Maternal Emotion Research Articles

Maternal mindfulness during pregnancy predicts newborn neurobehavior.

Newborn neurobehavioral competencies portend a young child's abilities to modulate their arousal and attention in response to dynamic environmental cues. Although evidence suggests prenatal contributions to newborn neurobehavioral differences, no study to date has examined wellness-promoting traits, such as a pregnant woman's mindfulness, in this association. We examined whether a mother's mindfulness while pregnant related to neurobehavioral outcomes in her neonate, as well as whether maternal mindfulness moderated the link between prenatal maternal emotion dysregulation and newborn neurobehavior. Mothers (N=162) reported on their mindfulness and emotion dysregulation while pregnant. Newborn arousal and attention were assessed at least 24h after birth (M=3.8 days, SD=8.3) using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). Highly mindful pregnant women reported lower levels of emotion dysregulation. Newborns of highly mindful mothers exhibited higher levels of arousal (e.g., excitability, motor activity) but did not differ in regards to attention at birth. Maternal emotion dysregulation while pregnant was associated with blunted newborn attention, but only among mothers who were less mindful. Our findings suggest that a mother's mindfulness while pregnant may influence her fetus' neurobehavioral development in ways that are evident at birth.

A multi-center longitudinal study on responsive breastfeeding in China from the perspective of health equity: research protocol

BackgroundSocio-economic inequities can strongly influence suboptimal infant feeding outcomes. Factors such as lack of knowledge about breastfeeding, low family income, low educational attainment, social and economic status, cultural norms and ethnicity may negatively affect success with offering breastfeeding following a responsive feeding approach (ie. responsive breastfeeding). Such inequities can indeed shorten breastfeeding duration, and negatively affect behavioral and cognitive infant outcomes. In China, there is a dearth of studies focusing on breastfeeding from the responsive and health equity perspective.ObjectiveThe aim of this article is to present a protocol of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study investigating factors associated with responsive breastfeeding behaviors, and the child’s behavioral and cognitive development from birth to12 months post-partum in five centers in China. The study seeks to identify breastfeeding barriers and facilitators from a health equity perspective.MethodsWe are enrolling 700 women and their singleton full term infants in Chongqing, Huizhou and Guangzhou urban and rural areas. The study questionnaires will be administrated within 72 h, 30 days, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-partum during the baby’s vaccination visits. We will investigate the difference between urban and rural areas sociodemographic characteristics, breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and practice, postnatal depression, maternal emotion regulation and parenting stress, and anthropometric and cognitive development indicators of the infants at each time-point.ConclusionOur article illustrates how a cohort study can be designed to understand the barriers and facilitators of responsive breastfeeding taking equity principles into account to help promote infants’ growth and development in China.

Parenting the crisis: The cultural politics of parent‐blame Tracey Jensen Bristol: Policy Press, March 2018, ISBN:978‐1447325062, 216 pages, £20.79 pbk

There is a long and ignoble trend within British social policy making of blaming parents for social problems—particularly when the problem is poverty, and the parents are impoverished. But by the end of the 20th century, parent blaming was assuming a new cultural form. The problem was not framed ‘only’ in terms of those parents who failed to shoulder their responsibilities, such as ‘feckless’ fathers or ‘unfit’ mothers, but in terms of a deficit on the part of all mothers and fathers, who were seen to require official training in the art and (pseudo)science of child rearing. Thus, the New Labour government placed ‘supporting families’ at the heart of its policy agenda, a therapeutic mission that aimed to instruct all parents in the appropriate ways to feel about their children and behave towards them. The Coalition government led by David Cameron picked up the baton, by promoting the adoption of particular parenting styles and practices as a resolution to the problems of poverty and inequality. ‘What matters most to a child's life chances is not the wealth of their upbringing but the warmth of their parenting,’ he told the think-tank Demos in 2010 (in Jensen, 2018, p. 116). Jensen's original account situates the new ‘politics of parent blame’ within a wider ‘cultural industry’ of media and social networks promoting a fashionable ‘parent pedagogy’. Inspired by Stuart Hall's classic 1978 study Policing the Crisis, which charted the construction of the ‘mugger’ as ‘a new cultural figure, upon whom street crime is racialised and against whom social anxieties around youth, urban space and control become projected’ (Jensen, 2018, p. 8), Parenting the Crisis maps the construction of mothers, in particular, as a deficient figure against whom anxieties about social inequality and disorder are projected. The ubiquity of a culture that demands the performance of an ‘intensive’ parenting style—one that is ‘reflexive, intensive, expert-guided, thoughtful and self-scrutinising’ (Hays, 1996)—results in mothers becoming invested and subjected ‘by the norms and rules of such parenting regimes and by their dividing practices’ (Jensen, 2018, p. 101). In the insecurity generated by such a parenting culture, mothers practise self-surveillance and judgement on themselves and each other. Thus, policy that projects maternal emotion and behaviour as both a cause and solution to socioeconomic equalities—‘warmth’ not ‘wealth’—gains implicit affirmation. The strength of Parenting the Crisis lies in the way it reveals this complex interaction between these cultural norms and constructions, and the politics of parent blame, engaging the question of why parents (and particularly, mothers) are receptive to policies that seek to train them to be ‘better parents’. Later chapters explore the ‘weaponisation’ of parent blame in the context of austerity and ‘post-welfare’. Here, the focus is on the families culturally demonised by ‘poverty porn’ and targeted by policies such as the Troubled Families initiative, where familiar tropes of ‘welfare scrounging’ and the ‘underclass’ are recycled through the image of the deficient parent. Although this is true, it is hardly new; arguably, a more novel and insidious development is the way that parenting practices culturally associated with the ‘respectable’ working class—for example, with regard to food, discipline and relations between home and school—have been problematised through the mobilisation of intensive parenting as a cultural norm. The degree to which ‘dividing practices’ operate against parents whose practices imply resistance to the tenets of the new parent pedagogy would be worthy of further study.

Longitudinal Links among Mother and Child Emotion Regulation, Maternal Emotion Socialization, and Child Anxiety.

Models of transdiagnostic family emotion processes recognize parents' emotion-related characteristics and behaviors as key contributors to child emotional development and psychological functioning. One such psychological outcome, child anxiety, is prevalent and early emerging, underscoring the importance of identifying early family- and emotion-related mechanisms involved in anxiety risk. We investigated the extent to which mother and child emotion-related traits and behaviors related to child anxiety in a community sample of 175 mother-child dyads. Using three time-points (child ages 2-4years, assessments 1year apart), we examined how mothers' emotion dysregulation predicted their emotion socialization practices (either supportive or non-supportive) and children's emotion regulation (ER; either attention- or caregiver-focused) over time, in relation to later child anxiety. Models controlled for child inhibited temperament and also tested the role of maternal anxiety in these trajectories. Mothers reported on their emotion dysregulation, emotion socialization, and their own and their child's anxiety, whereas child ER and inhibited temperament were measured using laboratory observation. In supportive emotion socialization models, maternal emotion dysregulation predicted child anxiety 2years later. An indirect effect emerged, such that greater maternal emotion dysregulation predicted greater non-supportive emotion socialization, which in turn related to children's greater caregiver-focused ER. Maternal emotion dysregulation, maternal anxiety, and child inhibited temperament each predicted child anxiety above and beyond other variables, although their shared variance likely accounted for some of the results. Findings lend partial support to current theoretical models of transdiagnostic family emotion processes and child anxiety development, suggesting promising avenues of future research.

Mother-Child Reminiscing and First-Graders’ Emotion Competence in a Low-Income and Ethnically Diverse Sample

ABSTRACT Parent-child reminiscing talk about positive and negative events provides children with unique opportunities to develop emotion competence. Very little work has involved families from low-income households and ethnically diverse backgrounds. We examined: 1) event valence (positive vs. negative) and ethnic differences in mother-child reminiscing talk; 2) relations between maternal reminiscing talk and child emotion references; and 3) relations between maternal reminiscing talk and child emotion understanding. Participants were 204 African American, Dominican, Mexican and Chinese mothers and their first-grade children (M age = 79.50 months) from low-income households. Mother-child dyads were videorecorded talking about past positive and negative shared events. Conversations were coded for the emotion content and style of mother reminiscing talk and child emotion references. Child emotion understanding was assessed using an emotion-labeling and emotion perspective-taking task. Mothers differed in their use of emotion content and reminiscing style by event valence and ethnicity. Mothers who used more emotion content during positive and negative events had children who produced more emotion references. Maternal reminiscing style (i.e., use of evaluations and repetitions) related to child emotion references. Maternal emotion content and reminiscing style did not relate to child emotion understanding. Findings highlight the role of mother-child reminiscing talk in the development of children’s emotion competence.

The Effect of Dialectic Behavioral Counseling on Depression, Anxiety, and Postpartum Hematocrit Level.

Childbirth is a biological, psychological, and sociological event that can be a positive or negative experience, and, without support, this period may be potentially damaging. Parturition may distort maternal emotions and lead to short- or long-term disorders such as postpartum depression and anxiety. The present research aims to study the effects of dialectic behavioral therapy-based counseling on depression, anxiety symptoms, and postpartum hematocrit level. The current research is a clinical trial study, and the sample was selected using parturients who were referred to the Health General Center with a diagnosis of postpartum depression and anxiety. The sample size consisted of 116 subjects who agreed to participate in the study. The patients in intervention group underwent group dialectic behavioral counseling (10 sessions/one session per week) and the control group did not receive any type of intervention. The patients were assessed in the first and last sessions as well as 2 months after the end of the sessions, using the Beck depression scale and Spielberg anxiety scale as well as the results of hematocrit tests. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) RESULTS: The results implied the effectiveness of dialectic behavioral therapy on reduction of the depression score, anxiety symptoms (p-value ≤ 0.0001), and hematocrit level (p-value = 0.04). The participants' depression, anxiety, and hematocrit levels decreased in the experiment group compared to the control group, and this decrease has remained until the 2-month follow-up. It seems that dialectic behavioral counseling reduces the levels of postpartum depression, anxiety, and hematocrits.

Longitudinal Effects of Reminiscing and Emotion Training on Child Maladjustment in the Context of Maltreatment and Maternal Depressive Symptoms.

Exposure to child maltreatment and maternal depression are significant risk factors for the development of psychopathology. Difficulties in caregiving, including poor emotion socialization behavior, may mediate these associations. Thus, enhancing supportive parent emotion socialization may be a key transdiagnostic target for preventive interventions designed for these families. Reminiscing and Emotion Training (RET) is a brief relational intervention designed to improve maternal emotion socialization behavior by enhancing maltreating mothers' sensitive guidance during reminiscing with their young children. This study evaluated associations between maltreatment, maternal depressive symptoms, and the RET intervention with changes in children's maladjustment across one year following the intervention, and examined the extent to which intervention-related improvement in maternal emotion socialization mediated change in children's maladjustment. Participants were 242 children (aged 36 to 86months) and their mothers from maltreating (66%) and nonmaltreating (34%) families. Results indicated that RET intervention-related improvement in maternal sensitive guidance mediated the effects of RET on reduced child maladjustment among maltreated children one year later. By comparison, poor sensitive guidance mediated the effects of maltreatment on higher child maladjustment among families that did not receive the RET intervention. Direct effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child maladjustment were also observed. This suggests RET is effective in facilitating emotional and behavioral adjustment in maltreated children by improving maltreating mothers' emotional socialization behaviors.

Impact of a Behavioral Parenting Intervention in Infancy on Maternal Emotion Socialization.

Research has demonstrated the effect of parent emotion socialization on later child emotion development and behavior. Given these findings, the goal of the present study was to examine the effect of an early parenting intervention on a component of emotion socialization: parent emotion talk. We also examined the indirect effect of behaviorally-based parenting skills on the relation between the intervention and parent emotion talk. Participants were 58 mothers and their 12- to 15-month-old infant. Families were randomly assigned to standard pediatric primary care or a brief in-home intervention targeting parenting skills to promote positive infant behavior. Families completed assessments at baseline, post-intervention, and a 3-month follow-up. Assessments included a 10-min infant-led play task, which was coded for parent emotion talk. Results demonstrated a significant effect of the intervention on parent emotion talk. Specifically, mothers in the intervention group displayed a higher frequency of parent emotion talk at post-intervention. Indirect effects of behaviorally-based parenting skills were significant, demonstrating that increases in behaviorally-based parenting skills at the post-intervention led to increases in parent emotion talk at the follow-up. Findings highlight the effect of a brief, home-based behavioral parenting intervention with infants on maternal emotion socialization.

Feasibility of Delivering a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-Based Resilience Curriculum to Young Mothers by Public Health Nurses

Background: Young mothers have higher rates of mental health problems, yet can be difficult to engage in care. Few interventions exist targeting the full range of mental health problems these women face. While transdiagnostic psychotherapies have been utilized in adolescent groups, they have not been tested in young mothers. Objective: Our objective was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a public health nurse-delivered transdiagnostic CBT-based resilience curriculum for young mothers in a supported school setting, and to determine preliminary estimates of the program’s effects. Methods: 56 mothers, 21 years of age or younger were recruited from a supported high school program in Canada. Using a pretest/post-test design with no control group, measures of maternal depression, anxiety, emotion regulation, and offspring behaviour were collected immediately before and after the completion of the weekly 10-session intervention. Results: The intervention was feasible and acceptable to young mothers. While few statistically significant changes were noted in the complete sample, for those with moderate-severe depression at baseline, program participation resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in depression, anxiety, and emotion regulation. Conclusion: Provision of a transdiagnostic CBT-based resilience-building program delivered by public health nurses in a supported school setting was both feasible and well-tolerated. Given the preliminary nature of this study, its clinical utility is unclear, though it may have benefits for young mothers with more significant mental health problems at baseline.

Maternal Emotion Socialization of Adolescent Girls Engaging in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.

Non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) is a transdiagnostic maladaptive behavior that is highly prevalent in adolescence. A greater understanding of the mechanisms leading to NSSI is needed to guide the development of prevention efforts. The current study examined the relationship between maternal socialization of emotions and NSSI behaviors in their children. Female adolescents (N = 90, 12-17years old) who demonstrated a range of NSSI lifetime episodes from none to very frequent were included in this sample. Maternal responses to their children's displays of sadness, anger, and happiness were assessed. Principal components analysis was used to categorize items into supportive and unsupportive maternal emotion socialization responses for the three emotions. Adolescents whose mothers reported less supportive maternal responses to child's expressions of sadness and anger had more lifetime NSSI episodes. Many of these patterns remained when follow-up analyses considered an extreme group approach (e.g., high counts of NSSI versus no NSSI), when analyses focused on specific diagnostic subgroups (e.g., depression and anxiety), and to some extent (socialization of anger) when current NSSI was considered. While the cross-sectional study design prevents causal conclusions, transactional theories raise the possibility that mothers' emotion socialization may impact offspring NSSI and offspring engagement in NSSI may result in mothers altering their socialization practices to accommodate their child's unique needs. Future research should employ longitudinal methodology to examine the time course, consider the role of emotion regulation as an explanatory mechanism, and consider intervention methods that may teach effective emotion socialization for parents.

Investigation of the effect of Mindfulness Training on the emotion Control of Primiparous Pregnant women to formation of secure attachment style in infants

Background: Pregnancy is one of the most crucial and stressful periods in the life of the woman, that affects mother-fetus attachment during pregnancy. The present study aimed to determine the effect of mindfulness training on emotion Control of primiparous pregnant women to the formation of secure attachment style in infants. Methods The research method was quasi-experimental with a control and placebo groups. Pregnant women who referred to Farmaniyeh and Nikan private hospitals and all clinics in Tehran, of these 38 primiparous pregnant women were randomly assigned into intervention group (n=16), control (n=11), and placebo(n=11) groups. The intervention group received seven weekly group mindfulness training underwent seven 90-minute sessions (one session per week). The control group received prenatal routine care. The participants answered motion control Scale at pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0. Results According to the findings, the range of age of the primiparous pregnant mothers was between 23 and 39 years, according to the results. The mean and sd the age of the samples was (31.63± 2.84). Results showed the mean maternal emotion control score was significantly higher than in the placebo and control groups (F=15.894; P = 0.001). Moreover; the Chi-square test showed that in terms of secure attachment style (P =0.570; χ2 = 7.644), there was no difference among the studied group and placebo and control groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: The study results showed that Mindfulness on the formation of secure attachment style in infants was effective in promoting maternal- infant's attachment. Therefore, it was recommended that such interventions be integrated in the prenatal care programs of pregnant women to improve the secure attachment of infants.

The Effect of Maternal Emotion and Discomfort on Breastfeeding Realization Scores

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) outcomes can vary by concomitant emotions and breastfeeding selfefficacy. Ongoing pain during breastfeeding, concomitant emotions, and breastfeeding self-efficacy scores (BSES) have not been explored in association with EBF at 6 weeks postpartum. Research Aims: To examine the association of ongoing pain with breastfeeding, concomitant emotions and BSES with EBF outcomes at 6 weeks postpartum. Method: A secondary analysis of a randomized pilot trial of a breastfeeding pain self-management (BSM) intervention for 56 mothers (26 BSM, 30 controls). The BSM intervention provided self-management strategies for breastfeeding and breastfeeding pain. Using multiple regression analyses, associated symptoms of depression, anxiety, sleep, well-being pain severity scores, BSES, and group assignment was assessed related to EBF at 6 weeks postpartum. Results: EBF was significantly associated with Group, depression, anxiety, sleep, BSES, and pain severity, (F(6, 49)=5.751, p<0.000, R2=0.413) BSES (p<0.005) and anxiety (p<0.041) were significant variables in the prediction model. A second model which included Group, BSES, pain severity, anxiety, depression, sleep and well-being was significantly associated with EBF (F (7, 49)=4,728, p<0.0004, R2=0.403). BSES again, significantly added to the prediction, p<0.002. Conclusion: Examinations of EBF at 6 weeks should include evaluation of mothers’ ongoing pain and emotional distress, as mothers continue to breastfeeding even at personal cost. Early validation of breastfeeding challenges, ongoing pain, and emotional distress are needed to bolster mothers’ confidence in their breastfeeding skills, thus supporting their EBF goals.

Maternal socialization is associated with prosocial behavior in at-risk young children

ABSTRACT Prosocial behaviors are a key component of young children’s developing social competence. The current study examines the impact of two types of maternal socialization on young children’s prosocial behaviors: emotional expressiveness (defined as maternal displayed positive and negative affect) and direct coaching of prosocial responses and explores the relationship of these socialization behaviors with mothers’ own histories of psychosocial risk. An ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample from the United States of 80 mother-child dyads at high risk for violence exposure was assessed when the children were preschool age. All of the maternal emotion socialization behaviors were evaluated by direct observation. The sample included 40 mothers with a history of childhood trauma and 40 mothers without such a history, matched on demographic characteristics. Results indicated that mothers with a history of childhood trauma experiences expressed more positive affect than those without childhood trauma, but the groups did not differ in expressed negative affect or prosocial coaching behaviors. For the full sample, even after controlling for relevant demographic and psychosocial risk factors, socialization behaviors were associated with preschool children’s prosocial behavior. Findings reinforce the critical role of parental socialization behaviors in the development of young children’s peer-directed prosocial behaviors and highlight the importance of helping parents to develop effective socialization skills.

Infant feeding initiation practices in the context of COVID-19 lockdown

ObjectiveLimited information is available regarding barriers to breastfeeding during the COVID-19 lockdown. Study designThis study was designed as a non-concurrent case-control study on breastfeeding initiation practices, defined according to WHO, in women giving birth during lockdown, between March 8 and May 18, 2020, in the COVID-19 ‘hotspot’ in Northeastern Italy (study group), with an antecedent puerperae-matched group (control group). Exclusive, complementary, and formula feeding practices were collected from maternal charts at hospital discharge, on the second day post-partum, when puerperae filled out the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). ResultsThe COVID-19 study group presented significantly lower exclusive breastfeeding rates than the control group who members gave birth the previous year (−15%, p = 0.003), as a consequence of the significantly higher prevalence of complementary feeding practices in the former (+20%, p = 0.002). Conversely, the COVID-19 study group showed significantly higher EPDS scores (8.03 ± 4.88 vs. 8.03 ± 4.88, p < 0.005) and higher anhedonia (0.56 ± 0.65 vs. 0.18 ± 0.38, p < 0.001) and depression (0.62 ± 0.60 vs. 0.39 ± 0.44, <0.001) subscale scores. In the general linear model analysis, women practicing exclusive breastfeeding showed significantly lower EPDS scores in comparison with those practicing complementary (p = 0.003) and formula feedings (p = 0.001). Furthermore, the highest EPDS scores were observed in women adopting formula feeding, mainly during the COVID-19 quarantine (p = 0.019). ConclusionThis study indicates that hospital containment measures adopted during lockdown in the ‘hotspot’ COVID-19 epidemic area of Northeastern Italy have a detrimental effect on maternal emotions and on breastfeeding exclusivity practices.

Maternal influences on binge eating behaviors in children

Binge eating in childhood has been linked to adverse future health outcomes. Parental factors, such as parents’ emotion regulation and executive functioning, are likely to influence children's self-regulatory behaviors, including eating. Executive functioning describes a range of higher-order cognitive functions such as planning, abstraction, inhibitory control and working memory, which involves the ability to learn, update and manipulate new information while managing distractions. No studies have examined associations between maternal emotion regulation and executive functioning and the child's maladaptive eating patterns, which was the goal of the present study. Forty-eight mother and child pairs completed self-report clinical measures of emotion dysregulation and attentional control, and mothers completed a brief neuropsychological battery, which included executive functioning measures. Child's disordered eating was measured with the Child Binge Eating Disorder Scale. Linear regression results indicated that mother's performance on a working memory task and child's emotion dysregulation was significantly associated with child's binge eating symptoms (R 2 = 0.34). These data, which reveal that maternal executive functioning is associated with self-regulatory behaviors in children, indicate a possible mechanism through which maladaptive eating behaviors may emerge early in development. This relationship merits further exploration in larger-scale prospective intergenerational studies.

Supplemental Material for Maternal Emotion Coaching Styles in the Context of Maternal Depressive Symptoms: Associations With Preschoolers’ Emotion Regulation

Supplemental Material for Maternal Emotion Coaching Styles in the Context of Maternal Depressive Symptoms: Associations With Preschoolers’ Emotion Regulation

Attachment insecurity in infants with infantile spasms: Maternal anxiety and sadness, and infant's temperament outweigh disease severity

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate attachment behavior in a population of infants with infantile spasms (ISs) using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and to explore factors associated with the infants' attachment behavior. MethodsThe SSP was assessed in a population of 29 children with ISs during the second year of life. In mothers, we assessed anxiety, depression, maternal emotions, and perception of the temperament of the child, and sociodemographic characteristics. In children, we assessed epilepsy characteristics, response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at the time of the SSP, and the child's outcome at 3 years of age, in terms of intellectual disability (ID), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ResultsInsecure attachment was higher than in the general population (68% versus 32%). It was associated with maternal anxiety, sadness, and maternal representation of the child at 12 months but with none of the child characteristics including ID, ASD, response to AEDs, or ISs etiology. SignificanceNonspecific dimensions were more important than disease characteristics for the infants' attachment behavior. In conclusion, we propose that interventions targeting mother–child interaction could prevent attachment insecurity and the developmental consequences of early epilepsy.

Empathy in Toddlers: The Role of Emotion Regulation, Language Ability, and Maternal Emotion Socialization Style.

We investigated, through a cross-sectional study, whether and to what extent toddlers’ empathy is associated with a set of individual and family factors known to foster positive social skills in early childhood: children’s own emotion regulation, language ability, and maternal emotion socialization style. Participants were 320 toddlers (Mage = 28.8 months; SD = 3.55) and their mothers. The children came from middle-SES families and were recruited at 34 infant-toddler centers. We used parent-report measures to assess the toddlers’ competences and a self-report questionnaire to evaluate maternal emotion socialization style (coaching vs. dismissing). Toddlers’ empathic responses, as reported by their mothers, were positively and significantly correlated, respectively, with their positive emotion regulation, language skills, and maternal emotion-coaching style. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that emotion regulation and maternal emotion-coaching style contributed to explaining variance in toddlers’ empathy, after controlling for the effects of children’s age and language ability. Moderation analysis showed that emotion regulation skills did not moderate the relationship between maternal emotion-coaching style and children’s empathy. We discuss the implications of these findings.

Kontribusi Regulasi Emosi Orang Tua Terhadap Regulasi Diri Remaja melalui Peran Mediasi Pola Asuh Orang Tua

The results of the KPAI survey from 2011 to 2016 included 12,202 cases of Indonesian children and adolescents involved in risk behaviour. Jabodetabek is the area with the most cases of children and adolescents involved in risk behaviour, namely 5,160 cases. Adolescent self-regulation becomes a protective factor against risk behaviour. Parenting and parents' emotional regulation abilities become the main protective factors towards adolescent risk behaviours and adolescent self-regulation abilities. Based on that explanation, this study aims to examine the mediating role of parenting towards the contribution of parents' emotional regulation strategies to adolescent self-regulation. Data analysis of this study used multiple regression with the Hayes template model, namely model four with using one mediator variable. The sample of this study consisted of 157 pairs of study participants namely fathers, mothers, and adolescents obtained from 73 Tebet Middle School, 3 Bogor High School, and Depok 8 Middle School by using accidental sampling method. There are three measuring instruments in this study, namely The Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to measure teenage participant self-regulation, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) to measure parents' emotional regulation, and Parenting Style Four Factor Questionnaire (PSFFQ) to measure parenting. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis on adolescent participants showed that there is a mediating role of paternal authoritative parenting on contribution of the paternal emotion regulation (reappraisal and suppression) to adolescent self-regulation abilities, then there is a mediating role of maternal authoritarian parenting on contributing of maternal emotion regulation (reappraisal) to adolescent self-regulation abilities.

Child diurnal cortisol differs based on profiles of maternal emotion socialization in high risk, low income, and racially diverse families.

Young children's physiological and emotional regulation depend on supportive caregiving, especially in the context of stress and adversity. Experiences of child maltreatment become biologically embedded by shaping stress physiology. Maternal emotion socialization may have an important influence on children's limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) functioning. Grounded in theories of caregiver emotion socialization, a person-centered latent profile analysis was utilized to identify profiles of maternal emotion socialization among a high risk, low income, and racially diverse group of 248 mothers and their young children (Mage =4.39years, SD=1.10). The majority of the mothers (n=165) had a history of involvement with the Department of Child Services for substantiated cases of child maltreatment. A latent profile analysis was conducted revealing three emotion socialization profiles: disengaged, engaged, and engaged+supportive. Emotion socialization profile differences in children's diurnal cortisol levels and slope (using area under the curve with respect to ground and increase, respectively) were examined. Children's diurnal cortisol levels were higher, and slopes were flatter, when mothers used more disengaged emotion socialization strategies. Mothers who neglected their children were more likely to fit the disengaged profile than the engaged profile. Implications for the socialization of regulation in children exposed to adversity are discussed.