري هي درجة الحرارة ، وايضا تعتبر الأمطار من العوامل المهمة في حدوث عملية رطوبة التربة ، حيث تلعب هذه العملية دورا رئيسيا في زيادة إنتاجية المحاصيل. بناء على النتائج من خلال ETc وحسابات متطلبات ري المحاصيل ، يمکن بعد ذلک جدولة الري وتحديد الفترات بين الريات. في هذا البحث تم استخدام CROPWAT 8.0 لتقييم الاحتياجات المائية ومدي تأثير التغيرات المناخية عليها وتقديم إرشادات عامة لإنتاج ثلاثة أنواع من محاصيل الموز ، الفلفل الحلو ، البطاطس ، وکلها في محافظة مطروح منطقة الدراسة الواقعة في الساحل الشمالي في مصر.

Application of Water Safety Plans to Improve Desalination Water Supply at Matrouh Governorate, Egypt

water resources in Egypt - represented by the Nile water, renewable groundwater, and some scant annual precipitation- have been exhausted. Further development measures require a review of current water allocations in order to raise efficiencies and protect against pollution, in addition to exploring new options of nonconventional water resources to narrow the gap between water supply and demand. This paper aims to provide the steps and evaluate the impact of the implementation of WSP for a desalination supply system in Matrouh governorate, as one of the northern areas in Egypt that suffer from water shortage. Based on the outputs of the study two layers (institutional and operational) have significant improvement in terms of coordination between stakeholders internally and externally. Internally, a complete description of the water supply chain has been done that led to proper corrective actions assigned to definite members of the WSP team. Externally coordination through group meetings and negotiation has also been achieved. Finally, this research concluded that water desalination as a conventional water resource should be considered as an imperative measure for water security in Egypt. Besides effort should be done to encourage the participation of the customers which is essential in such cases of highly costly water that needs rationalization of use and cost acceptance.

An Economic study for Climate Change Impact on Wheat production in the Northern West Coast Region of Egypt

This paper aimed to examine the impact of climate change on wheat productivity in the five rains- fed districts: El-Negaila, Sidi Barrani, El-Daba'a, Marsa Matrouh, and EL-Alamain in the northern west coast of Egypt in which the cultivated wheat area represents about 41.4% of wheat area in Matrouh Governorate (1990-2019). The productivity is fluctuated between 1.167 to 13.38 Ardab/Fadden accompanied with the fluctuation in precipitation between 24.35 to 115.10 MM3/Season, and fluctuation of average difference between Max. Min. temperature from 8.07 to 7 oC. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) technique was applied to investigate the relationship between wheat productivity and the independent variables (precipitation, temperature, cultivated area, labor and technology). OLS function showed that the model suffers from endogenity and heteroscedasticity. LLC and IPS statistics of panel unit root test proved that the included variables have unit root, i.e. they are non-stationary at level. Pedroni panel residual cointegration test confirmed the long run relationship between the first-order integrated variables [I (1)]. FMOLS function proved that natural climatic variables are the main determinants of wheat productivity, as a 1% increase in annual rainfall improves wheat productivity significantly by 3.3%, while temperature affects the wheat productivity negatively by 5.7%. The far west districts are the most affected by rainfall, as 1% increase of rainfall in EL-Negaila and Sidi- Barrani districts increase wheat productivity by 8.4%, 5.1% respectively. Results in all districts except EL-Negaila and Sidi Barrani showed the extent of labor intensification to enhance productivity, also all districts showed the importance of technical improvements. It is recommend adopting water policy as rain harvesting, building stone dykes and cisterns to provide: 355.5, 301.7, 287.9, 339.8, and 245.8 MM3/Fadden in El-Negaila, Sidi Barrani, EL-Daba'a, Marsa Matrouh, and EL-Alamain districts respectively to improve wheat yield to 12 Ardab/Fadden under drought climate of north coast

Impact of organic manure on fruit set, fruit retention, yield, and nutritional status in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. "Wonderful") under water and mineral fertilization deficits.

This research was conducted on mature pomegranate (Punica granatum L. “Wonderful”) trees growing at a site located in North Coast, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt. The aim was to investigate the impacts of different irrigation regimes in combination with different fertilizer regimes on the fruit set, fruit retention, yield, and nutritional status of the trees. The experimental factors were arranged in a split-plot design, with four replicates per treatment combination. The results indicated that all of the characteristics measured, including leaves nutritional status, percentages of fruit set, fruit drop, fruit retention, fruit cracking, fruit sunburn, and marketable fruit, and yield were significantly affected by the interaction between the irrigation treatment which denoted by percentages of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and fertilizer regime. The application of 75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic manure under deficit irrigation of 80% ETo increased the yield by an average of 18.23% over the 2 years compared with 100% mineral fertilization under full irrigation, while 50% mineral fertilizer + 50% organic matter under 80% ETo gave the maximum percentage of marketable fruit (86.23% and 86.84% in 2018 and 2019, respectively). The maximum water use efficiency was obtained with the 80% ETo treatment combined with 75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic manure in both seasons with values of 9.69 and 10.06 kg/m3 applied water, respectively. These results demonstrate that under the field conditions at the experimental site, the fruit set and retention could be improved by applying a reduced amount of mineral fertilizer in combination with organic manure and less irrigation water.

برنامج قائم على اللعب لتحسين الثقة بالنفس لدى الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم the Effectiveness of Playing Based Program in Enhancing Self – Confidence in Educable Mentally Handicapped Children

هدفت الدراسة الى الکشف عن فعالية برنامج قائم على اللعب لتحسين الثقة بالنفس لدى الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم، وتکونت عينة الدراسة من عدد (20) طفلا من الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم الملحقين بالمدرسة الفکرية بمحافظة مطروح، قسمت عينة الدراسة الي مجموعتين: المجموعة التجريبية (10) أطفال، والمجموعة الضابطة (10) أطفال، من الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم، تراوحت أعمارهم ما بين (9- 12)، وتراوحت نسب ذکائهم ما بين (50- 70)، واستخدمت الباحثة في الدراسة المنهج التجريبي ذو المجموعتين، وتمثلت أدوات الدراسة في: اختبار ستانفورد بينيه للذکاء- النسخة الخامسة (طبق بمعرفة الأخصائي النفسي بالمدرسة)، مقياس الثقة بالنفس للمعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم (إعداد الباحثة)، وبرنامج قائم على اللعب لتحسين الثقة بالنفس لدى عينة من المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم. (إعداد الباحثة)، وأسفرت نتائج الدراسة عن وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي رتب درجات الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم أفراد المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في الثقة بالنفس بعد تطبيق البرنامج، مما يعني تحسن الثقة بالنفس لدى أطفال المجموعة التجريبية المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم بعد تطبيق البرنامج التدريبي باللعب، إضافة إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي رتب درجات الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم أفراد المجموعة التجريبية في الثقة بالنفس بين التطبيقين البعدي والتتبعي، مما يشير إلى استمرارية أثر البرنامج التدريبي باللعب في تحسين الثقة بالنفس لدى الأطفال المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم بعد مرور فترة شهر على تطبيق البرنامج. الکلمات المفتاحية : العلاج باللعب، الثقة بالنفس، المعاقين فکريا القابلين للتعليم. the Effectiveness of Playing Based Program in Enhancing Self – Confidence in Educable Mentally Handicapped Children Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of playing based Program in enhancing Self – Confidence in Educable Mentally handicapped children, the sample of the study consisted of (20) children from Educable Mentally handicapped children who joined mental school, matrouh Governorate, The sample is divided into two groups: the experimental group (10) and control group (10) children Educable Mentally handicapped children aging between (9-12) years, and their IQ. ratios ranged between (50-70), semi-experimental method with Experimental design with two groups, The researchers used the following tools: Stanford Bennie scale ; Self Confidence scale (prepared by researcher) ; The playing based Program designed to study (prepared by researcher) , And the results Reveal that The presence of statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the intellectually disabled children who are able to learn members of the experimental and control groups in self-confidence after implementing the program,This means an improvement in the self-confidence of the children of the experimental group who are intellectually disabled who are able to learn after applying the training program with play,In addition to the absence of statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the intellectually disabled children who are able to learn, the members of the experimental group in self-confidence between the post and sequential applications, which indicates the continuity of the effect of the training program by playing in improving the self-confidence of intellectually disabled children who are able to learn after a period of one month On the program application. Key Words : Play therapy, self-confidence, intellectually disabled able to learn

A study of the impact of production capacity on the economic efficiency of sheep breeding and fattening activity in Matroh governorate

The research aimed at studying the economic efficiency of sheep farming activity and the efficiency of the use of productive resources in various production capacities in Matrouh governorate under the available production conditions and the possibility of development and expansion of those activities to achieve agricultural development. The most important of which can be limited to the following: - The total costs of raising sheep per head in the sample of the study at the initial, second and third capacity amounted to about 2296, 2252, 2207.5 pounds per head each and reached the lowest in the third production capacity followed by the second and then initial production capacity respectively, and with a rate of rise of about 2.02%, 4% Compared to their third production capacity respectively. - The changing costs of raising sheep per head at the initial, second and third capacity amounted to about 2256, 2222, 2177.5 pounds each and reached the lowest in the third production capacity followed by the second and then the initial capacity of each, and with a rate of increase of about 2.04%, 3.6% compared to the third capacity each in a row. - The government's ability to meet the basic standards of the state of the economy is a major source of income. A- Net return: reached above in the third production capacity followed by the second capacity and then the initial with an average return of about 197, 71.8, 10.95 thousand pounds each for each of them respectively. B- Profitability of the pound spent: reached above in the third production capacity followed by the second capacity and then the initial capacity with an average of about 1.44, 1.32, 1.19 capacity production capacities respectively, and at a rate of change of about 21.11, 9.66% for the third production capacity compared to the initial capacity and second respectively, and at a rate of change It was about 10.44% of the second production capacity compared to the initial production capacity. -With regard to the estimation of the distributional efficiency of the productive capacities of sheep breeding, it was found to be about 0.859 for the third production capacity, followed by the second and initial capacity of 0.843, 0.819 each, respectively, which means that these resources operate efficiently at about 85.9, 84.3 and 81.9% each. The arrangement, and there is overuse of use decreases by increasing the size of the production capacity and in the case of the distribution of those resources used to produce the same amount of breeding for sheep, this leads to the provision of about 14.1, 15.7, 18.1% each of them in order of the total costs of resources used in production. - By estimating the economic efficiency of the production capacities of sheep breeding, it was found to be about 0.806 for the third production capacity, followed by the second and initial capacity with an average of about 0.767, 0.726 each respectively, meaning that it operates at an economic efficiency volume equivalent to about 80.6, 76.7, 72.6% of its capacity. Indicating a higher economic efficiency of the third capacity than the second and initial capacity.

Physicochemical Analysis, Fatty Acid Composition and Heavy metals of olive oil obtained from different mills in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt

Physicochemical Analysis, Fatty Acid Composition and Heavy metals of olive oil obtained from different mills in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt

Effect of some natural products on productivity and some pests of cabbage

The study were conducted during two consecutive seasons of 2018 and 2019 in a private farm at Marsa Matrouh Governorate which located in on Egypt northwest Mediterranean coast (latitude 31o 21’ N, longitude 27o 14’ E) to evaluate the effects of Kaolin (Aluminum phyllosilicate [Al2Si2O5 (OH)4]), Bentonite (Calcium aluminosilicate [Al2O3SiO2H2O]), Atabouglite (Magnesium aluminosilicate [Al2Mg3O18Si6]) products as well as chloropyrophose pesticide as foliar spraying and potassium fertilizers as soil additives on cabbage growth, yield, quality and pests control. Although foliar spray treatments did not have any significant effect on growth characters, chemical insecticide treatment produced the highest average head weight and highest yield compared with other foliar spray treatments. High rate of potassium supply as 75 kg gave the best value of growth and yield as well as quality characters followed by 50 kg then 25 kg compared with control treatment which produced the lowest values. Cabbage plants treated as foliar spraying with atabouglite, kaoline formulations exhibited high decrease of aphid population compared with bentonite application which gave the least potential towards adult of aphid insects. Also, atabouglite had a superior effect on average cumulative cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) infestations of leaves and larvae followed by Kaolin. Bentonite had the lowest effect. While, chloropyrophos (chemical treatment) reduced the infestations in highly effect compared with all treatments.

Effect of Soil Solarization and Bio-fertilization on Strawberry Production and pathogenic Fungi under Siwa Oases Conditions

The present study was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in the experimental station, desert research center at Siwa oasis, Marsa Matrouh Governorate to evaluate the effect of soil solarization and bio-fertilization on soil borne microorganisms, weed characters, growth, yield and quality of strawberry. The experiment included two solarization treatments (solarize and non-solarize) and five bio-fertilizers treatments (Bio-fertilizers alone, bio-fertilizers + 0.25 mineral fertilizers, bio-fertilizers + 0.5 mineral fertilizers, bio-fertilizers + 0.75 mineral fertilizers as well as the traditional treatment as a control. The results indicated that, soil solarization increased average soil temperature and eradicated most annual broad and narrow-leaved weeds, increased microorganisms population and reduced rotted fruit caused by pythium or phytophthora as well as increasing of strawberry growth early yield and yield. Traditional treatment produced the highest yield followed by bio-fertilizers treatments with 0.75, 0.50 and 0.25 percent of chemical fertilizers compared with bio-fertilzers alone. On the other hand, bio- fertilizers produced the highest fruit quality and gave the lowest values of rotted fruits.

SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF JOB MOBILITY FROM HERDING AND FARMING TO TOURISM

This study mainly aims to study of Social and Physical Features of Job Mobility from herding and farming to tourism of the Bedouin oasis of Siwa in Matrouh governorate by identifying the indicators and type of professional mobility of the researchers in the Bedouin community of professions (grazing, agriculture, tourism), and identifying and proposing the most important problems facing those working in Siwa and their proposal to solve them. The research was based on the method of social survey in the sample, were selected 100 research, the research was based on the method of social survey in the sample. And results showed: 1- That the economic process is a major driver of professional mobility in Bedouin society with an average of )76.08( in favor of the tourism. 2- The results showed that there is a rise in professional mobility among the researchers and by (33%) Of the total sample for the tourism profession. 3- It is clear from the results that the profession has an important role in the event the social status of people, the total with a weighted average of percent (78.10) in favor of the tourism profession. 4- The results of the study showed that education is a major driver of professional mobility in Bedouin society with a weighted average of percent (62.33) in favor of the tourism profession. The study recommends increasing the work of development projects in the study area in the field of tourism, so the study recommends attention to education in the Bedouin community in various types to create a generation of multi-talented and skills needed by the workforce in the desert community.

Infection rate and molecular characterization of Echidnophaga gallinacea in chickens from Matrouh Governorate, Egypt.

Echidnophaga gallinacea is the sticktight flea of chickens. It causes dermatitis and ulcers in the skin and carries some disease-causing agents such as Rickettsia and Bartonella. This study was conducted to detect the infection rate and elucidate the molecular characterization of E. gallinacea in chickens from El-Dabaa City, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt. The fleas were collected from infected chickens and identified morphologically. The internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene PCR method was used for molecular characterization. Based on the morphology, the collected fleas were confirmed as E. gallinacea. The overall infection rate was 5%, with 4.5% in female and 10% in male chickens. ITS-1 PCR revealed a specific band of 488bp. The ITS-1 gene sequence from Egypt occurred in the same phylogenetic clade as that from Cameroon, with a percentage identity of 98.47%.

Evaluation of Productivity and Quality of Romaine and Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Under Siwa Conditions تقیییم الانتاجیة والجودة لخس الرومین والایسبرج تحت ظروف سیوة

The trailswere conducted during two consecutive seasons (2017 - 2018 and 2018-2019) in open field at Siwa Experimental Farm Station, at latitude 29o 12’ N, longitude 25o 29’E and 18 meters below sea level, Marsa Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of three plant density and spraying of two calcium concentrates on growth, yield and quality of two lettuce types grown at winter seasons. Dark green and Mason cultivars represented of both romaine and iceberg lettuce type were transplanted at plant spacing of 25x20, 25x25 and 25x30 cm to give a plant population about 20, 16 and 13 plants per square meter and treated with 300 or 200 ppm of calcium chelate, as well as control treatment. The results indicated that, in spite of decreasing number of marketable heads per plot, low plant density improved average head weight, head diameter, leaf tip-burn, head compactness, as well as enhancement of nutritional value vs, dry matter, Ascorbic acid, potassium and calcium content. Both calcium treatments have a positive effect on lettuce yield and almost quality characters when compared with control treatment, except, average head weight, head diameter, head compactness, leaf tip-burn and dry matter content, dark green as romaine lettuce type produced highest number of marketable heads per planting area, early yield, highest head of water, ascorbic acid, potassium and calcium content. Egyptian market transplanting showed that romaine lettuce type with high density and calcium foliar spray is recommended.

Social factors related to forming political awareness for Bedouins in Matrouh Governorate

The research aimed to identify the political awareness level and the awareness forming sources of the Bedouin, the relationship between the independent variables and the level of the political awareness, Obstacles to political awareness and proposals to overcome them. A questionnaire in a personal interview was used for the data collection, through sample of 120 of services agricultural workers collecting from villages of the Hammam center, Al Alamein, El Dabaa, were used descriptive statistics, Person correlation coefficient and also the step-wise multiple regression analysis, the study has found many results including: The results clarified that 24% of researched have high political awareness, 42% have moderate awareness and 32% have low awareness. Social media is the most important source of political awareness, 77%, then the tribe, 75%, and educational organizations, 70%. There's positive relationship between the awareness level and the following independent variables: Age, education, income, family members, number, media usage, social media, educational organization, Person correlation coefficient values are: 0.298, 0.750, 0.324, 0.295, 0.558, 0.251, 0.594, 0.558, 0.279, respectively. There are four independent variables explain the difference between the two researched in their political awareness level by 62%. The research obstacles were represented in: Low income by 86%, then the requirements of life exploits all the time 81%, the lack of political development programs by 76%, high levels of illiteracy especially among women 71%. The most important study proposals came in providing jobs 92%, eliminating illiteracy 85%.

A geospatial model for allocating potential urban–industrial zones in a desert: Case study Matrouh, Egypt

Planning for new urban–industrial communities in deserts is a main objective of the Egyptian government. Allocation of such communities should comply with both environmental protection and sustainable consumption of resources. The current study explores such approach, through mapping potential zones for new urban–industrial communities in Matrouh Governorate, Western Desert, Egypt. A spatial multidisciplinary approach has been adopted to facilitate zoning based on satellite data, spatial decision support systems and a geospatial model. Landsat 8, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission in addition to several thematic maps were input for the geospatial model. Three sub-models were created for three themes (visions), two of which were created using spatial multicriteria analysis (land resources and infrastructures), and the third sub-model, namely environmental protection, was created using a binary model. The analytical hierarchy process method was applied to assign relative weights for the resources theme, while the rank-sum method was used for the infrastructure theme. The three sub-models were aggregated to produce the suitability index for three zoning visions. Such index was classified and the highest three suitability values in each suitability index were extracted being the most optimum zones. Such zones are found in the northeastern part of the study area. The most optimum zones amounted to 23,863 km2, 47,707 km2 and 25,474 km2; equivalent to 14.8%, 29.7% and 15.9% for the first, second and third visions, respectively. The resultant maps can be used in site selection, allocation, decisions and for planning new urban communities.

Population Dynamic of Olive Black Scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Infesting Olive Trees in Irrigated Farms in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt

The present study was carried out in Matrouh Governorate during two successive years (February, 2017- February, 2019) to investigate the population density, population age structure, number of generations, seasonal variation and effect of three weather factors (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) onolive black scale, S. oleae infesting olive trees under irrigation system. Results concerning the fortnightly variations of the total monthly counted individuals of S. oleae /5 trees throughout the period of study revealed the presence of six variation periods in two successive years, three in spring months and three in summer months. Considering the population age structure, the immature stage was 83.3 % in 15th February, , decreased to the minimum of 54.4% of total count in 15th September, then the population was increased to constitute a large ratio during autumn and winter months in the first and second growing seasons. The adult females population started with 11.5 % of the total counted individuals in the first season, increased or/and decreased in the next months to reach the maximum of 23.3% in 1st September, then decreased in autumn and winter months. In the second season, the population took the same trend with slight difference in numbers. The gravid female population was more or less higher in March to July in both two growing seasons. The black olive scale has two generations/year according to the immature stage appearance. The first peak of immature stage individuals was recoded in June and the second in August. The seasonal variations in population densities can be ascendingly arranged as, winter, autumn, spring and summer months. The assessed simple correlation values of three weather factors (daily mean temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) with total count of S. oleae individuals were calculated. Temperature was found to have a positive significant effect on the population, while the relative humidity had an insignificant effect. Wind speed had a positive effect on population density of the olive black scale,(S. oleae).

Microbial Assessment of Raw Dromedary Camel Milk in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt

Camel milk is one of the most important sources of nutrition and a cure for the population in many arid regions. Raw camel milk from the healthy lactating camel is nearly sterile at secretion, contamination of milk can take place at any stage of milk production and processing; therefore, it is may lose its quality and safety standards. The aim of this study to evaluate the microbial quality of 100 raw dromedary camel milk samples obtained from markets and farms in Matrouh Governate, Egypt; over 4 months (from October 2019 to January 2020). The mean pH values of raw dromedary camel milk samples collected from markets and farms were 6.41±0.13 and 6.42±0.15, respectively. Only 7 (14%) and 2 (4%) of the examined samples did not comply with DK standards. The respective mean count (log10 CFU/ml) of aerobic bacterial, psychrotrophic bacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Coliforms, Enterococci and yeast were 7.61 ± 0.83; 7.72 ± 0.70; 4.50 ± 1.69; 7.44 ± 0.51; 5.27 ± 0.45 and 5.45 ± 0.68 in market milk samples while in farm milk were 5.10 ± 1.67; 5.04 ± 1.19; 2.70 ± 1.46; 4.75 ± 0.92; 3.11 ± 1.28 and 3.61 ± 0.84. Most of the examined raw camel market milk was regarded as grade III (< 6.30 log10 CFU/ ml) according to DK standards for the aerobic bacterial count (68%) and Coliforms count (54%). E. coli (24%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (18%) were the most predominant Coliforms isolated from examined samples. These germs can limit the keeping quality and safety of raw camel milk. There is a requisite to improve the hygienic state and providing adequate sanitary procedures from the point of production until milk consumption.

Response of Some Wheat Cultivars to Sowing Dates and Biofertilizers under North West Coast of Egypt

TWO FIELD experiments were conducted during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 winter seasons at Fuka Research Station, Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Matrouh University, Matrouh Governorate (North West Coast of Egypt, N= 31o 04 ', E= 27o 54 '). This work aimed to evaluate the response of three wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) i.e.; Misr 2, Giza 168 and Sids 12 cultivars under three sowing dates (15th November, 30th November and 15th December and three treatments of biofertilizer (Control, Blue green algae (BGA) “Gorn 19” and Micobine). A split-split plot design with three replicates was used in both seasons. The main plots were devoted to three wheat cultivars and the sub plots were occupied by the three sowing dates whereas, the sub-sub plots were assigned to the three biofertilizer treatment. Field experiment results indicated that under Matrouh condition, Sids 12 cultivar, gave higher values for plant height, No. of grains/spike, 100 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index compare to other cultivars (Misr 2 and Giza 168). In addition, early sowing at Nov, 15 and using BGA as biofertilizer significantly increased all studied characters. Regression analysis for grain yield and yield components, results indicating that the highest effect for delayed sowing was detected for no. of spikes/m2 (-1.37 and -1.40) while, the least effect was estimated for 100 grain weight (-0.86 and -1.54) for two seasons, respectively.

EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NOT WORKING CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN MATRUH GOVERNORATE

Civil society organizations are a facet of volunteerism that occupies the public sphere between society and the state. Civil society can be known as a container that includes all institutions and community-based NGOs that have a clear legal organization and are familiar with the society. The problem of research shows the high percentage of NGOs working for development in general and non-working in particular in Matrouh Governorate compared to Sahara governorates as a civil society organization. Therefore, the research aims to explain the role of these organizations and their contribution to development in Matrouh governorate, and evaluate the role of non-working organizations using the quartet analysis matrix (SWOT Analysis), and analyze the reasons that hinder them from performing their role in Development and re-correction of this role. A descriptive and quantitative analytical approach that is appropriate to the nature of data such as iterations and percentages and the use of quadrilateral or SWOT analysis has been adopted as one of the methods used to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, as well as the formulation of the strategy. Alternative approaches to deal with the current situation of civil society organizations to evaluate them to reach the desired objectives for the success of the organization, using the questionnaire form prepared for this purpose as one of the tools used in the research field, and the research sample of non-governmental organizations working in the centers of Matrouh and Hammam was determined according to the relative importance of their numbers at the level of The governorate has reached 41 associations. One of the most important results of the research shows that the overall performance of the organizations with the internal environment is weak as the total weighted weight is estimated at 2.161. The performance of the association is as follows: The implemented projects are in accordance with the objectives of the regulation. - The members of the board of directors should have experience in the field of civil work. - Regularity in holding regular meetings. - Avoiding the routine in the governmental institutions. Poor communication channels between the association and governmental institutions - Lack of the association's continuous grants for its projects and programs - Weak cash flow for irregular collection of donations and contributions, as well as the fact that the overall performance For organizations with an external environment, the overall weighted average score was 3.272. One of the most important opportunities that could increase the performance of the association is: Access to funding for the activities and projects of some of the financiers - focusing on projects that improve The economic situation of the beneficiaries - increased participation, social awareness and the correction of social concepts increase the number of volunteers in the society, but the most important threats were: tightening the financing conditions by the financiers Consequently, the opportunities for the association - limited by the donor institutions to the objectives of the association - are reduced, and the donations and donations are weak. Therefore, it is recommended that the proposed alternative strategies, namely deflationary and therapeutic strategies, should be applied by the decision makers, taking into account the necessary procedures and taking into account the procedures and needs of the organization. The results are expected to lead to most of these positive and low negative aspects by: Attempting to persuade girls to continue To work after marriage even if it is from their homes to not lose the trained manpower, find permanent channels of communication with government institutions to facilitate all the tasks of the society and its procedures, regularly collect contributions and donations to maintain a fixed budget for the association, facilitate the conditions, procedures and guarantees of funding, as well as attention Increase community awareness about the nature and role of associations. Keywords: NGOs - SWOT Analysis - Matrouh Governorate