Maternal Pre-pregnancy Overweight Research Articles

SOBREPESO Y OBESIDAD PREGESTACIONAL COMO FACTOR DE RIESGO DE CESÁREA Y COMPLICACIONES PERINATALES

SUMMARY Objective: The objective of this study is to determine if the maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity are related to risk of cesarean delivery and other obstetrical complications. Methods: Transversal study of 1223 nulliparous women that delivered in our maternity between August 2007 and April 2008. Women were categorized by the body mass index (BMI): 482 normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9 Kg/m 2 ), 419 overweight (BMI: 25-29.9 Kg/m 2 ) and 322 obesity (BMI: ≥30 Kg/m 2 ). Obstetrical complications, labor and its complications, and neonatal weight were studied. Results: Women who were overweight was nearly twice as likely to deliver by cesarean section as women with normal weight (OR: 1.8; 95%CI 1.4-2.9). Obese women experienced a three-fold increase in risk of cesarean section in comparison to normal weight women (OR: 3.02; 95%CI 2.6-4.5). Number of labor inductions was higher in overweight and obese group (OR: 1.6; 95%CI 1.3-1.9) and (OR: 2.1; 95%CI 1.7-2.9) respectively in comparison to control group. The highest risk of fetal macrosomia (weight >4000 g) was in the overweight (OR: 1.5; 95%CI 1.4-2.2) and obese women (OR: 1.9;

Maternal obesity: pregnancy complications, gestational weight gain and nutrition

The obesity epidemic affects all, including women of reproductive age. One in five women attending prenatal care in the UK is obese. Prepregnancy obesity is associated with serious short- and long-term complications for mother and child. Furthermore, gestational weight gain (GWG) of obese pregnant women generally exceeds the Institute of Medicine recommended ranges. This observation can partially be explained by an unbalanced diet and lack of daily physical activity. Despite this, few lifestyle intervention trials in obese pregnant women are available. Two out of seven intervention trials focusing on GWG, nutrition and physical activity, reached a significant decrease in GWG. Developing guidelines to promote appropriated weight gain and healthy lifestyle in overweight and obese pregnant women remains a challenge. This review aims to summarize the complications associated with maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and to discuss possible strategies to improve the lifestyle habits of pregnant women.

The association of maternal overweight and obesity with breastfeeding duration

To determine whether maternal prepregnancy overweight or obesity has an independent effect on breastfeeding duration. A prospective birth cohort study of 1803 live-born children and their mothers ascertained through antenatal clinics at the major tertiary obstetric hospital in Perth, Australia, were followed until 3 years of age. Unconditional logistic, Cox regression, and Kaplan Meier analyses were used to model the association between maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the duration of predominant or any breastfeeding allowing for adjustment of confounders (infant factors: gender, birth weight, gestational age, age solids introduced, and older siblings; maternal factors: smoking, education, age, race, marital status, pregnancy and birth complications, cesarean section, and socioeconomic status). Overweight and obese women were more likely to have discontinued breastfeeding at any time before 6 months than normal weight women (P < .0005) following adjustment for potential confounders. We have shown that prepregnancy body mass index is associated with reduced breastfeeding duration, and that mothers who are overweight or obese before pregnancy tend to breastfeed their infants for a shorter duration than normal weight mothers independent of maternal socioeconomic and demographic characteristics.

Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Obesity and the Pattern of Labor Progression in Term Nulliparous Women

Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Obesity and the Pattern of Labor Progression in Term Nulliparous Women

Maternal Pre-pregnancy Overweight and Obesity and the Risk of Cesarean Delivery in Nulliparous Women

To examine the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity on the risk of term cesarean delivery in nulliparous women. The authors examined data from 641 nulliparous women with a term pregnancy that participated in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study from 1995 to 2002. Unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for normal weight (BMI 19.8-26.0 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI 26.1-29.0 kg/m(2)), and obese (BMI>29.0 kg/m(2)) women. Normal weight women served as the referent population. The unadjusted risk ratio for cesarean delivery for overweight women compared with normal weight women was 1.4 (95% CI, 0.97, 2.1) and for obese women compared with normal weight women was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.03, 2.0). After controlling for maternal height, education, weight gain during pregnancy, and labor induction, the adjusted risk ratio for cesarean delivery among overweight women was 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8, 1.8). The adjusted risk ratio for obese women was 1.5 (95% CI, 1.05, 2.0). Our analysis confirms that there is a moderate association between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and an unplanned term cesarean delivery. However, the risk is not as large as previously reported.

Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Obesity and the Pattern of Labor Progression in Term Nulliparous Women

To examine the effect of maternal overweight and obesity on labor progression. We analyzed data from 612 nulliparous women with a term pregnancy that participated in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study from 1995 to 2002. The median duration of labor by each centimeter of cervical dilation was computed for normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 19.8-26.0 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 26.1-29.0 kg/m2), and obese (BMI > 29.0 kg/m2) women and used as a measurement of labor progression. After adjusting for maternal height, labor induction, membrane rupture, oxytocin use, epidural analgesia, net maternal weight gain, and fetal size, the median duration of labor from 4 to 10 cm was significantly longer for both overweight and obese women, compared with normal-weight women (7.5, 7.9, and 6.2 hours, respectively). For overweight women, the prolongation was concentrated around 4-6 cm, whereas for obese women, their labor was significantly slower before 7 cm. Labor progression in overweight and obese women was significantly slower than that of normal-weight women before 6 cm of cervical dilation. Given that nearly one half of women of childbearing age are either overweight or obese, it is critical to consider differences in labor progression by maternal prepregnancy BMI before additional interventions are performed.

Parental feeding attitudes and styles and child body mass index: prospective analysis of a gene-environment interaction.

Parental feeding styles were linked to child weight in cross-sectional studies, which were unable to test the direction of effect. Prospective studies can best establish causal relationships among such variables. We tested the 2-year stability of parental feeding attitudes and styles and investigated whether these variables predict child body mass index (BMI) z scores 2 years later. We evaluated whether these associations were dependent on children's predisposition to obesity. Participants were 57 families enrolled in an Infant Growth Study of children born at high risk or low risk for obesity, on the basis of maternal prepregnancy overweight or leanness. Children were evaluated for weight and height at 3, 5, and 7 years of age. Measures of parental feeding attitudes and styles were ascertained with the Child Feeding Questionnaire at 5 and 7 years of age. Correlation and multiple regression analyses tested whether parental feeding styles at age 5 predicted increased child BMI z scores 2 years later. Parental feeding attitudes and styles were stable for child ages of 5 to 7 years. With respect to feeding attitudes, perceived responsibility at age 5 predicted reduced child BMI z scores at age 7 among low-risk families, whereas child weight concern and perceived child weight predicted increased child BMI z scores among high-risk families. With respect to feeding styles, monitoring predicted reduced child BMI z scores at age 7 among low-risk children. In contrast, restriction predicted higher BMI z scores and pressure to eat predicted reduced BMI z scores among high-risk children. These associations remained significant after controlling for child weight status at age 3. The relationship between parental feeding styles and child BMI z scores depends on child obesity predisposition, suggesting a gene-environment interaction. Among children predisposed to obesity, elevated child weight appears to elicit restrictive feeding practices, which in turn may produce additional weight gain. Parenting guidelines for overweight prevention may benefit from consideration of child characteristics such as vulnerability to obesity and current weight status.

Maternal Obesity and Risk for Birth Defects

Several studies have shown an increased risk for neural tube defects associated with prepregnancy maternal obesity. Because few recent studies have examined the relation between maternal prepregnancy obesity and overweight and other birth defects, we explored the relation for several birth defects and compared our findings with those of previous studies. We conducted a population-based case-control study of several selected major birth defects using data from the Atlanta Birth Defects Risk Factor Surveillance Study. Mothers who delivered an infant with and without selected birth defects in a 5-county metropolitan Atlanta area between January 1993 and August 1997 were interviewed. Maternal body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported maternal prepregnancy weight and height. Women with known preexisting diabetes were excluded. The risks for obese women (BMI > or =30) and overweight women (BMI 25.0-29.9) were compared with those for average-weight women (BMI 18.5-24.9). Obese women were more likely than average-weight women to have an infant with spina bifida (unadjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-10.3), omphalocele (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.0-10.3), heart defects (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.4), and multiple anomalies (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.0-3.8). Overweight women were more likely than average-weight women to have infants with heart defects (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.1) and multiple anomalies (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.4). Our study confirmed the previously established association between spina bifida and prepregnancy maternal obesity and found an association for omphalocele, heart defects, and multiple anomalies among infants of obese women. We also found an association between heart defects and multiple anomalies and being overweight before pregnancy. A higher risk for some birth defects is yet another adverse pregnancy outcome associated with maternal obesity. Obesity prevention efforts are needed to increase the number of women who are of healthy weight before pregnancy.

Are All Growth-Restricted Newborns Created Equal(ly)?

Background. Previous etiologic studies have defined intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) based on a single cutoff. Objective. To assess the relative importance of known etiologic determinants for different degrees (mild versus severe) and timing (preterm versus term) of fetal growth restriction. Design. Hospital-based cohort study. Setting. Tertiary-care university hospital. Participants. Sixty-five thousand two hundred eighty inborn singleton infants without major congenital anomalies delivered between January 1, 1978 and March 31, 1996. Measurements. Comparison of adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for mild IUGR (defined as birth weight 75% to Results. Maternal prepregnancy overweight (body mass index [BMI] >26.0–29.0 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI >29.0 kg/m2) had stronger protective effects against mild IUGR than against severe IUGR, but most of the determinants showed the opposite pattern. This was especially true for pathologic determinants; ORs (and 95% confidence intervals) for severe versus mild IUGR were 18.5 (14.5–23.8) vs 4.6 (3.6–5.8) for severe pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), 3.5 (2.2–5.5) vs 2.3 (1.5–3.4) for prepregnancy hypertension, and 3.4 (2.9–3.9) vs 2.2 (2.0–2.4) for smoking ≥11 cigarettes/day. Primiparity, short stature, prepregnancy BMI, maternal weight gain, and cigarette smoking had significantly larger effects on term IUGR, whereas the effect of severe PIH was more than twice as large for preterm IUGR (OR = 9.7 [7.3–13.0]) as for term IUGR (OR = 4.0 [3.0–5.3]). Conclusion. Pathologic determinants of IUGR such as prepregnancy and PIH and cigarette smoking predispose to more severe fetal growth retardation, and PIH in particular seems to do so before 37 weeks. Growth-restricted newborns are not, therefore, all created equal(ly).

Are all growth-restricted newborns created equal(ly)?

Previous etiologic studies have defined intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) based on a single cutoff. To assess the relative importance of known etiologic determinants for different degrees (mild versus severe) and timing (preterm versus term) of fetal growth restriction. Hospital-based cohort study. Tertiary-care university hospital. Sixty-five thousand two hundred eighty inborn singleton infants without major congenital anomalies delivered between January 1, 1978 and March 31, 1996. Comparison of adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for mild IUGR (defined as birth weight 75% to <85% of the mean for gestational age, the latter cutoff equivalent to the 9.9th percentile for this cohort) and severe IUGR (<75% of mean, or 2.3rd percentile), after controlling for maternal age, education, marital status, and other potential determinants by means of multiple logistic regression. Maternal prepregnancy overweight (body mass index [BMI] >26.0-29.0 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI >29.0 kg/m2) had stronger protective effects against mild IUGR than against severe IUGR, but most of the determinants showed the opposite pattern. This was especially true for pathologic determinants; ORs (and 95% confidence intervals) for severe versus mild IUGR were 18.5 (14.5-23.8) vs 4.6 (3.6-5.8) for severe pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), 3.5 (2.2-5.5) vs 2.3 (1. 5-3.4) for prepregnancy hypertension, and 3.4 (2.9-3.9) vs 2.2 (2. 0-2.4) for smoking >/=11 cigarettes/day. Primiparity, short stature, prepregnancy BMI, maternal weight gain, and cigarette smoking had significantly larger effects on term IUGR, whereas the effect of severe PIH was more than twice as large for preterm IUGR (OR = 9.7 [7.3-13.0]) as for term IUGR (OR = 4.0 [3.0-5.3]). Pathologic determinants of IUGR such as prepregnancy and PIH and cigarette smoking predispose to more severe fetal growth retardation, and PIH in particular seems to do so before 37 weeks. Growth-restricted newborns are not, therefore, all created equal(ly).