Materials Science Research Articles

An Investigation of Seismic Behaviour of Prestressed Concrete Frame Structures using Pushover Analysis

Abstract: The prestressed concrete system is a prominent material in civil engineering, with applications ranging from buildings, bridges, foundations, piling, silos, stadiums, roadways, and other infrastructure. However, this work is primarily concerned with its applicability to building frame constructions subjected to seismic loading. The prestressed concrete system for frame constructions not only reduces the amount of structural components, but it is also a cost-effective technology that provides outstanding strength and stiffness, as well as quick and simple site erection. Hence, we will be able to use these prestressed concrete components to their full capacity, unlocking engineering and social benefits that were previously impossible. Prestressed concrete designs, as opposed to reinforced concrete designs, can give structures with substantially longer spans, no cracks, or fewer cracks with tiny crack widths. Nonetheless, research on the seismic behaviour of prestressed concrete frame structures is relatively restricted, with the majority of studies focusing on reinforced concrete structures. Finally, the provisional versions of modern building codes such as ACI 318, GB50010, and EC2 do not provide thorough processes for seismic design of prestressed concrete structures. In this work, the seismic design and behaviour of prestressed concrete building frames are explored using the most recent design code. Three model-building codes will be investigated and compared, including ACI 318- 14, Eurocode 2004-2, and Chinese GB500010-2010. The 10-story prestressed concrete frame system is subjected to gravity and seismic loading, and the strong-column weak beam mechanism is archived to conform with the newly implemented building design code. To examine the behaviour of prestressed concrete frame structures, nonlinear static pushover analysis is used to capture the reaction under earthquake loading. The stiffness and strength needed will be designed in compliance with the three major building codes indicated. In addition, the finite element model will be created using CSI Sap200 to capture its actions.

Efficient electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production enabled by defect engineering of epoxy-rich carbon materials

Efficient electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production enabled by defect engineering of epoxy-rich carbon materials

Experimental and numerical investigation of the solid cold-welding properties of the APB process of Al/Cu bulk composites

AbstractNowadays, the use of bimetallic laminates with special capabilities is increasing and has experienced high growth. These properties include high mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, lightweight, and thermal stability. Among the technologies of multilayer composite materials, Accumulative Press Bonding (APB) as a solid-phased method of welding is one of the most common techniques for the production of multilayer composites. One of the most important aims for this choice is the press pressure, which can create a strong and suitable mechanical connection between produced metal layer components. In this study, the APB method has been used to produce bimetal aluminum/copper bulk composites as its novelty for the first time. After that, the effect of pressing parameters such as strain and number of layers on the stress distribution has been investigated. The shear stress among the layers reached 4 MPa for the samples with eight layers which is a good condition to generate a successful bonding. With increasing the thickness reduction ratio, the stress applied to the layers has also increased. As the thickness decreases, the interlayer shear stresses also increase which leads to a better bonding between layers. With increasing the thickness reduction ratio, the amount of layers sinking in each other was greater than before, which led to the crushing of copper layers along the entire length of the sample. During the process, as the number of passes increased, the volume of virgin material in the direction of the press rose, which led to increased compaction and better adhesion of Al and Cu layers to each other. The bonding strength enhances from 47 to 95 N for samples manufactured with one and four cycles of APB due to the increment of virgin metal normal to the pressing direction showing a 102% enhancement.

Machine learning accelerated the prediction of mechanical properties of copper modified by TMDs based on molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract In this study, we constructed a dataset of elastic modulus and ultimate stress for copper material enhanced by Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Subsequently, leveraging chemical insights, we selected appropriate descriptors and established machine learning prediction models for elastic modulus and ultimate stress, respectively. Finally, the performance of the machine learning models was evaluated using a test set. The results demonstrate excellent performance of the machine learning models in predicting material properties. This work presents a novel approach for efficient material screening, demonstrating the synergy between MD simulations and machine learning in advancing materials research and intelligent material selection platforms.

Materials-driven strategies in bacterial engineering

AbstractThis perspective article focuses on the innovative field of materials-based bacterial engineering, highlighting interdisciplinary research that employs material science to study, augment, and exploit the attributes of living bacteria. By utilizing exogenous abiotic material interfaces, researchers can engineer bacteria to perform new functions, such as enhanced bioelectric capabilities and improved photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, materials can modulate bacterial communities and transform bacteria into biohybrid microrobots, offering promising solutions for sustainable energy production, environmental remediation, and medical applications. Finally, the perspective discusses a general paradigm for engineering bacteria through the materials-driven modulation of their transmembrane potential. This parameter regulates their ion channel activity and ultimately their bioenergetics, suggesting that controlling it could allow scientists to hack the bioelectric language bacteria use for communication, task execution, and environmental response. Graphical abstract

Introduction of Fluorinated Groups via Photoredox Catalyzed C–H Functionalization

In recent years, there have been increasing efforts in the development of methodologies for incorporating fluorine-containing functional groups into organic scaffolds. Modern techniques have made fluorinated molecules more accessible than ever before, but many fluorination reactions still have limitations in their generality, predictability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The methodological progress has a significant impact on drug discovery and materials science research. Photoredox catalysis has enabled the discovery of effective methods, providing access to drug-like molecules. Photochemical methods paired with C–H functionalization, provide powerful tools for property-driven research. Herein, we examine recent developments at the interface of photoredox catalysis and C–H functionalization.

AIPHAD, an active learning web application for visual understanding of phase diagrams

Phase diagrams provide considerable information that is vital for materials exploration. However, the determination of multidimensional phase diagrams typically requires a significant investment of time, cost, and human resources owing to the necessity of numerous experiments or simulations. Machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques present a viable solution for expediting phase diagrams investigations. Additionally, effective visualization is critical for understanding phase diagrams. This study reports the development of AIPHAD (Artificial Intelligence technique for PHAse Diagram), an open-source web application to assist in the investigation and visual understanding of phase diagrams using active learning. AIPHAD employs PDC (Phase Diagram Construction) algorithm, which operates on the principle of uncertainty sampling in active learning. The AIPHAD application facilitates the examination of five diagram types: two-variable diagrams, three-variable diagrams, ternary sections, ternary phase diagrams, and quaternary sections. The efficacy of the application is demonstrated in the study of the Fe-Ti-Sn ternary system, where it efficiently identified the presence of the Heusler phase. The integration of machine learning tools with traditional materials science approaches showcased in this study has the potential to drive groundbreaking advancements in materials exploration and discovery.

Advancements in Coordination Chemistry and Trends in the Chemical Industry: Applications and Implications

Abstract: This research paper delves into the current advances in coordination chemistry alongside the evolving trends within the chemical industry, exploring their intersections and applications. Coordination chemistry has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, driven by innovative synthetic methodologies and a deeper understanding of metal-ligand interactions. The study examines the synthesis and characterization of novel coordination complexes, highlighting their diverse structures and properties. Furthermore, it explores the role of coordination chemistry in various applications, ranging from catalysis and drug design to materials science and environmental remediation. Concurrently, the chemical industry is experiencing transformative shifts, embracing sustainable practices, and adapting to emerging regulatory frameworks. This paper investigates key trends shaping the chemical industry, such as green chemistry initiatives, circular economy principles, and the adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies. By synthesizing the latest research findings and industry developments, this study offers insights into the potential synergies between coordination chemistry advancements and the evolving landscape of the chemical industry, paving the way for innovative applications and sustainable solutions.

Reviewing dental materials: Progresses for oral health and restoration

The field of density has made great progress in the modern era, especially in the aspects of developing a variety of novel materials that are used to repair teeth. Compared to traditional c, novel dental restorative materials are devoted to combining practicality and aesthetics, which are under the full consideration of the demands of patients. The emphasis of this review lies in the comparison of different novel dental restorative materials by providing their principles, benefits, disadvantages, and applications. The main advanced materials in this area that are chosen to be researched in this review are Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Nanocomposites, Zirconia-based Composites, Activa Bioactive Restorative, Hydroxyapatite Restoration Materials, Bioprinting Materials, as well as Biomimetic and Tooth Surface Regeneration Materials. Researchers need to innovate in dental restorative materials with continuous pursuit. As these novel materials rapidly develop and are taken actions into application, they have a positive influence on dentistry. Our work involving studies of novel dental restorative materials provides patients with more practical and aesthetic therapy suggestions.

Production and Application of a New Biosurfactant for Solubilisation and Mobilisation of Residual Oil from Sand and Seawater

Significant research has been conducted to minimise environmental impacts and promote the sustainable use of resources and raw materials. Microbial surfactants are an example of advanced materials obtained from sustainable production processes. In the present study, a biosurfactant was produced by the yeast Starmerella bombicola ATCC 22214 grown in a previously selected low-cost mineral medium containing 10% sucrose, 1.2% canola oil, and 0.5% corn steep liquor. The biosurfactant reduced surface tension from 72 ± 0.1 to 32.76 ± 0.3 mN/m. The yield was 23 g/L, and the critical micelle concentration was 0.6 g/L. The biosurfactant emulsified 96.25 ± 0.08% of used motor oil, was characterised as a sophorolipid, and exhibited stability under extreme conditions with no significant loss of its properties. Toxicity was assessed by exposing the microcrustacean Artemia salina and the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to the biosurfactant. The biosurfactant proved efficient for use in remediation processes, removing 97.8% and 69.2% of the petroleum derivative from sand in kinetic and static tests, respectively, and removed 91.5% of the contaminant from seawater. The results indicate the potential of this new biosurfactant for the mobilisation and solubilisation of hydrocarbons in the marine environment. This green biomolecule is a promising technology for the replacement of chemical dispersants in the remediation of aquatic and soil systems.

Sustainable Building Construction Materials in the United Arab Emirates: A Review

The construction industry, a major player in economic development, is facing increased pressure to address sustainability concerns amidst rapid population growth and urbanization. With global projections indicating a significant rise in building demand by 2050, sustainability has emerged as a crucial focus area and paradigm shift to enhance environmental friendliness, quality, and project outcomes. The UAE, renowned for its vibrant construction industry, offers a unique context for examining the integration of sustainable practices. The use of sustainable construction practices is growing in the UAE, where the built environment plays a key role in economic growth and environmental stewardship. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) aims to foster long-term sustainability while enhancing the standard of living for current and future generations by integrating social, environmental, and economic aspects within construction projects, while also reevaluating conventional sustainable development frameworks and embracing a triple bottom line approach. This research was conducted to explore sustainable construction material usage and evaluation in the United Arab Emirates. The literature was reviewed for sustainable building construction materials across the UAE in the SCOPUS index from 2014 to 2024, as well as the regional regulations concerning the subject. This study evaluated the increasing trend of sustainable construction material research works, as well as the sound regional parameters of sustainable construction materials implemented across the country. Through an exploration of the significance of sustainable construction materials, this research underscores the multifaceted benefits of locally sourced, recyclable, and renewable materials in reducing environmental impacts, fostering economic and social well-being, and improving overall project performance and project management practices. The construction sector’s role in economic development and its substantial environmental impact are discussed in alignment with sustainable construction materials, sustainable construction practices, and the need to enhance environmental sustainability and create healthier built environments. In the realm of sustainable construction materials, project management knowledge areas encompass a range of factors. These include the properties of materials sourced regionally; the incorporation of recycled content; considerations for indoor air quality, energy, and water efficiency parameters; and how these properties relate to project scopes, scheduling constraints, and challenges. Additionally, the availability of resources and competency levels, quality control standards, specifications, communication strategies, and stakeholder involvement play crucial roles. It is important to assess both the positive and negative risks associated with these elements across construction projects.

Comparative Effects of Water Scarcity on the Growth and Development of Two Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes with Different Geographic Origin (Mesoamerica/Andean)

Drought stress is widely recognized as a highly detrimental abiotic stress factor that significantly impacts crop growth, development, and agricultural productivity. In response to external stimuli, plants activate various mechanisms to enhance their resistance or tolerance to abiotic stress. The common bean, a most important legume according to the FAO, serves as a staple food for millions of people worldwide, due to its rich protein, carbohydrate, and fiber content, concurrently, and water scarcity is the main factor limiting common bean production. The process of domestication and on-farm conservation has facilitated the development of genotypes with varying degrees of drought stress resistance. Consequently, using landraces as biological material in research can lead to the identification of variants with superior resistance qualities to abiotic stress factors, which can be effectively integrated into breeding programs. The central scope of this research was to find out if different geographic origins of common bean genotypes can determine distinct responses at various levels. Hence, several analyses were carried out to investigate responses to water scarcity in three common bean genotypes, M-2087 (from the Mesoamerican gene pool), A-1988 (from the Andean gene pool) and Lechinta, known for its high drought stress resistance. Plants were subjected to different water regimes, followed by optical assessment of the anatomical structure of the hypocotyl and epicotyl in each group; furthermore, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters and molecular data (quantification of the relative expression of the thirteen genes) were assessed. The three experimental variants displayed distinct responses when subjected to 12 days of water stress. In general, the Lechinta genotype demonstrated the highest adaptability and drought resistance. The M-2087 landrace, originating from the Mesoamerican geographic basin, showed a lower resistance to water stress, compared to the A-1988 landrace, from the Andean basin. The achieved results can be used to scale up future research about the drought resistance of plants, analyzing more common bean landraces with distinct geographic origins (Mesoamerican/Andean), which can then be used in breeding programs.

2‐Azetine Derivatives as a Class of New Monomers for Controlled Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization towards Polyenamides†

Comprehensive SummaryNitrogen‐containing polymers have found a wide myriad of applications in materials science and other different areas, and have attracted much attention towards the development of new synthetic methods. Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization represents an area of great versatility and potential for the synthesis of highly functionalized polymers with low dispersity and control over molecular weight and architecture complexity. Expanding the scope of monomers through the incorporation of nitrogen atoms would further expand their utilities. In this work, a controlled synthesis of polymers with in‐chain enamide moiety through ring‐opening metathesis polymerization was developed by utilizing azetine derivatives as the monomers. Relatively short synthetic routes were designed and generated a panel of five monomers. The polymerization exhibited living characteristics, as linear relationship between molecular weights and degrees of polymerization and relatively narrow molar mass distributions were observed, which was further confirmed by successful diblock copolymers formation through sequential addition of two monomers. The resulting polymers that contain the enamide moiety within the backbone exhibited good stability and underwent facile degradation under acidic conditions.

The Journey for the Synthesis of Large Acenes.

Acenes, the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with linearly fused benzene rings, possess distinctive electronic properties with potential applicability in material science. Hexacene was the largest acene obtained and characterized in the last century, followed by heptacene in 2006. Since then, a race for obtaining the largest acene resulted in the development of several members of this family as well as diverse innovative synthetic strategies, from solid-state chemistry to the promising on-surface chemistry. This last technique allows the obtention of higher acenes, up to tridecacene, the largest acene so far. This review presents the different methodologies employed for the synthesis of acenes, highlighting the newest studies, to provide a much more thorough understanding of the essence of the electronic structure of this captivating group of organic compounds.

High accuracy solutions for the Pochhammer–Chree equation in elastic media

This study investigates the nonlinear Pochhammer–Chree equation, a model crucial for understanding wave propagation in elastic rods, through the application of the Khater III method. The research aims to derive precise analytical solutions and validate them using He’s variational iteration method (VIM). The Pochhammer–Chree equation’s relationship to other nonlinear evolution equations, such as the Korteweg-de Vries and nonlinear Schrödinger equations, underscores its significance in the field of nonlinear wave dynamics. The methodology employs the Khater III method for deriving analytical solutions, while He’s VIM serves as a numerical validation tool, ensuring the accuracy and stability of the obtained results. This dual approach not only yields novel solutions but also provides a robust framework for analyzing complex wave phenomena in elastic media. The findings of this study have significant implications for material science and engineering applications, offering new insights into the behavior of waves in elastic rods. By bridging the gap between theoretical models and practical applications, this research contributes to the advancement of both mathematical theory and physical understanding of nonlinear wave dynamics. Situated within the domain of applied mathematics, with a focus on nonlinear wave equations, this work exemplifies the interdisciplinary nature of contemporary research in mathematical physics. The results presented herein open new avenues for future investigations in related fields and highlight the potential for innovative applications in material science and engineering.

A review on development of enzymatic biosensors for industrial applications

Enzymatic biosensors are vital tools across various industries due to their high specificity, sensitivity, and rapid response times. They are extensively used in medical diagnostics for monitoring biomarkers like glucose and lactate, environmental monitoring to detect pollutants, food safety and quality assurance, bioprocess control in industrial fermentation, pharmaceutical drug development and quality control, soil health and agrochemical detection in agriculture, and for identifying biological warfare agents. However, several challenges limit their broader adoption and effectiveness in industrial settings. Key challenges include enzyme stability, as enzymes can denature under extreme environmental conditions, reducing sensor lifespan and performance. Variability in enzyme activity and immobilization techniques also leads to inconsistencies, affecting sensor reproducibility and reliability. Complex sample matrices, such as those in environmental and food samples, introduce interference that can affect sensor accuracy. Integrating biosensors into existing industrial processes is another significant challenge, requiring compatibility with automated systems and real-time data processing capabilities. Additionally, high production costs and scalability issues hinder widespread adoption. Regulatory and standardization barriers further complicate the development and deployment of enzymatic biosensors. Despite these limitations, advancements in materials science, nanotechnology, and bioengineering are paving the way for more robust and reliable biosensors. Innovations such as nanomaterial-based enzyme immobilization, synthetic biology for enzyme engineering, and advanced data analytics integration hold promise for overcoming current limitations. Collaborative efforts among researchers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies are essential to accelerate the development and application of enzymatic biosensors in industrial settings. While enzymatic biosensors offer significant potential, addressing these challenges through ongoing research and technological advancements is crucial for their widespread implementation and optimization.

Mechanically Triggered Bright Chemiluminescence from Polymers by Exploiting a Synergy between Masked 2-Furylcarbinol Mechanophores and 1,2-Dioxetane Chemiluminophores.

Mechanoluminescence, or the generation of light from materials under external force, is a powerful tool for biology and materials science. However, direct mechanoluminescence from polymers remains limited. Here, we report a novel design strategy for mechanoluminescent polymers that leverages the synergy between a masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore for mechanically triggered release and an adamantylidene-phenoxy-1,2-dioxetane chemiluminophore payload. Ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation of polymers, in both organic and aqueous solutions, triggers a cascade reaction that ultimately results in bright green light emission. This novel strategy capitalizes on the modularity of the masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore system in combination with advances in the design of exceptionally bright and highly tunable adamantylidene-1,2-dioxetane chemiluminophores. We anticipate that this chemistry will enable diverse applications in optoelectronics, sensing, bioimaging, optogenetics, and many other areas.

Extrusion-Based Bioprinting in a Cost-Effective Bioprinter

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a revolutionary approach in the life sciences, combining multiple disciplines such as computer engineering, materials science, robotics, and biomedical engineering. This innovative technology enables the production of cellular constructs using bio-inks, and differs from conventional 3D printing by incorporating living cells. The present work addresses the conversion of a commercial thermoplastic 3D printer into a low-cost bioprinter. The modification addresses the challenges of the high cost of commercial bioprinters, limited adaptability, and specialized personnel requirements. This modification uses an extrusion-based bioprinting method that is particularly popular in research due to its viscosity tolerance and versatility. The individual steps, including replacing the extruder with a syringe pump, rebuilding the electronic motherboard, and configuring the firmware, are explained in detail. The work aims at providing access to bioprinting technology so that laboratories with modest resources can take advantage of the immense potential of this technology. This modification resulted in improved resolution, allowing submicron movements, which is comparable to some of the commercially available bioprinters. The accuracy of the modified printer was validated using hydrogel bioprinting tests, suggesting that it is suitable for broader applications in regenerative medicine.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Effects of Geometric Parameters and Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered an advanced form of carbon. They have superior characteristics in terms of mechanical and thermal properties compared to other available fibers and can be used in various applications, such as supercapacitors, sensors, and artificial muscles. The properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are significantly affected by geometric parameters such as chirality and aspect ratio, and testing conditions such as temperature and strain rate. In this study, the effects of geometric parameters and temperature on the mechanical properties of SWNTs were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the Large-scaled Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS). Based on the second-generation reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential, SWNTs of different diameters were tested in tension and compression under different strain rates and temperatures to understand their effects on the mechanical behavior of SWNTs. It was observed that the Young’s modulus and the tensile strength decreases with increasing SWNT tube diameter. As the chiral angle increases, the tensile strength increases, while the Young’s modulus decreases. The simulations were repeated at different temperatures of 300 K, 900 K, 1500 K, 2100 K and different strain rates of 1 × 10−3/ps, 0.75 × 10−3/ps, 0.5 × 10−3/ps, and 0.25 × 10−3/ps to investigate the effects of temperature and strain rate, respectively. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength of SWNTs increases with increasing strain rate. It is also seen that when SWNTs were stretched at higher temperatures, they failed at lower stresses and strains. The compressive behavior results indicate that SWNTs tend to buckle under lower stresses and strains than those under tensile stress. The simulation results were validated by and consistent with previous studies. The presented approach can be applied to investigate the properties of other advanced materials.

Controlled Chemical‐Patterning of Textile to Accelerate Anti‐Gravity Water Flow

AbstractBio‐inspired unidirectional flow of tiny aqueous droplets across the fibrous substrate paved the way for the emergence of various advanced materials. In the past, textiles decorated with noncontact‐based wettability‐patterns enabled unidirectional water flow—without flooding the top surface by the transferred water. However, such approaches mostly suffer from a low (≈0.176 µL mm−2 s−1) flow rate and are likely to delay the overall liquid ejection process. Here, a chemically reactive coating capable of tailoring water wettability (121.3° ± 2.4° to 153.3° ± 1.8°) is introduced on commercially available textiles to develop chemically modulated wettability‐pattern for achieving a rapid (2.57 ± 0.28 µL mm−2 s−1) flow rate of water against the gravity with an ability to roll the accumulated liquids on the top surface. The spatially selected and controlled chemical modification with hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecules through a 1, 4‐conjugate addition reaction yielded a 3D channel with a customized wettability gradient. The pinning and depinning of invaded water through such chemically decorated channels enabled unidirectional and fast penetration of liquid, where the water penetration resistance largely depends on the water penetration direction and dimension of the chemically modulated channels.