Main Clause Research Articles

Some properties of neg-raising in three sign languages

Neg-raising, the phenomenon whereby a negation in the main clause of a complex constructionis interpreted as if belonging to the embedded clause, has been intensivelystudied in spoken languages. The same cannot be said for sign languages. In this paper,we investigate the properties of Neg-raising constructions in three sign languages:French Sign Language, Italian Sign Language, and Sign Language of the Netherlands.We report on two syntactic tests we applied to disambiguate Neg-raising and non-Negraisingreadings, showing that Neg-raising constructions have similar properties in thethree sign languages that we studied, as well as in comparable constructions in spokenlanguages. We also discuss some intricate headshake spreading patterns we found inNeg-raising constructions in Sign Language of the Netherlands, a non-manual dominantsign language.

Strain, Anger, and Violent Behavior of South Korean Adolescents.

Although general strain theory (GST) highlights the mediating role of anger between strain and violent behavior, the extant body of literature has been criticized for lack of rigorous testing of the mediating role of anger and lack of application in different cultural contexts. To cover this research gap, the current study investigated the mediating effect of anger between primary sources of strain of South Korean adolescents (i.e., parental abuse, academic-related strain, and negative relations to teacher) and violent behavior. Using structural equation modeling based on a nationally representative longitudinal dataset (n = 3,120), this study found a significant mediating role of anger in connecting strain and violent behavior of South Korean adolescents. Results from the present study support the main proposition of the GST on the mediating role of anger and its applicability in a cross-cultural context. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Six-year-olds’ comprehension of object-gapped relative clause sentences: Investigating the contribution of NP number mismatch

Comprehension of sentences with a center-embedded, object-gapped relative clause (ORC) is challenging for children as well as adults. Mismatching lexical and grammatical features of subject noun phrases (NPs) across the main clause and relative clause has been shown to facilitate comprehension. Adani et al. concluded that children’s comprehension improved under conditions of NP number mismatch (e.g., singular main clause subject and plural relative clause subject) as compared with NP number match (e.g., both singular subjects). However, their stimuli provided number information on verb phrases (VPs) as well as NPs creating a confound for conclusions about facilitative effects of NP number mismatch. In this study, we isolated the contribution of NP number mismatch. Notably, 32 6-year-olds with typical language participated in a center-embedded, ORC sentence comprehension task with 4 types of stimuli: (a) NP number mismatch without VP number information (NP mismatch only), (b) NP number match without VP number information (NP match only), (c) NP number mismatch with VP number mismatch (NP + VP mismatch), and (d) NP number match with VP number match (NP + VP match). Children selected one of four pictures in an array to a verbally presented relative clause sentence; 56 sentences were presented. The within-subjects comparison for NP mismatch only and NP match only was not significant. However, the within-subjects comparison for NP mismatch only and NP + VP mismatch was significant. Children were more successful in NP + VP mismatch sentence comprehension ([Formula: see text] = 0.70).

The bibliometric landscape of infectious disease research in Panama (1990-2019).

This work aims to analyze the landscape of scientific publications on subjects related to One Health and infectious diseases in Panama. The research questions are: How does the One Health research landscape look like in Panama? Are historical research efforts aligned with the One Health concept? What infectious diseases have received more attention from the local scientific community since 1990? Boolean searches on the Web of Science, SCOPUS and PubMed were undertaken to evaluate the main trends of publications related to One Health and infectious disease research in the country of Panama, between 1990 and 2019. 4546 publications were identified since 1990, including 3564 peer-reviewed articles interconnected with One Health related descriptors, and 211 articles focused particularly on infectious diseases. A pattern of exponential growth in the number of publications with various contributions from Panamanian institutions was observed. The rate of multidisciplinary research was moderate, whereas those of interinstitutional and intersectoral research ranged from low to very low. Research efforts have centered largely on protozoan, neglected and arthropod-borne diseases with a strong emphasis on malaria, Chagas and leishmaniasis. Panama has scientific capabilities on One Health to tackle future infectious disease threats, but the official collaboration schemes and strategic investment to develop further competencies need to be conciliated with modern times, aka the pandemics era. The main proposition here, addressed to the government of Panama, is to launch a One Health regional center to promote multidisciplinary, interinstitutional and intersectoral research activities in Panama and beyond.

한국어 인용절의 논리-의미 관계 연구

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to identify the types of logico-semantic relations that Korean quotation clauses have with their main clauses.
 Methods The clause complexing system of systemic functional linguistics separates the logico-semantic relations of quotation clauses and the Taxis into a optional system. This method can solves the previous problems of mixing the two criteria within the framework of embedded clauses.
 Results First, we argued that the logico-semantic relationship(projection) and clause complexing of quotation clause are independent systems, so that quotation clause can be used as a paratactic, hypotactic, or adverbial clause. we, also, explained that projecting nouns and fact nouns require adjective clauses as complement clause, and some factual cognitive verbs require nominal clauses as complement clause. Second, we explained that Korean quotation clauses can be logically and semantically categorized into locution, idea, and fact projections, respectively. Each of these is governed by the locution verb, the idea verb, and the fact noun in the main clause. In addition, a projecting clause always functions as a proposition or a proposal: thus, projenting clause can be defined as an obligatory bound clause that functions as speech acts of proposition or proposal. Third, from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics, we proposed the morpho-syntactic structures of quotation clauses as paratactic, hypotactic, and adverbial clauses, reflecting the aforementioned logico-semantic types and clause complexing system of quotation clauses.
 Conclusions The clause complexing system of SFL adopted in this paper is expected to provide a more comprehensive explanation than existing grammar theories because it reflects both logical-semantic types and the Taxis.

The Study of the Compound Sentence Structure in the Ephemeral: Breeder

Compound sentence is a combination of two independent clauses which in every clause have their own subject and verb. The aim of this research is to analyze the base structure of compound sentence used in Wattpad story entitled The Ephemeral: Breeder, and the compound sentence analyzed through a tree diagram. This study uses the observation method in collecting the data from the story. In analyzing the data, the writer uses a qualitative method to describe the base sentences in compound sentences. In this study the theory used to analyze the base sentences is the theory from Moeller (2021) about sentence structure. The other theory used is a theory proposed by Brown and Miller (1991) to classify the small unit through a tree diagram. The writer found 88 data over 13 selected chapters in the Wattpad story. Coordinating conjunction and become the most conjunction found in the compound sentences.

Temporal interpretations of negation in Karitiana

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of the particle -ki in Karitiana, which acquires a meaning roughly similar to English ‘before’ when it appears in embedded clauses together with the adverbial suffix -t, but otherwise seems to behave as a negative particle in all other instances. Contrary to prior literature that analyzes -ki as a sort of aspectual marker in embedded clauses (cf. Rocha 2016 and Müller and Heleno 2023), we claim that -ki is still truly negation and has the same core meaning of a negative particle be it in matrix or embedded clauses, or adjectival constructions. The temporal meaning of -ki simply arises pragmatically as an implicature from the fact that the event denoted by the embedded clause has not (yet) occurred (as opposed to the event denoted from the matrix clause) and is though expected to occur, yet—even then—the later occurrence of the event is cancellable (which is a key difference from the default interpretation of a temporal clausal connective such as English ‘before’). This will allow to maintain a uniform analysis of the suffix -ki across all of its uses.

Hauptsätze mit Verbspäterstellung im Althochdeutschen: Bestand, Distribution, Interpretation

Abstract This corpus study investigates well-known violations of the verb second constraint in Old High German main clauses. Starting from the observation that the attested orders are overwhelmingly ambiguous regarding the position of the verb and the preverbal constituents, the paper applies methods for identifying diagnostic datasets which can be clearly distinguished in terms of structure and use. Two types of diagnostic non-verb-second orders are tested, namely verb-final clauses in which no verb movement applies, and verb-third clauses in which the verb as well as all preverbal categories occupy specified positions in the left periphery of the clause. The result is that diagnostic evidence for any of the datasets is sparse in native prose, and that especially diagnostic verb-third orders are not sufficiently distinguishable against their Latin originals. In addition, both diagnostic patterns interfere in use, suggesting that they represent less clearly differentiated, unproductive patterns, used for special stylistic purposes.

Information structure of converb constructions: Estonian -des, -mata and -maks constructions

Abstract This paper describes the variation in information structure of Estonian -des, -mata and -maks constructions, and analyzes the factors influencing this variation. The paper describes information structure via the categories of information status and information role. Information status, which refers to the general pragmatic status of a linguistic unit, has two possible values: an information unit or an element of an information unit. Information role refers to the pragmatic status of an element in the information structure of a larger information unit. Information role has five possible values: focus, background of the comment, topic, frame or prominent element. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, this article gives an account of the variation in the information status and information role of Estonian converb constructions. In addition, this paper discusses the way in which the relevant explanatory variables relate to the information status and role of converb constructions. This analysis gives an overview of how the information status of converb constructions relates to the presence of punctuation, the position of the converb construction relative to the main clause, the number of words in the converb construction, the semantic function of the converb construction, the position of the converb within the construction, the morphological form of the converb, and the number of modifiers of the converb. This analysis also discusses how the information role of converb constructions relates to the position and semantic function of the construction and the presence of a lexicogrammatical prominence marker.

First person singular subject pronoun expression of young Spanish speakers from Quito, Ecuador

Abstract This variationist study analyzes the first-person subject pronoun expression (SPE) of speakers from Quito, Ecuador. To date, this morphosyntactic variable has not been explored in this Andean variety of Spanish. The data consists of 20 sociolinguistic interviews. Results reveal an SPE rate of 17%, comparable to other Andean Spanish varieties. As per Rbrul’s quantitative analysis, the predictors that promote the presence of the ‘yo’ in this variety of Spanish are co-referential Priming, switch reference, ambiguous TMA endings and main clauses. In addition, following Orozco and Hurtado (2021), lexical effects of the verb were observed by analyzing the verb lemma. This predictor revealed similarly opposing tendencies between verbs in the same lexical category. This study adds to the growing body of SPE research by examining which linguistic variables influence the use of ‘yo’ in this Ecuadorian Andean Spanish (EAS) variety and comparing these results to those of other Andean Spanish varieties.

Research on revision of relevant provisions of high-speed railway emergency disposal in the regulations on railway technical management (RRTM)

PurposeThis study aims to improve the rules and regulations system of high-speed rail emergency disposal.Design/methodology/approachBased on the analysis of the demands, rules and regulations of China concerning on-site high-speed rail emergency disposal, basic principles for revising the regulations on railway technical management (RRTM) are proposed and suggestions and evaluation methods according to the main clauses are put forward.FindingsBasic principles for revising the RRTM are proposed, namely “to meet the actual needs of on-site high-speed railway emergency disposal, standardize the emergency disposal process, improve the efficiency of emergency disposal and keep the consistency between provisions of emergency disposal”. Existing provisions related to emergency disposal efficiency, scenarios, safety and service quality are made up for the deficiencies. To make up for the deficiencies of the existing provisions related to emergency disposal efficiency, improvement of emergency disposal scenarios and guarantee of emergency disposal safety and quality, this paper puts forward suggestions on revising 15 emergency disposal provisions of the RRTM with regard to earthquake monitoring and warning, in-station foreign body invasion warning, air conditioning failure of EMU trains and forced parking of trains in sections. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is constructed to evaluate the proposed revision scheme and suggestions, which has been highly recognized by experts.Originality/valueThis study implements the goal of high-quality railway development.

러시아어『(что)бы + Vpast』구조의 양상(modality) 표현 연구

The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of modality in Russian, particularly, in the structure of ‘(что)бы + Vpast’. Cross-linguistically subjunctive mood contains modal factors, such as volitions, wishes, counterfactual conditionals, necessity, desirability, etc. Generally, morphological markers for subjunctives are less than those for indicative. In the case of Russian, subjunctive mood is expressed as the structure of particle ‘(что)бы + Vpast’, which is a simplified form of 2/3 person, sg. aorist of Old Russian auxiliary быти+l-participle. Subjunctive more likely occurs in the complement clause in some languages, but Russian subjunctive can both in main clause, and in the complement clause. Also, subjunctive expresses modality and modal meaning both in phrasal sentence and in clausal sentence.
 Чтобы complementizer can be employed with various part of speech, such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and even prepositions with modal meaning. Modal meanings of lexical items projects to subordinate clause of чтобы+Vpast and causes the matrix subject’s wish, will, desire etc., to be realized in the sentence. In this structure, the subject of a subordinate clause must not be coindexed with that of matrix verbs by ‘Obviation Phenomenon’. Also, the Russian relative clauses take the structure of ‘бы+l-participle’ to express De Dicto reading for antecedent nominals.

Ether Model

I am a retired physician who has developed a theoretic model alternative to the present standard physics model. It is based on two main propositions: (1) that the universe originated according to a creational design, by an Entity(ies) billions of years ago (rather than being the result of random chance processes) and (2) that the quantum/atomic forces we are familiar with operate in conjunction with, and are secondary to, etheric forces we still have yet to detect.

The Competition Between Processing and Discourse-Pragmatic Factors in Children's and Adults' Production of Adverbial When-Clauses.

This is the first study to investigate the combined effects of processing-based factors (i.e., clause length and clause order) and discourse-pragmatic factors (i.e., information structure) on children's and adults' production of adverbial when-clauses. In a sentence repetition task, 16 three-year-old and 16 five-year-old children as well as 17 adults listened to and watched an animated story and then were asked to repeat what they had just heard and seen. Each story contained an adverbial when-clause and its main clause. The sentences were manipulated for their clause order, information structure, and clause length. Adults tended to change main-when clause orders to when-main in their repetitions, and they showed a strong preference for the given-new order of information. In contrast, 3-year-olds tended to change when-main clause orders to main-when, and they showed a preference for the new-given order of information. In addition, 3-year-olds tended to produce short-long clause orders irrespective of what they had heard, whereas adults produced both short-long and long-short orders in line with the input. In general, 5-year-olds were more adultlike in their production compared to 3-year-olds. Young children were strongly affected by processing-based factors in their production of complex sentences. They tended to order main and when-clauses in a way that requires less planning and processing load. However, they have not yet attained an adultlike sensitivity to discourse-pragmatic factors. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24422635.

Narrative verbal forms in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects

Abstract I examine various types of verbal forms used in narratives of the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. They have in common the feature of dependence on the preceding discourse. These dependent narrative forms can be classified into ‘underspecified forms’ and ‘subordinate forms’. The underspecified forms include habitual forms and perfect forms, both of which lack the full specification of an event in their prototypical grammatical meaning. The specification of the event depends on the narrative context. The subordinate narrative forms have developed by a process of insubordination whereby their use has been extended from syntactically subordinate clauses to main clauses that are semantically dependent on the preceding discourse. One factor that may have motivated this insubordination process in the case of the narrative subjunctive qaṭəl form is the conservative continuity of the morphological shape of the narrative qāṭēl form, which was a feature of earlier Aramaic narrative style.

The observation of superiority on multiple movements to the Italian left-periphery: Intervention effects on nested dependencies and the role of information-structure features.

Young Romance speakers can structure their sentences by dislocating multiple constituents to the left periphery, resulting in non-canonical word orders. Production data, however, show that this ordering is rigid: only SOV sequences are attested, an observation reminiscent of Superiority. The first goal of the paper is to replicate this observation in comprehension; the second is to derive the Subject-over-Object pattern in terms of Intervention, with the additional assumption that only nested chains count as interveners. Three experiments are reported here. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 show that SOVs interpretations are systematically favored over OSV and that not only Number features, but also a [+Topic] feature help to overcome intervention. Experiment 3 addresses a potential confound related to the clitic. These results integrate existing intervention-based accounts, traditionally built on relatives, providing not only new evidence coming from matrix clauses, but also investigating the role of information-structure features.

“Clitic climbing” in Hittite

Abstract Cross-linguistically, clitic climbing occurs when clitics that belong syntactically and semantically to the subordinate clause (most commonly non-finite, rarely finite) appear in the main clause, i.e., they climb out of the subordinate clause into the main clause. In Hittite, prototypical clitic climbing is attested in two constructions: with non-finite predicates and finite restructuring verbs (Lyutikova & Sideltsev 2021b); and in serial constructions with the finite motion verbs pai- ‘go’ and uwa- ‘come’ co-occurring with another finite verb in the same clause (Koller 2013). In both of these cases, clitics climb out of complements of finite verbs. This paper explores yet another potentially relevant context for clitic climbing, a particular type of complex sentence that may be called ‘mismatch sentences’ (Sideltsev 2023). These involve three structurally distinct types of complex sentences which share one common property: they all have the same surface structure (1a) one word of the main clause (2) subordinate clause (1b) rest of the main clause. The enclitics of the subordinate clause are in (1a), so that they appear to climb out of the subordinate into the main clause. The enclitics of the main clause are consistently in the rest of the main clause (1b), never attached to the first word of the main clause (1a). Structurally, all these subordinate clauses adjoin to the main clause. This distribution of clitics is attested only if there is a one-word constituent in the main clause to the left of the subordinate clause. As movement out of adjoined clauses is held to be illicit in current linguistic theory, it is argued that, differently from prototypical clitic climbing, this is a purely post-syntactic reordering and does not involve any kind of syntactic movement of clitics out of the subordinate into the main clause: the structure one-word constituent of main clause—subordinate clause—main clause is always prosodically realized at the post-syntactic stage as subordinate clause—main clause.

The Negative Transfer Effect on the Neural Machine Translation of Egyptian Arabic Adjuncts into English: The Case of Google Translate

Parallel corpora for low-resource Arabic dialects and English are limited and small-scale, and most neural machine translation models, including Google Translate, rely mainly on parallel corpora of standard Arabic and English to train for dialectal Arabic translation. A model well trained to translate to and from standard Arabic is believed to efficiently translate dialectal Arabic, given their similarities. This study demonstrates the impact of not using large-scale, dialect-specific parallel corpora by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the performance of Google Translate in translating Egyptian Arabic adjuncts. Compared to human reference translation, Google Translate achieved a low BLEU score of 14.69. Qualitative analysis showed that reliance on standard Arabic parallel corpora caused a negative transfer problem manifested in the literal translation of idiomatic adjuncts, the misinterpretation of dialectal adjuncts as main clause constituents, the translation of dialectal adjuncts after orthographically similar standard Arabic words, and the use of standard Arabic common lexical meanings to translate dialect-specific adjuncts. This study’s findings will be relevant for researchers interested in dialectal Arabic neural machine translation and has implications for investment in the development of large-scale, dialect-specific corpora to better process the peculiarities of Arabic dialects and reduce the effect of negative transfer from standard Arabic.

A binary inflectional voice contrast in Mabaan (Western Nilotic)

Abstract In Mabaan, a Western Nilotic language, there is a binary inflectional voice contrast in the morphology of verbs. In addition to a morphologically unmarked basic voice, there is a fully productive applicative voice, which is morphologically marked. This applicative voice may be called circumstantial in order to distinguish it from another applicative voice, which is derivational, namely benefactive. The circumstantial voice turns an adjunct into an object, making an intransitive verb transitive and a transitive verb ditransitive. In a main clause, however, a transitive verb needs to be detransitivized via antipassive derivation in order for an adjunct to become object through the circumstantial voice. In some types of subordinate clauses, by contrast, any verb can get the circumstantial voice, whatever its transitivity, derivational status and meaning. This voice is obligatory in relative clauses when the relativized constituent is an adjunct and in some types of adverbial clauses.

LISCrit

Critical Race Theory (CRT) is an intellectual framework intended to explain the day-to-day situations that affect the lives of members of minoritized groups. Its main goal is to help bring about revised social and systemic structures, which in turn can ameliorate the detrimental effects of racism and racist systems for historically marginalized and excluded groups. As a framework, CRT stands on a set of principles which serve as a foundation. Although the wording and structure of these principles varies among scholars, some of the ideas presented are stated throughout. For example, some of the main principles for CRT is that racism is ordinary and not aberrational, that race is a social construct which is not objective, inherent, or fixed on any genetic or biological reality, making it a purely social phenomenon, and that CRT due to differences in their historical experiences with oppression, Black, American Indian, Asian, and Latinx individuals are better equipped to communicate their experiences than their white counterparts (Delgado and Stefancic, 2017).
 These principles have been met with active resistance on multiple fronts which have started all the way at governmental levels. The debate is particularly incendiary in the field of education, where there has been strong pushback and hostility. This mostly over the assumption that CRT based curricula is being applied to education in public K-12 school systems. Most of these arguments do not take into consideration that CRT itself is taught at the graduate level as a method of analysis, it is not a topic taught in K-12 settings. This opposition to CRT has been so strong that as of 2021, 16 states were pushing legislation banning the teaching of CRT in public institutions of higher learning (Flaherty, 2021).
 This volatile and increasingly resistant environment serves only to highlight the importance of centering CRT, especially for a field such as Library and Information Science (LIS), but particularly for LIS pedagogy. The LIS field has lagged behind on many aspects related to bringing about racial equality, despite a generalized idea that the field is a pioneer of social equality and egalitarianism (Cooke and Colón-Aguirre, 2021; Ettarh, 208; Honma, 2005). As LIS educators, we must focus not only on preparing our students for the work they will perform but also to present the challenges faced by their chosen career.
 In what Colón and Cooke have named LISCrit (for CRT in information science) (2022), CRT is foundational to the equity LIS strives for. Seen from this perspective it is essential that as LIS professionals and educators we understand that if we can’t name the structural and racist barriers and oppressions that CRT warns of, we can’t address them. This inability in naming and identifying barriers means that true and sustainable equity will not be possible. Bringing CRT more squarely into the LIS ecosystem is necessary and provides the language for much needed innovation, assessment, and change.
 Buy in from the field at all levels is required in order to bring LISCrit to the future generations of information professionals, and one of the ways to do that is to clearly and consistently demonstrate how CRT undergirds and informs the profession and its teachings. The tenets are CRT are baked into LIS, one only need to look closely and critically through a lens of intellectual and cultural competence and humility.
 In this presentation the panelists will discuss their efforts to infuse CRT into graduate LIS curricula (LISCrit). The discussion will focus on three main initiatives geared at bringing about more discussions and enabling the field’s multiple facets to benefit from the contexts and discussions which CRT facilitates. The panel will take place in three parts, including:
 
 Colón-Aguirre and Dr. Cooke (2022) will discuss their article that introduces the LISCrit framework and its main propositions,
 Colón-Aguirre and Dr. Cooke will share their scholarly efforts to produce an edited collection (Advances in Librarianship) and special journal issue (Library Quarterly), which have been designed to enable LIS educators to better include this content in their LIS classrooms,
 Harris will present and demonstrate a digital CRT in LIS toolkit developed through an American Library Association Carnegie Whitney Grant.