A composite with chaotically oriented fibers with different elongations and different anisotropy of elastic characteristics is considered. A mathematical model of interaction of such fibers and matrix particles with an isotropic elastic medium whose elastic moduli have to be found as required characteristics of the composite is constructed. The relations derived by the self-consistency method determine the moduli of the composite as functions of the volume concentration, elongations, and elastic properties of each type of fibers, and also of the elastic characteristics of the isotropic matrix. A quantitative analysis of the mathematical model is carried out, and boundaries of the domains of determining parameters within which the effect of fiber elongation is considerable are found. The relations presented allow one to estimate the elastic characteristics of a composite reinforced with various types of short fibers (in particular, high-strength and high-modulus needle-shaped and thread-like crystals, and nanostructural elements).