Maternal Affect Research Articles

Risk Factor of Preeclampsia in Najaf Governorate

Objective: It aim to study some of the risk factors and a association Preeclampsia Methodology: The present study was carried out in the Department of Al-Zahra Teaching hospital in Najaf governorate in the period of December 2012 to March 2013. Sixty preeclampsia pregnant women and forty healthy pregnant women as control group. Results: The results present study of preeclampsia in showed a significant increase (P≤0.01) in patients (42%) in group age (25-34) years when compared with the other group. where the results found a significant ( P <0.01) percentage (77.5%) of Preeclampsia occurred in group (33-39) weeks. And in the patients with previous history for Preeclampsia significant( P<0.001) with compared healthy pregnant, pregnant with preeclampsia had familial history significant 0.01% percentage 62% and significant (P<0.01) percentage 33% of them had had no children where 8% of pregnant with preeclampsia had diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Maternal age and Gestational age affect in pathogenesis of preeclampsia ,previous history & family history and parity as important determent risk factor of preeclampsia. Recommendation: Risk factor of PE adopted in this study should be considered in counseling pregnant woman regarding PE and should aid in early detection of the abnormal signs and symptoms of PE in particular, responsible for the perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity and mortality.

Effects of socioeconomic status on maternal and child positive behaviors in daily life among youth with asthma.

Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poorer behavioral and emotional outcomes in children with asthma. This study investigated the associations between maternal income and education and naturalistically observed behaviors and affect during everyday parent-child interactions. 53 predominantly low-income youth with asthma, aged 10-17 years, wore a naturalistic event-sampling device, the Electronically Activated Recorder, for 4 days to assess mother and child positive behaviors and affect in daily life. Maternal education, but not income, was positively associated with child positive behaviors, displays of mother and child positive affect, and increased maternal responsiveness. Maternal positive affect and maternal responsiveness mediated the effect of maternal education on child positive affect. Our findings suggest that maternal education has an important influence on the socioemotional adjustment of youth with asthma and point to the importance of investigating the independent influence of socioeconomic status components on everyday parent-child interactions.

Mother-child interactions in the NICU: relevance and implications for later parenting.

This study examined the feasibility of observing mother-child interactions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), whether NICU interactions related to later interactions, and how interactions related to child and maternal characteristics. The sample included 130 preterm infants and their mothers, observed in a feeding interaction in the NICU. Dyads were observed through 36 months postterm. Observed maternal positive affective involvement and verbalizations in the NICU were associated with the same parenting behaviors at 24 months, social support, socioeconomic status, and being born in the late preterm period. Maternal negative affect and behavior were unrelated to later maternal negativity or child and maternal characteristics. Positive parenting assessed in the NICU appears related to later parenting interaction quality, suggesting early assessment is possible. Maternal negative affect and behavior toward children may not consistently emerge until later in development.

Interpersonal engagement mediates the relation between maternal affect and externalising behaviour in young children with type 1 diabetes.

Mother-child interactions around a shared activity have been shown to play a key role in the development of young children’s capacity to interact cooperatively with others. This evidence is particularly germane to type 1 diabetes (T1D) management in younger children where cooperation with parental treatment efforts is crucial for treatment success and where maternal distress and child behavioural problems are risk factors for treatment management, biomedical and psychological outcomes. In 49 4-to-8 year old children with T1D, we investigated whether the association between maternal affect and child problematic behaviour is mediated by mother-child interactions in the context of a T1D-relevant collaborative problem-solving activity. Mothers completed standardised measures of maternal and child psychological adjustment and interacted with their children in the problem-solving activity, analysed for quality of interpersonal engagement based on evaluations of maternal (sensitivity and cognitive stimulation) and dyadic (joint attention and warmth) behaviours. Mediation analyses confirmed the hypothesis that interpersonal engagement mediates the relation between maternal affective state and child behavioural problems. Specifically, more negative maternal affect is associated with lower levels of interpersonal engagement; these less engaged interactions in turn are associated with more behavioural problems in children. These findings are consistent with research involving typically developing children. The implications of our findings are twofold. First, in the context of psychological adjustment to T1D, maternal affect and mother-child interactions are 2 potential targets for interventions which promote cooperative interactions. Second, understanding and caring for children at biological risk requires attention to developmental psychology theory and method; in particular, research addressing parent-child cooperation carries both conceptual and clinical relevance.

Maternal negative affect is associated with emotional feeding practices and emotional eating in young children

Background: Although mothers of young children frequently experience negative affect, little is known about the association between these symptoms and their children's eating behaviors. We aimed to test a model in which maternal negative affect would be related to maternal emotional eating which in turn would be associated with child emotional eating through maternal feeding practices (emotional and instrumental feeding) in a cross-sectional sample of mothers and their children. Methods: A sample of 306 mothers (mean age = 35.0 years, SD = 0.46) of 2-year-old children completed a survey assessing symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, maternal emotional eating, maternal feeding practices, and child emotional eating. Results: Maternal symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were correlated with maternal emotional eating (p < .001), and child emotional eating (p < .05). The initial model proposed was not a good fit to the data. Modification indices indicated that the model would be improved if a direct pathway was added between maternal and child emotional eating. As this model was theoretically plausible these changes were made. The resulting model proved a good fit to the data, χ2 = 17.36, p = .098, and explained 29% of the variance in child emotional eating. Conclusions: High levels of negative affect and associated emotional eating in mothers may contribute to the use of instrumental and emotional feeding practices. Our findings suggested that maternal negative affect has an indirect effect on children's emotional eating, primarily through mothers’ own emotional eating and feeding her child to regulate the child's emotions.

Social withdrawal in children moderates the association between parenting styles and the children's own socioemotional development.

Social withdrawal in early childhood is a risk factor for later socioemotional difficulties. This study examined the joint effects of children's social withdrawal and mothers' and fathers' parenting styles on children's socioemotional development. Based on diatheses-stress, vantage sensitivity, and differential susceptibility models, socially withdrawn children were assumed to be more prone to parental influences than others. Teachers rated 314 children on prosocial skills, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors at three points in time between grades 1-3. Mothers (n = 279) and fathers (n = 182) filled in questionnaires measuring their affection, and their behavioral and psychological control at the same points in time. Teacher reports on children's level of social withdrawal were obtained at the end of kindergarten. Panel analysis showed that particularly those children who showed signs of social withdrawal were vulnerable to the negative effects of low maternal affection in terms of externalizing behavior. Moreover, among these children, mothers' and fathers' psychological control predicted high levels of internalizing problem but, at the same time, mothers' psychological control predicted also a high level of prosocial behavior and low levels of externalizing problem. The results supported the diathesis-stress model more than the differential susceptibility model. For example, socially withdrawn children were found to be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of low maternal affection. Although maternal psychological control had positive effects on the prosocial skills of socially withdrawn children, and reduced the amount of externalizing problems, it was at the same time associated with an increase in their internalizing problems. In this way, socially withdrawn children seem to be at risk of pleasing their mothers at the cost of their own well-being.

유아의 자기조절력과 어머니의 양육행동이 남녀 유아의 게임몰입성에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preschooler's self-regulation and maternal parenting behavior on preschooler's game immersion. Subjects were 253 4- to 5-year-old preschoolers(118 boys, 135 girls) and their mothers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The major findings are summarized as follows: (1) preschooler's game immersion differed from preschooler's gender. Boy preschooler had higher score than girl preschooler in game immersion. (2) Both boy and girl preschooler's game immersion was negatively correlated with preschooler's behavioral regulation and emotional regulation, maternal rational guidance, limit-setting and affection. (3) The most influential factor on boy preschooler's game immersion was behavioral regulation. On the other hand, the most influential factor on girl preschooler's game immersion was emotional regulation, and the next influential factor was maternal affection. Results of this study indicate that self-regulation enhancement program should be developed and mothers should be more affective with their preschoolers in order to prevent preschoolers' game immersion.

장애형제가 있는 청소년이 지각한 부모의 차별적 양육행동과 사회적 지지가 자아존중감 및 내재화 문제에 미치는 영향

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of parental differential treatment and social support perceived by adolescents with siblings with special needs on their self-esteem and internalized problems. The subjects comprised one hundred 12- to 18-year-old adolescents with siblings with special needs. The major results of this study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in adolescents' self-esteem by participation in support programs for siblings of children with special needs. Second, there was no significant effect of parental differential treatment on adolescents' self-esteem. Third, there was a significant effect of social support (family, friends, and teachers) on adolescents' self-esteem. Fourth, there was no effects of paternal differential parenting on adolescents' internalized problems. However, there was a significant effect of differential maternal affection on adolescents' internalized problems. Fifth, there was a significant effect of social support, especi ally in terms of support provided by friends, on adolescents' internalized problems. In conclusion, social support and differential maternal affection both have an important role in adolescents' self-esteem and internalized problems.

The effects of early maternal separation on gastric mucosa maturation and stress response (LB739)

Repeated maternal separation (MS) is a potent and chronic stressor that activates the HPA axis response. We demonstrated that few hours of fasting elevate plasma corticosterone (CORT) in pups, but it also increases CBG binding and reduces glucocorticoid receptor (GR) intracellular traffic in the gastric epithelium. In the stomach, complete cell differentiation occurs by the third postnatal week, in parallel with plasma CORT augment. However, it is not clear how CORT and maternal separation affect gastric epithelium growth and maturation. Currently, our aims were to evaluate: the impacts of MS on body weight; total CORT plasma levels by RIA; gr expression, and the consequences on rat gastric mucosa cell differentiation through the evaluation of developmental target genes by qPCR. For this purpose we used 10, 14, 18, 21 and 30‐ day‐ old rats divided into two groups: 1) Maternal separated group (MS) in which pups were removed from their dams and placed in a clean cage (32° C) for 3 h/day (from postnatal day 2‐ 21),; 2) Control group (C), in which pups were equally manipulated, but were maintained with the dams until weaning (21 days). MS resulted in loss of body weight in the developing rats (p &lt;0.05), but such difference did not persist until 30‐ d‐old rats. Total CORT levels increased only in 18‐ and 30‐d‐old MS rats (p&lt; 0.05).gr expression was down‐ regulated by MS only in 18‐ d‐ old pups (p &lt;0.05). Mucin 6 expression increased after MS in 18‐ and 30‐ d‐ old rats, but decreased at 21 days (p &lt;0.05). Mist1 increased only in 18‐ and 30‐d‐old rats (p &lt;0.05), while Pepsinogen C expression was amplified only in 18‐ d‐old MS pups (p &lt;0.05). In conclusion, repeated MS during early postnatal life reduced body mass, altered total CORT plasma levels and modified the profile of gastric genes expression throughout postnatal development.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Grant 2011/17415‐3 and 2012/10948‐9, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)

Early attachment quality moderates eating disorder risk among adolescent girls

Objective: There is growing evidence that children’s early relational environment has lasting implications for physical and mental health. In this paper, we test whether attachment insecurity in early childhood is associated with increased responsivity to risk factors for eating disorders (EDs; e.g. pubertal weight gain, maternal negative affect) during adolescence.Design: Hypotheses were tested with longitudinal data from 447 girls (final mean age = 15.1 years) over a 12-year period. Tests of direct effects, moderation and moderated mediation were conducted using nested structural equation models and bootstrapped estimates of direct and indirect effects.Results: Early attachment quality was not directly associated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviours (DEABs), but did moderate relations between adolescent ED risk factors and DEABs. Specifically, among girls with an insecure attachment history, higher BMI at age 15 directly predicted more DEABs, while maternal negative affect and pubertal weight gain indirectly predicted DEABs via greater preoccupation with parental relationships. These same direct and indirect paths did not emerge among adolescent girls with a secure attachment history.Conclusion: Results delineate one way early attachment quality may contribute to EDs among some adolescent girls, and support recent efforts to incorporate relational components into obesity and ED prevention programmes.

Prenatal cocaine exposure and trajectories of externalizing behavior problems in early childhood: examining the role of maternal negative affect.

This study examined the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior problems from 18 to 54 months of child age. A hypothesized indirect association between PCE and externalizing trajectories via maternal negative affect was also examined. Caregiving environmental risk and child sex were evaluated as moderators. This study consisted of 196 mother-child dyads recruited at delivery from local area hospitals (107 PCE, 89 non-PCE) and assessed at seven time points across the toddler to preschool periods. Results revealed no direct associations between PCE and externalizing behavior problem trajectories. However, results did indicate that PCE shared a significant indirect relationship with externalizing behavior problem trajectories via higher levels of maternal negative affect. The association between PCE and externalizing problem trajectories was also moderated by caregiving environmental risk such that PCE children in high-risk caregiving environments did not experience the well-documented normative decline in externalizing behavior problems beginning at around 3 years of age. This study suggests potential pathways to externalizing behavior problems among high-risk children.

Maternal affection moderates friend influence on schoolwork engagement.

This study investigated friend influence over adolescent schoolwork engagement in 160 same-sex friend dyads (94 female dyads and 66 male dyads). Participants were approximately 16 years of age at the outset. Each friend described his or her own schoolwork engagement, school burnout, and perceptions of maternal affection. The results revealed that maternal affection moderated the influence that the higher burnout friend exerted over the subsequent schoolwork engagement of the lower burnout friend. The schoolwork engagement of the friend reporting higher levels of school burnout predicted a decline in the schoolwork engagement of the friend reporting lower school burnout, but only if the latter perceived below-average maternal affection.

Associations between maternal negative affect and adolescent's neural response to peer evaluation

Parenting is often implicated as a potential source of individual differences in youths’ emotional information processing. The present study examined whether parental affect is related to an important aspect of adolescent emotional development, response to peer evaluation. Specifically, we examined relations between maternal negative affect, observed during parent–adolescent discussion of an adolescent-nominated concern with which s/he wants parental support, and adolescent neural responses to peer evaluation in 40 emotionally healthy and depressed adolescents. We focused on a network of ventral brain regions involved in affective processing of social information: the amygdala, anterior insula, nucleus accumbens, and subgenual anterior cingulate, as well as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Maternal negative affect was not associated with adolescent neural response to peer rejection. However, longer durations of maternal negative affect were associated with decreased responsivity to peer acceptance in the amygdala, left anterior insula, subgenual anterior cingulate, and left nucleus accumbens. These findings provide some of the first evidence that maternal negative affect is associated with adolescents’ neural processing of social rewards. Findings also suggest that maternal negative affect could contribute to alterations in affective processing, specifically, dampening the saliency and/or reward of peer interactions during adolescence.

Cues of maternal condition influence offspring selfishness.

The evolution of parent-offspring communication was mostly studied from the perspective of parents responding to begging signals conveying information about offspring condition. Parents should respond to begging because of the differential fitness returns obtained from their investment in offspring that differ in condition. For analogous reasons, offspring should adjust their behavior to cues/signals of parental condition: parents that differ in condition pay differential costs of care and, hence, should provide different amounts of food. In this study, we experimentally tested in the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) if cues of maternal condition affect offspring behavior in terms of sibling cannibalism. We experimentally manipulated female condition by providing them with different amounts of food, kept nymph condition constant, allowed for nymph exposure to chemical maternal cues over extended time, quantified nymph survival (deaths being due to cannibalism) and extracted and analyzed the females’ cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC). Nymph survival was significantly affected by chemical cues of maternal condition, and this effect depended on the timing of breeding. Cues of poor maternal condition enhanced nymph survival in early broods, but reduced nymph survival in late broods, and vice versa for cues of good condition. Furthermore, female condition affected the quantitative composition of their CHC profile which in turn predicted nymph survival patterns. Thus, earwig offspring are sensitive to chemical cues of maternal condition and nymphs from early and late broods show opposite reactions to the same chemical cues. Together with former evidence on maternal sensitivities to condition-dependent nymph chemical cues, our study shows context-dependent reciprocal information exchange about condition between earwig mothers and their offspring, potentially mediated by cuticular hydrocarbons.

Behavior problems among cocaine exposed children: Role of physiological regulation and parenting

This study examined interrelations between prenatal cocaine exposure, child autonomic regulation, parenting behavior and child sex on parent-reported behavior problems at 36months of age. We hypothesized that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) at 13months of age would mediate the relation between cocaine exposure and behavior problems. We also hypothesized that child sex, maternal negative affect, and maternal sensitivity observed at 13months of age would moderate the relation between RSA and behavior problems. Results revealed that cocaine exposure predicted low baseline RSA and low RSA withdrawal during a negative affect task. Low baseline RSA, in turn, predicted fewer behavior problems offering support for an indirect association between cocaine exposure and behavior problems. The association between baseline RSA and behavior problems was further moderated by maternal negative affect such that high baseline RSA was more strongly related to behavior problems under conditions of high compared to low maternal negative affect. Results also revealed a near significant trend for baseline RSA to be more strongly related to behavior problems among boys than girls. These findings highlight several possible pathways toward behavior problems among cocaine exposed children.

Sexual-orientation disparities in substance use in emerging adults: a function of stress and attachment paradigms.

More lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths than heterosexuals report substance use. We examined a theoretical model to understand these disparities in lifetime and past-year substance use by means of stress and attachment paradigms, using the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). GUTS participants are the children of participants in NHSII; thus, child and maternal data are available. In addition, GUTS contains siblings, allowing for comparisons of LGB and heterosexual siblings. Of 5,647 GUTS youths (M = 20.6 years old in 2005), 1.6% were lesbian/gay (LG), 1.6% bisexual (BI), 9.9% mostly heterosexual (MH), and 86.9% completely heterosexual (CH). After adjusting for sibling clustering in GUTS and covariates, significantly more sexual minorities (LGs, BIs, and MHs) than CHs reported lifetime and past-year smoking, nonmarijuana illicit drug use, and prescription drug misuse. More sexual minorities also reported marijuana use in the past year. The relations between sexual orientation and substance use were moderated by the stress markers: As mother's discomfort with homosexuality increased, more BIs and MHs than CHs used substances. As childhood gender nonconforming behaviors increased, more LGs than CHs used substances. The relations between sexual orientation and substance use were mediated by attachment and maternal affection (percent of effect mediated ranged from 5.6% to 16.8%% for lifetime substance use and 4.9% to 24.5% for past-year use). In addition, sibling comparisons found that sexual minorities reported more substance use, more childhood gender nonconforming behaviors, and less secure attachment than CH siblings; mothers reported less affection for their sexual minority than CH offspring. The findings indicate the importance of stress and attachment paradigms for understanding sexual-orientation disparities in substance use.

Role of adolescent and maternal depressive symptoms on transactional emotion recognition: Context and state affect matter.

Depressive symptomatology is associated with impaired recognition of emotion. Previous investigations have predominantly focused on emotion recognition of static facial expressions neglecting the influence of social interaction and critical contextual factors. In the current study, we investigated how youth and maternal symptoms of depression may be associated with emotion recognition biases during familial interactions across distinct contextual settings. Further, we explored if an individual's current emotional state may account for youth and maternal emotion recognition biases. Mother-adolescent dyads (N = 128) completed measures of depressive symptomatology and participated in three family interactions, each designed to elicit distinct emotions. Mothers and youth completed state affect ratings pertaining to self and other at the conclusion of each interaction task. Using multiple regression, depressive symptoms in both mothers and adolescents were associated with biased recognition of both positive affect (i.e., happy, excited) and negative affect (i.e., sadness, anger, frustration); however, this bias emerged primarily in contexts with a less strong emotional signal. Using actor-partner interdependence models, results suggested that youth's own state affect accounted for depression-related biases in their recognition of maternal affect. State affect did not function similarly in explaining depression-related biases for maternal recognition of adolescent emotion. Together these findings suggest a similar negative bias in emotion recognition associated with depressive symptoms in both adolescents and mothers in real-life situations, albeit potentially driven by different mechanisms.

Toddler socioemotional behavior in a northern plains Indian tribe: associations with maternal psychosocial well-being.

M.C. Sarche, C.D. Croy, C. Big Crow, C. Mitchell, and P. Spicer (2009) provided first-ever information relating the socioemotional development of American Indian toddlers to the immediate context of their mothers' lives. The current study sought to replicate and build on their earlier work by examining the impact of additional maternal risk factors, identified in previous research with non-American Indian populations, on the development of American Indian toddlers: maternal depression, negative social influences, and mother's feelings of isolation. At 27 months, American Indian mothers (N = 110) completed the Parent Demographic Questionnaire, which measured maternal psychosocial characteristics (e.g., depressed affect, social support, drug and alcohol use, isolation) and demographics. Mothers also completed the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (A.S. Carter & M.J. Briggs-Gowan, 2006) and the Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction subscale of the Parenting Stress Index (R.R. Abidin, 1995, 1997). Some results replicated the original study, but others did not. Reports of a dysfunctional mother-child relationship related to externalizing and internalizing problems, replicating the earlier study. This study also found associations between a dysfunctional mother-child relationship and socioemotional competence as well as dysregulation. The previous finding of a relationship between American Indian identity and socioemotional competence was supported. Adding the effects of maternal depressed affect and isolation significantly increased prediction of toddler behavior problems.

Impact of maternal negative affectivity on light alcohol use and binge drinking during pregnancy

To investigate whether maternal negative affectivity, a tendency to frequent negative emotions and views, is associated with light alcohol use and binge drinking during pregnancy. Cohort. Norway 1999-2008. The study includes complete information on 66 111 pregnant women and their partners. We used data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa) representing 39% of the pregnant population. Light alcohol use (0.5-2 units one to four times per month) and binge drinking (an intake of 5 alcohol units or more) measured with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C). For each unit increase in maternal negative affectivity the odds for light alcohol use increased with 27% in the first trimester [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.36], and 28% in the second trimester (95% CI 1.18-1.39). With respect to binge drinking, each unit increase in maternal negative affectivity was associated with 55% higher odds in the first trimester (95% CI 1.44-1.67), and 114% higher odds in the second trimester (95% CI 1.70-2.69). Negative affectivity is associated with both light alcohol use and binge drinking during pregnancy. The mechanisms mediating the relation between negative affectivity and alcohol use in pregnancy should be investigated further.

OP13.02: Does maternal psychological status affect placental‐fetal blood flow circulation during pregnancy: a pilot study

<scp>OP13</scp>.02: Does maternal psychological status affect placental‐fetal blood flow circulation during pregnancy: a pilot study