Maternal Authoritative Parenting Research Articles

Maternal Failure Mindsets and Parenting Styles: Exploring the Mediating Role of Maternal Attributions of Children’s Academic Failures

ABSTRACT This study examines the mediating effects of parental attributions of children’s academic failures in the relationship between maternal failure mind-sets and their parenting styles. Participants were 323 preschool children aged 4–6 years old, with their mothers completing online questionnaires on failure mind-sets, parenting styles, and attribution of children’s academic failures. Research Findings: The results indicated that: (1) a failure-enhancing mindset was positively related to authoritative parenting and showed no significant correlation with authoritarian parenting. Conversely, a failure-debilitating mindset was negatively correlated with authoritative parenting and positively correlated with authoritarian parenting; (2) the mediating role of attribution varied depending on the mindsets. Effort attribution did not mediate the association between failure-enhancing mind-set and authoritative parenting. However, ability attribution played a significant role in mediating the relationship between failure-debilitating mind-set and authoritarian parenting. Mothers with a failure-debilitating mind-set tended to attribute children’s academic failures to a lack of ability, which subsequently increased maternal authoritarian parenting. Practice or Policy: These results provide valuable insights into the factors in influencing parenting styles, emphasizing the role of cognitive factors such as failure mind-sets and attributions of children’s academic failures. The findings suggest that cognitive interventions targeting parental beliefs, including failure mind-sets and attributions, could be crucial for improving parenting style.

Parent-Grandparent Co-Parenting and preschoolers’ Self-Control in China : The Roles of Maternal and Grandparental Parenting Styles

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the association between parent-grandparent co-parenting and children’s self-control as well as the potential moderated mediation mechanisms. Participants were 367 children aged from 3 to 6 years from two public kindergartens in Shanghai and Guangzhou, China. Their mothers were asked to complete multiple questionnaires including the parent-grandparent co-parenting scale, parenting style scale, and children’s self-control, as well as their grandparents were asked to rate parenting practices. Research Findings: The results showed that: (1) parent-grandparent co-parenting was positively correlated with maternal authoritative parenting, grandparental authoritative parenting, and children’s self-control, whereas negatively correlated with maternal authoritarian parenting and grandparental authoritarian parenting. (2) maternal authoritarian parenting mediated the relation between parent-grandparent co-parenting and children’s self-control; (3) grandparental authoritarian parenting moderated the relations between parent-grandparent co-parenting, maternal authoritative parenting, and children’s self-control. To be specific, for children whose grandparents adopted less authoritarian parenting, their self-control level was higher, and the parent-grandparent co-parenting could predict their self-control via maternal authoritative parenting. Practice or Policy: These findings provide valuable information on the importance of maternal and grandparental parenting styles between parent-grandparent co-parenting and preschoolers’ self-control in Chinese culture.

Parental Worry About COVID-19 in Preschool Children's Mothers During the Pandemic Waves: The Role of Maternal Negative Feelings and Parenting Styles.

This cross-sectional study explores the relationship between maternal feelings, maternal parenting styles, and mothers' worry about COVID-19's detrimental consequences on preschool children's health and well-being. The study is among the first to concentrate on this reference specific group, whose characteristics might be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19's adversities. One hundred and four mothers of at least one preschool-age child completed an online questionnaire battery, which included the Parental Feelings Inventory, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the parental worry about COVID-19 scale. Negative maternal feelings (i.e., anger, anxiety/sadness) were associated with authoritarian and indulgent parenting practices, especially verbal hostility, while maternal happiness was associated with more authoritative practices, especially warmth and support. The hierarchical multiple regression model explained about 42% of variance of the overall maternal worry about COVID-19 from maternal negative feelings and parenting styles, with maternal authoritative parenting and maternal anxiety/sadness as the significant predictors that uniquely explain maternal worry about COVID-19. These results are discussed in terms of positive and negative maternal worry, which partially reflect the differences between overprotective and authoritative parenting in early childhood.

The Impact of Mothers' Perceived Unsupportive Intergenerational Co-Parenting on Children's Social Competence: Evidence from China.

This study examined whether parenting styles mediated the relationship between unsupportive intergenerational co-parenting and children's social competence, and whether the first stage of the mediating process, as well as the direct association between unsupportive intergenerational co-parenting and children's social competence, was moderated by maternal psychological flexibility. The theoretical model was tested using data collected from 412 mothers of children aged 3-6 years at four kindergartens in Shanghai, China. The results showed that: (1) unsupportive intergenerational co-parenting was negatively associated with children's social competence through decreased maternal authoritative parenting and increased authoritarian parenting and (2) the first stage of the mediation mechanism was moderated by maternal psychological flexibility. Specifically, unsupportive intergenerational co-parenting was significantly associated with authoritative and authoritarian parenting for mothers with low and high psychological flexibility, respectively, and the magnitude of the association was higher for mothers with low psychological flexibility. These findings extend the understanding of how and when unsupportive intergenerational co-parenting impacts children's social competence.

Cannabis Use and Parenting Practices among Young People: The Impact of Parenting Styles, Parental Cannabis-Specific Rules, and Parental Cannabis Use.

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug. Its use typically starts in adolescence, and parents play a key role in young people’s cannabis use. Our study aimed to examine and compare the effects of parenting styles, parental cannabis-specific rules, and parental cannabis use on young people’s cannabis use. The research sample consisted of 839 students from various secondary education programs in Slovenia, aged 14 to 21. Associations between the young people’s lifetime cannabis use and their experience of parenting practices were assessed using logistic regression, with demographic, socioeconomic, educational, health, and risk behaviors controlled in a multivariate model. Maternal authoritative parenting (in comparison with permissive parenting), strict maternal, cannabis-specific rules, and parental cannabis non-use statistically significantly reduced the likelihood of young people’s cannabis use. Its strongest predictor was parental cannabis use, followed by the mother’s specific cannabis-use rules and maternal parenting style. The findings of our study can contribute to the development of public health policies to more effectively prevent cannabis use among adolescents and emerging adults, including by designing prevention programs aimed at strengthening parents’ general and cannabis-specific practices and competences.

The Influence of Parent-grandparent Co-parenting on Children’s Problem Behaviors and Its Potential Mechanisms

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the influence of parent-grandparent co-parenting on children’s problem behaviors and its potential mechanisms. Participants were 412 children aged 3 to 6 years from four kindergartens in Shanghai, China. Their mothers were asked to complete a series of questionnaires including the parent-grandparent co-parenting scale, parenting style scale, parent-child relationship scale, and their grandparents were asked to complete children’s behavior evaluation scale. Research Findings: The results showed that: (1) Supportive co-parenting was associated with less internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preschool children, and unsupportive co-parenting was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors; (2) Supportive parent-grandparent co-parenting was negatively associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors mainly through maternal authoritative parenting and mother-child conflict, and unsupportive parent-grandparent co-parenting was positively associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors mainly through maternal authoritarian parenting and mother-child conflict, or directly through mother-child conflict. Practice or Policy: These findings provide valuable information on the importance of parenting styles and parent-child relationships between parent-grandparent co-parenting and children’s problem behaviors in Chinese culture.

Gender Differences in the Associations Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Young Adults' Cyber Dating Abuse.

Existing literature indicates that parenting styles affect the development of cyber aggression in offspring differently, depending on the gender of children. The present study investigates whether mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles show similar gender differences in their associations with a new form of dating violence, i.e., cyber dating abuse (CDA). The limited evidence on the issue focuses on the relation that each parenting style has with CDA perpetration, without considering CDA victimization and the joint effects of fathers’ and mothers’ parenting styles. The present study contributes to the research on gender differences in parenting by examining whether young adults’ perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles during childhood were independently and/or jointly related to their perpetrated and suffered CDA and whether these relations differed across young adults’ gender. In total, 351 young adults (50.7% men), age between 18 and 35 years and having a romantic relationship, completed online self-reports of the variables of interest that include a bidimensional measure of perpetrated/suffered CDA that assess aggression and control. Results showed that maternal authoritarian parenting was uniquely and positively associated to their children’s perpetration and victimization of cyber dating control, whereas maternal permissive parenting was uniquely and positively related to their children’s perpetration of cyber dating aggression and victimization of cyber dating control. For daughters, these associations were stronger when the father’s style was similar to the mother’s one or when a maternal authoritarian style combined with a paternal permissive style, thus indicating that the two parents’ parenting styles interact in relating to their daughters’ CDA.

Depressive symptoms mediate the association between maternal authoritarian parenting and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant public health concern. Authoritarian parenting is a common parenting style in China. Authoritarian parenting is associated with NSSI in adolescents. Little is known about the mechanism underlying this association. This study was to investigate the mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the association between maternal authoritarian parenting and NSSI among Chinese adolescents. MethodsA total of 7072 adolescents who participated in the 1-year follow-up of Shandong Adolescent Behavior & Health Cohort (SABHC) were included for the analysis. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess authoritarian parenting, depressive symptoms, non-suicidal self-injury, and family demographics in November–December in 2015. One year later, a follow-up survey was carried out to assess participants' depressive symptoms and NSSI. ResultsOf the sample, mean age was 14.58 (SD = 1.46) and 3536 (50%) were female at baseline. 19.4% adolescents reported having ever NSSI over the past 12 months at baseline, and 8.8% reported having ever NSSI at 1-year follow-up. The association of maternal authoritarian parenting with subsequent NSSI was at least partially mediated by depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses showed that effect size was 0.194 in the entire sample, 0.192 in females and 0.193 in males, respectively. LimitationAll variables were measured based on self-report. ConclusionsMaternal authoritarian parenting style is a significant predictor of NSSI and its association with NSSI is partially mediated by depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. It may be important to intervene poor parenting styles and depression to reduce the risk of NSSI in Chinese adolescents.

The longitudinal links between marital conflict and Chinese children's internalizing problems in mainland China: Mediating role of maternal parenting styles.

The present study explored the role of parenting styles as mediating mechanisms in the link between marital conflict and Chinese children's internalizing problems. Participants were N=1269 families (mothers, fathers, and children) from Shanghai, P. R. China. Multisource assessments were employed at three time points. Mothers and fathers reported their marital conflict and parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian) and teachers and children reported on children's internalizing problems. Results from the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) showed significant actor and partner effects for associations between marital conflict and parenting styles. After controlling for internalizing problems at Time 1, only maternal authoritarian parenting continued to mediate the relations between mothers' reported marital conflict and change in children's internalizing problems over time. This research provides valuable information about how important aspects of parenting influence the relations between marital conflict and internalizing problems among Chinese children.

Transactional models linking maternal authoritative parenting, child self-esteem, and approach coping strategies

The aim of this study is to identify the transactional pathways among maternal authoritative parenting, children's self-esteem, and approach coping strategies (i.e., problem solving coping and social support seeking coping). We collected three waves of data over three years from N = 888 Chinese children (50.3% girls; Mage = 9.83 years, SDage = 1.28 years at Time 1). Children reported their self-esteem, approach coping strategies, and mothers' authoritative behaviors. Results of the transactional model revealed that children's self-esteem at Time 1 predicted maternal authoritative parenting at Time 2, which in turn predicted children's use of approach coping strategies at Time 3. Furthermore, the results showed bidirectional associations between self-esteem and maternal authoritative parenting as well as between self-esteem and problem solving coping. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to understanding children's development of approach coping strategies and to designing interventions for enhancing use of approach coping strategies.

Pengaruh Gaya Pengasuhan Orang Tua terhadap Efikasi Diri Keputusan Karir Siswa SMK melalui Trait Kecerdasan Emosi sebagai Variabel Mediator

Adolescents undergo an important process that is deciding which career path will impact their future later. For vocational high school students, career decision making is not an easy task because there are many career choices, which is go to college, enter the workforce, or being entrepreneur. They have to be confident with themselves that they are able to make the right career decisions. This study aimed to examine the role of perceived parenting styles on career decision self-efficacy through mediation of trait emotional intelligence in vocational high school students. The respondents of the study were 702 students in 12th grade. The adapted Career Decision Self Efficacy – Short Form, Parental Authority Questionnaire, and Trait Emotional Questionnaire were used in this study. The data were analysed using Hayes’ PROCESS simple mediation model. Mediation analyses showed that trait emotional intelligence partially and positively mediated the effect of paternal and maternal authoritative parenting styles on career decision self-efficacy; trait emotional intelligence partially and negatively mediated the effect of paternal and maternal authoritarian parenting styles on career decision self-efficacy. The implication for further research is given on the end of study.

Kontribusi Regulasi Emosi Orang Tua Terhadap Regulasi Diri Remaja melalui Peran Mediasi Pola Asuh Orang Tua

The results of the KPAI survey from 2011 to 2016 included 12,202 cases of Indonesian children and adolescents involved in risk behaviour. Jabodetabek is the area with the most cases of children and adolescents involved in risk behaviour, namely 5,160 cases. Adolescent self-regulation becomes a protective factor against risk behaviour. Parenting and parents' emotional regulation abilities become the main protective factors towards adolescent risk behaviours and adolescent self-regulation abilities. Based on that explanation, this study aims to examine the mediating role of parenting towards the contribution of parents' emotional regulation strategies to adolescent self-regulation. Data analysis of this study used multiple regression with the Hayes template model, namely model four with using one mediator variable. The sample of this study consisted of 157 pairs of study participants namely fathers, mothers, and adolescents obtained from 73 Tebet Middle School, 3 Bogor High School, and Depok 8 Middle School by using accidental sampling method. There are three measuring instruments in this study, namely The Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to measure teenage participant self-regulation, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) to measure parents' emotional regulation, and Parenting Style Four Factor Questionnaire (PSFFQ) to measure parenting. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis on adolescent participants showed that there is a mediating role of paternal authoritative parenting on contribution of the paternal emotion regulation (reappraisal and suppression) to adolescent self-regulation abilities, then there is a mediating role of maternal authoritarian parenting on contributing of maternal emotion regulation (reappraisal) to adolescent self-regulation abilities.

Prenatal and Postnatal Predictive Factors for Children\u2019s Inattentive and Hyperactive Symptoms at 5 Years of Age: The Role of Early Family-related Factors

We examined several parent-reported prenatal and postnatal factors as potential risk factors for attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in 5-year-old children. Our study is based on the CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort. Several parental questionnaires were collected prenatally (32nd pregnancy week) and postnatally (i.e. child aged 3, 8, and 24 months and at 5 years). At 5 years of age, ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Our main results showed that being a boy, parental depressive symptoms, more negative family atmosphere or a child’s shorter sleep duration, and maternal authoritarian parenting style predicted inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Maternal and paternal authoritative parenting style predicted less inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Children with several risk factors together had the highest risk for inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Our findings emphasise the need for early screening and treatment of parental mental health, and early evidence-based targeted parental support, to enable early intervention in those children at a risk of developing ADHD.

Effects of Parenting Styles on Psychological Problems by Self Esteem and Gender Differences

Current research supports the lasting effects of parenting styles on children and adolescents’ self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Few studies have examined parenting style, self-esteem, and psychological problems together while considering gender. The current study explored the indirect effect of parenting style though self-esteem on emerging adult psychological problems as moderated by gender among 381 emerging adults. The most notable finding suggested that maternal authoritative parenting was related to higher levels of female self-esteem, which in turn related to lower levels of female psychological problems. Results indicated a relationship between higher levels of self-esteem and lower psychological problems. Findings from the current study contribute to research emphasizing the long-lasting effects of parenting style on emerging adult self-esteem and mental health, particularly among females.

Parenting Styles Effect on Career Exploration Behavior in Adolescence: Considering Parents and Adolescent Gender

In facing the industrial 4.0 era, adolescents, especially high school students, need to complement their knowledge and skills learnt from school with behaviors that can help their career journey, namely the career exploration behavior (CEB). Referring to the triadic reciprocal determinism theory and gender role in Indonesian culture, this study aimed to examine the effect of parenting styles and gender on CEB. Specifically, this study examined the effect of paternal and maternal parenting styles on CEB in adolescent and compared its effect on boys and girls. Participants in this study were 427 boys and 397 girls with an average age of 17 from nine high schools. Career Exploration Survey and Parental Authority Questionnaire were used to assess participants’ CEB, and paternal and maternal parenting styles. Regression analysis showed different patterns effect of paternal and maternal parenting styles on CEB between boys and girls. For boys, parenting that was found to improve CEB were paternal authoritative parenting and maternal authoritarian parenting, while for girls, parenting that was found to improve CEB were paternal authoritarian parenting and maternal authoritative parenting. These results indicated that boys and girls need different parenting factors from father and mother. Limitation and suggestion are discussed.

Perfectionism and self-medication as mediators of the links between parenting styles and drinking outcomes

ObjectivePerfectionism reflects unreasonably high expectations for oneself that are rarely obtainable leading to negative affect. The self-medication model suggests that alcohol consumption is negatively reinforced and subsequently escalated due to reductions in negative affect when drinking (Hersh & Hussong, 2009). Wang (2010) found that parents directly influence perfectionism levels. Parents have also been found to indirectly influence alcohol-related problems (Patock-Peckham & Morgan-Lopez, 2006, 2009). The current study sought to examine the indirect effects of parenting on alcohol-related problems and alcohol use quantity/frequency through perfectionism dimensions, (i.e. order, discrepancy, and high standards) depression, and self-medication motives for drinking. We hypothesized that more critical parenting and perfectionism discrepancy would be associated with heavier drinking by increasing depressive symptoms and promoting drinking for negative reinforcement. MethodA structural equation model with 419 university volunteers was utilized to test our mediational hypotheses. ResultsThe analyses identified an indirect link between maternal authoritarian parenting and alcohol-related problems operating through perfectionism discrepancy. Higher levels of maternal authoritarian parenting were associated with greater perfectionism discrepancy which contributed to higher levels of depression, and in turn, stronger self-medication motives, as well as more alcohol-related problems. ConclusionsMaternal authoritarian parenting style is directly linked to perfectionism discrepancy along the self-medication pathway to alcohol-related problems. Our results suggest that the reduction of perfectionism discrepancy may be a good therapeutic target for depression as well as inform the development of parent or individual based prevention efforts to reduce risk for alcohol-related problems.

Maternal Parenting Style and Internalizing and ADHD Symptoms in College Students

The purpose of the current study was to test for a relation between emerging adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) status, how they reported being reared (i.e., perceived parenting style), and how the maternal parenting they received in childhood was linked with current adjustment. College students completed online surveys regarding their ADHD status, impairment, and maternal parenting style. Participants with ADHD reported higher levels of maternal authoritarian parenting (controlling/punitive) and lower levels of maternal authoritative parenting (structured/supportive) compared with participants without ADHD. Across the entire sample, higher reported maternal authoritative parenting was associated with lower levels of inattention (IA), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), depression, anxiety and stress, and higher levels of maternal authoritarian and permissive parenting was associated with higher levels of IA, HI, depression, anxiety, and stress. Sex moderated the relations between maternal parenting style and psychopathology such that women who reported low levels of authoritative parenting also reported higher levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, where no differences in psychopathology were found in men across both low and high levels of authoritative parenting. These links between current adjustment and maternal parenting style suggest authoritative parenting may protect against negative adjustment in college students and may be especially important for women.

Self-Regulation, Learning Problems, and Maternal Authoritarian Parenting in Chinese Children: A Developmental Cascades Model

The ability to intentionally control behavior to achieve specific goals helps children concentrate in school and behave appropriately in social situations. In Chinese culture, where self-regulation is highly valued by parents and teachers, children’s difficulties self-regulating may contribute to increased learning problems and subsequent authoritarian parenting. In this study we explored the longitudinal linkages among Chinese children’s self-regulation, learning problems, and authoritarian parenting using a developmental cascades model. Participants were N = 617 primary school students in Shanghai, P.R. China followed over three years from Grade 3–4 to Grade 5–6. Measures of children’s self-regulation, learning problems, and maternal authoritarian parenting were obtained each year from a combination of child self-reports and maternal and teacher ratings. Among the results: (1) compared with the unidirectional and bidirectional models, the developmental cascades model was deemed the best fit for the data; (2) earlier self-regulation negatively predicted later authoritarian parenting via a pathway through academic performance; (3) academic performance directly and indirectly contributed to greater self-regulation. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of self-regulation for Chinese children’s academic success and authoritarian parenting practices.

Parenting and Emerging Adult Internalizing Problems: Regional Differences Suggest Southern Parenting Factor

Although the effects of parenting styles have received much consideration in the research literature, less attention has been given to outcomes in emerging adults. Also, regional differences among areas of the United States may influence parents to use varying degrees of parenting practices such as affection and discipline. The current study investigated the differences in parenting in two geographically close yet distinct regions of the United States and the associated psychological outcomes in emerging adults. The sample was derived from two datasets: one consisting of participants predominantly from Southern states and one predominantly from Florida. The participants reported on maternal and paternal perceived parenting styles and discipline tactics as well as their own internalizing problems. Most notably, authoritative style of both parents shared a direct relationship with authoritarian style in the Southern sample, whereas this was an inverse relationship in the Florida sample. Maternal authoritarian parenting shared a negative relationship with internalizing symptoms in the Mississippi sample, whereas this relationship was positive in the Florida sample. Additionally, paternal permissive parenting shared a negative relationship with internalizing symptoms in the Florida sample, whereas no relationship was found in the Mississippi sample. For both samples, paternal, not maternal, corporal punishment and maternal, not paternal, psychological aggression were related positively to emerging adult internalizing problems. Overall, it was found that both parenting characteristics as well as associated outcomes differed by region, suggesting the need for increased awareness and sensitivity to these differences.

The mediating effect of covert narcissism on the relationship between maternal authoritarian parenting and academic stress

과도한 경쟁체계가 존재하는 입시위주의 교육환경에서 우리나라의 많은 청소년들은 학업 스트레스를 경험하고 있다. 유엔아동 기금(UNICEF)의 조사결과에 따르면 우리 나라 청소년의 학업 스트레스가 세계에서 가장 높은 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 통계청 (2016)이 조사한 결과에서도 우리나라 청소 년이 경험하는 다양한 스트레스 중 학업에 관한 스트레스가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났 다.