Different Kinds Of Materials Research Articles

Research on Material Composition Design of Porous Asphalt Mixture Based on Flyaway Characteristics

Aggregate dispersion is one of the main diseases of porous asphalt. Reasonable material composition can effectively reduce the occurrence of dispersion disease. In order to study how to determine the volume index and mechanical properties of the mixture from the five aspects of asphalt, asphalt oil film thickness, coarse aggregate, fiber and filler, this paper selects different kinds of materials and different additions, based on the benchmark mix ratio, and carries out the Kentucky dispersion test to reduce the dispersion disease of the porous asphalt. Through the analysis of the test results, it is verified that adopting high-viscosity modified asphalt, increasing the thickness of asphalt oil film, adding lime or hydrated lime as filler, and adding a certain amount of fiber can enhance the anti-flying performance of porous asphalt mixture. At the same time, the article carries out experimental analysis of various additives for different materials. Finally, various material comparison schemes to improve the anti-flying performance of porous asphalt mixture were formed. In terms of the selection and use of raw materials, it provides certain guidance for the construction of porous asphalt.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Methanesulfonate Ionic Liquid

The intimidating level of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere responsible for global warming and erratic weather conditions needs to be addressed on a priority basis. Different kinds of materials were used to capture CO2 to curtail the alarming and drastic effects of global warming. An ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate [C4mim][CH3SO3] was chosen, owing to its unique and efficient characteristics required for CO2 capture. Thermos-physical characteristics such as sigma surface, sigma profile, and sigma potential are calculated from the COSMO-RS model independent of any kind of experimental or coefficient data as an input. The mandatory information required for the interaction of IL with CO2 was obtained from this model. The COSMO-RS model depends upon unimolecular quantum chemical analysis associated with statistical thermodynamics, molecular structure, and conformation. The structural confirmation of [C4mim][CH3SO3] IL was performed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods. Spectrochemical properties are calculated by FTIR, NMR, UV-visible, and fluorescence. Maximum CO2 solubility performed at room temperature (RT) and 45 bar was found to be ~2.7 mmol/g. The uptake of CO2 indicates the presence of sulphur-functionalized anions and bulky alkyl groups in IL’s significant affinity towards CO2. According to hysteresis-based classification, CO2 sorption and desorption follows type H3 classification, which indicates the presence of microporous and mesoporous in the IL sample. The effect of functionalized anions and alkyl groups on CO2 capture is highlighted in this study. The present study is aimed at providing a detailed overview related to theoretical and experimental study and application in terms of CO2 capture of IL.

Study to analyze the mechanical strength of composite glass fiber laminated with resin epoxy, resin polyester, and PVC foam under tensile loading conditions by numerically using finite element analysis via Ansys

With the development of material sciences, different kinds of materials are being developed and studied continuously. In order to significantly reduce weight and reduce emissions, composite materials are employed in aerospace, automobile, mechanical, and wind industries all over the world. Advanced polymer composites, which generally consist of continuous fibers inside a polymer matrix, give greater material qualities than metals and provide for the achievement of lightweight structural designs. Additionally, it is expensive and time-consuming to prepare samples and carry out studies with these materials. Therefore, finite element analysis and simulation have been chosen as the method for failure analysis in order to understand the complicated failure behavior of polymer matrix composite material. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber/resin epoxy, glass fiber/resin polyester, and glass fiber/PVC foam at the laminate level and lamina level under tensile loading conditions in Ansys and Ansys ACP. After analysis, this study has revealed that glass fiber laminated with resin epoxy composite has a higher life cycle and high stress-bearing capacity compared to glass fiber/resin polyester, and glass fiber/PVC foam.

Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater with Air Purification System

Abstract: The aim of this textual work is to represent the review on solar air heater with air purification system. The review highlights the domain of solar air heater technology. It shows the different types and innovations of the solar air heater in the course of time. It thoroughly discusses the key points of various papers by former authors. Along with this, it also discusses about the nature and purpose of the paper and the developments done in this field. Together with this, a brief content of experimental set up has been given which gives an over view of design and fabrication of solar air heater with air purification system. There are stripes of pipes inside the wooden box which have gaps in between them. The gaps are filled with Aluminum foil painted black in color. fins with different design and surface roughness are provided to increase the rate of heat transfer inside the setup. The Aluminum foil is there to compensate the heating errors due to leakage in stripes of pipe. There are many techniques have been used to enhance the characteristics performance of the solar air heater such as surface geometry and different kinds of materials at inlet of the duct fan.

Realizing the Accurate Measurements of Thermal Conductivity over a Wide Range by Scanning Thermal Microscopy Combined with Quantitative Prediction of Thermal Contact Resistance.

Quantitative thermal performance measurements and thermal management at the micro-/nano scale are becoming increasingly important as the size of electronic components shrinks. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is an emerging method with high spatial resolution that accurately reflects changes in local thermal signals based on a thermally sensitive probe. However, because of the unclear thermal resistance at the probe-sample interface, quantitative characterization of thermal conductivity for different kinds of materials still remains limited. In this paper, the heat transfer process considering the thermal contact resistance between the probe and sample surface is analyzed using finite element simulation and thermal resistance network model. On this basis, a mathematical empirical function is developed applicable to a variety of material systems, which depicts the relationship between the thermal conductivity of the sample and the probe temperature. The proposed model is verified by measuring ten materials with a wide thermal conductivity range, and then further validated by two materials with unknown thermal conductivity. In conclusion, this work provides the prospect of achieving quantitative characterization of thermal conductivity over a wide range and further enables the mapping of local thermal conductivity to microstructures or phases of materials.

Effect of laser surface texturing and boriding on the tribocorrosion resistance of an ASTM F-1537 cobalt alloy

Different kinds of materials are broadly employed to manufacture bioimplants. Metals are commonly used for the fabrication of lower body components such as knee prostheses and hip replacements because of their good mechanical properties. Among the available metallic biomaterials, cobalt alloys are commonly used. However, the hostile environment of the human body promotes the corrosion of the metallic bioimplant, and the wear due to the sliding contact could also increase the corrosion. There is, therefore, a constant attempt to study the surface of metallic biomaterials to enhance their functionality. In the present work, two kinds of surface modification techniques were employed on ASTM F-1537 cobalt alloy samples: laser surface texturing and boriding. Tribocorrosion tests were carried out using a linear reciprocating tribometer coupled with a standard three-electrode electrochemical cell. Tafel polarization plots were used to calculate the material loss due to corrosion. Also, non-contact profilometry was employed to estimate the tribocorrosion volume loss. In addition, the worn tracks were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The textured + borided samples increased 1.5 times the tribocorrosion resistance compared to the untreated samples. The differences in the tribocorrosion performance among the modified surfaces were discussed in this paper.

The meanings of friluftsliv in Physical Education Teacher Education

ABSTRACT The aim with this article is to contribute knowledge about the meanings of friluftsliv in educational practice. This is done by investigating what friluftsliv becomes in the ongoing practices of PETE in Sweden and how these meanings are established in the studied activities. The empirical material consists of different kinds of material from friluftsliv activities in PETE programmes: study guides, field trip plans, students’ vlogs from overnight stays outdoors, video recordings from two longer field trips, audio recordings from evening seminars during the field trips and students’ written reflections after them. In order to identify meanings of friluftsliv and how these are established we used a transactional analysis based on Dewey. Five different ways of what friluftsliv becomes in PETE practice were identified in this study. The different meanings reflect the complex picture of contradictions and lack of common ground for the content and motives identified in the outdoor education field. Our study also confirms how the meaning of friluftsliv as skills is established by putting up tents, lighting fires, building wind shelters and so on, and how this contributes to a focus on the instrumental values in PETE. On the other hand, our study shows that other meanings of friluftsliv are established in the ongoing practice, where more intrinsic values are at stake even if they are often overshadowed in PETE practice. In conclusion the results also point to the potential of fritluftsliv in terms of a suggested move away from an activity-based personal and social development discourse in favour of experiences of educating for environmentally sustainable human-nature relations. The challenge is how to make these experiences educational in PETE and how to guide students in transforming experiences in more exclusive friluftsliv into pedagogical competence as future teachers using friluftsliv for different purposes in school PE.

Janus hollow fibre membranes with intrusion anchored structure for robust desalination and leachate treatment in direct contact membrane distillation

High-performance Janus membranes have been intriguing for membrane distillation due to its distinctive features for improving fouling and wetting resistance. However, long-term structural stability remains challenging owing to delamination caused by the opposite affinity between the two different kinds of materials. Herein, a physically-anchored hydrophilic layer containing graphene oxide (GO)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) i.e., GOSP layer was formed on the surface of a microporous polypropylene (PP) hollow fibre membrane. Meanwhile, the nanostructure of the GOSP layer could be tuned from 2-dimensional lamellar to 3-dimensional mixed matrix, exhibiting various water transport properties. As a result, the fabricated Janus membrane with the partially intruded pore channels exhibited superior antiwetting and antifouling performance for desalination and wastewater treatment in the direct contact membrane distillation process. For surfactant containing saline water, the GOSP/PP Janus membrane with optimised PVA/GO ratio possessed noticeably enhanced anti-wetting property compared to pristine PP membrane. In particular for leachate treatment, the GOSP/PP membrane produced high quality permeate with <1 mg/L ions and 10 mg/L total organics and maintained stable water flux while the leachate was concentrated by 5 times (80 % water recovery), providing great potential for using membrane distillation towards zero liquid discharge.

Shear behavior of bedding fault material on the basal layer of DGB landslide

Daguangbao (DGB) Landslide (12 × 108 m3) is the largest landslide triggered by the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, in which basal shear failure develops on an interlayer fault at 400 m deep under the ground. After the landslide, a 1.8 km long (in the sliding direction) oblique shear face is exposed. Different kinds of materials in the interlayer fault of DGB landslide are taken for direct shear test, medium scale shear test, in-situ shear test and ring shear test. The test results show that fault material cohesion ranges from 20 to 320 kPa and internal friction angle from 15° to 41°. Shearing strength of interlayer fault materials is related to fragmentation degree of structure. The lower fragmentation degree the more obvious strain softening characteristics of materials, the higher fragmentation degree the poorer shearing resistance of materials. Compared with argillaceous materials in the same fault, the mylonitic materials are of higher shear strength and internal friction angle. Both mylonitic materials and breccia materials are strong in liquefying. In saturated undrained cases, shear strength of fault materials could drop to 9.7°, with S3 down to 0. In saturated undrained dynamic shear conditions, fault internal friction angle could be reduced to 23.1° and 4.2°. It is concluded that low friction feature of fault materials caused by the influence of groundwater is the main reason for destabilization of DGB landslide.

Implementation of proper hardening method and hardness range (35–40 HRC) for tool holder sleeve in CNC turning machine

Most of the machinery related components or parts must be hardened, because usages of those parts are regular. Likewise, various hardening process are available to harden the different kind of materials. Every hardening process is unique. It requires proper material, temperature etc., all machine shop which have a CNC turning machine must use the sleeve to hold the toolbars. This sleeve also is hardened. It will be in proper hardness. Most of the quality sleeve has a high price. Low price sleeve can’t able to withstand minor accidents occur in machine. Hardening has a vital role in the sleeve. Aim of this particular project is to manufacture a quality steel for a moderate price with good hardening process (Good Quality). In this work, we obtained that the value of hardness and tensile strength are 35.40 HRC and 1100 MPa after heat treatment test.

Prediction of future breakthroughs in materials synthesis and manufacturing techniques: a new perspective of synthesis dynamics theory.

The continuous development of different kinds of materials plays a significant role in social productivity. However, the lack of a complete synthesis kinetic theory has resulted in the absence of scientific guidance for the emergence of advanced manufacturing technologies, limiting the research and production of new types of materials. The present work aims at obtaining the basic form of the diffusion flux-driving force equation through the concept of ion diffusion so as to establish a synthesis kinetic theory. Using this theory, the scientific principles of existing synthesis technologies are summarized, and the key directions that future manufacturing technologies need to break through are proposed as well. Based on a comprehensive analysis of this theory, the feasible directions are discussed, providing strong support for the early realization of targeted design and manufacturing of new materials with specific functions.

Preparation of micro-nano particles modified discarded face-mask by a versatile thermocompression modification approach and its application to emulsion separation

ABSTRACT The discarded face mask has caused plastic pollution, which damages the environment. From the perspective of environmental protection and energy-saving, it is a good method to modify the discarded face mask and apply it in other fields, such as emulsion separation. However, the polypropylene (PP) membrane is hard to be modified due to its high stability. To solve this problem, the nano-Al2O3 powder was used to modify the PP membranes by a versatile thermocompression method. The modified PP membrane (PP-Al2O3-0.05) exhibited better oil-in-water emulsion separation performance than the original PP membrane. The modified PP membrane can be used to separate many kinds of emulsions, and the separation flux was above 2200 L•m−2•h−1. And the continuous separation performance of the modified PP membrane was also favorable. Moreover, to verify the versatility of the thermocompression technology, different kinds of materials were applied to modify the PP membrane by this method. We believe that the simple method has practical applications for reusing discarded face masks to alleviate environmental pressure.

Wooden Indoor Environments’ Restorativeness

The sensitivity and interest toward well-being and health inside work and living environments is constantly growing. Wood is perceived as a natural material by people and its presence in a room generally induces beneficial effects on human beings. In this research, two real-sized identical wood and not-wood rooms have been built to study the psychological effects of a wooden indoor environment on attention recovery and restorativeness. After a multisensory evaluation of different kind of materials used in housing, participants were asked to evaluate the two rooms and then to perform an attention test two times, interspersed with a pause in one of the two rooms. The results show that wood samples are more appreciated than all other materials and that a wood environment induces an attentional resources’ recovery. These findings bring new insights in the interaction between human beings and indoor environments. This new knowledge should be taken into account in the design or renovation of buildings by architects and builders.

Multibody contact of two-dimensional anisotropic elastic/piezoelectric/magneto-electro-elastic solids

A unified expression for the generalized two-dimensional linear anisotropic elastic, piezoelectric, and magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) solids is established to simplify the connection between these three different kinds of materials. Here, the two-dimensional assumption includes the most general cases that in-plane and anti-plane deformations are allowed to couple each other. Based upon this unified expression, in this paper a recently developed boundary element method (BEM) for contact of two anisotropic elastic bodies is extended to solve the problems of multibody contact in which the bodies can be any combination of anisotropic elastic, piezoelectric and MEE solids. When a special case of contact between multiple rigid punches and an anisotropic elastic, piezoelectric or MEE half-plane is considered, further reduction can be made by introducing three degrees of freedom (two rigid body translations and one rigid body rotation) for each punch. With this consideration, no meshes are required on the rigid punches. The usual contact modes of separation, stick, and slip all include the situation of conductor and insulator if any one of the multibody is piezoelectric or MEE. In other words, in this paper we successfully develop two BEMs to solve the generalized two-dimensional problems of multibody contact. One is for the general cases whose bodies can be any combination of anisotropic elastic, piezoelectric and MEE solids, and the other is for the special cases of multiple rigid punches indenting on an anisotropic elastic, piezoelectric or MEE half-plane.

Exploration of physical and optical properties of ZnO nanopowders filled with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for radiation shielding applications. Simulation and theoretical study

Today, with the development of technology, different kinds of materials are being tested to increase the quality, efficiency and reliability of the materials used in the fields of space and aviation, computers, energy and health. In this direction, materials scientists and researchers from different disciplines make multidimensional analyzes and reveal the use of basic building materials in the technological field through both prototypes and simulation methods. In this way, it will be possible to use materials that can give better results than the materials currently used. In this study, polydimethylsiloxane C2H6OSi (PDMS) was prepared using zinc oxide nano powder additions according to the PDMS(ZnO) x formula, where (x=0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 mol %). UV–VIS spectroscopy was performed on the examined PDMS-PDMS(ZnO)15 samples to estimate their optical properties. Transmission spectra demonstrate that the λcutoff wavelength and color of the PDMS-PDMS(ZnO)15 polymer samples both changed to a longer wavelength when ZnO concentration increased (stronger White). Additionally, FTIR analysis of samples were performed. Due to the physical blending of the nanoparticles with the polymeric matrix, the FTIR Spectra of the PDMS with ZnO nanoparticle samples demonstrate that no new peaks were discovered. The mass attenuation coefficient μm of the prepared samples was calculated using the MCNP N-Particle Monte Carlo code and WinXCOM. It was discovered that the theoretical and simulation results were quite close. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles to the PDMS (ZnO) samples increased μm values. The PDMS(ZnO)15 polymer sample showed the lowest HVL, MFP, and TVL values of all the polymer samples due to its high ZnO content. It was included that the PDMS(ZnO)15 is an effective promising material that could be used against gamma-radiation.

Fractional damping effects on the transient dynamics of the Duffing oscillator

We consider the nonlinear Duffing oscillator in presence of fractional damping which is characteristic in different physical situations. The system is studied with a smaller and larger damping parameter value, that we call the underdamped and overdamped regimes. In both we have studied the relation between the fractional parameter, the amplitude of the oscillations and the times to reach the asymptotic behavior, called asymptotic times. In the overdamped regime, the study shows that, also here, there are oscillations for fractional order derivatives and their amplitudes and asymptotic times can suddenly change for small variations of the fractional parameter. In addition, in this latter regime, a resonant-like behavior can take place for suitable values of the parameters of the system. These results are corroborated by calculating the corresponding Q-factor. We expect that these results can be useful for a better understanding of fractional dynamics and its possible applications as in modeling different kind of materials that normally need complicated damping terms.

A Review of Inspection Methods for Continuously Monitoring PVC Drinking Water Mains

The drinking water mains, mostly buried underground and stay there for decades, require proper maintenance to prevent failures. Among different kinds of material, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been widely used due to positive features, such as high durability, corrosion resistance, low price, and easy installation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article that reviews the inspection methods toward continuously monitoring the structural health of PVC drinking water mains. To understand which properties need inspecting, we first investigated the attributes that influence PVC pipe and joint failures. Then, we reviewed the methods that have already been applied or can inspect these influencing attributes. We categorized the prospects into five groups: 1) sound wave; 2) fiber optic sensing; 3) hydraulic monitoring; 4) multiple discrete sensors; and 5) other inline methods. Finally, we discussed the possibility and challenges in implementing these methods into a continuous monitoring system of PVC water mains for early failure warning. The result, which includes active sound wave, fiber optic sensing, hydraulic vibration, and multiple discrete sensors methods, can help future researchers select the appropriate methods to develop the continuous monitoring system for the PVC water mains.

Exergo-Environmental Optimization of a Diesel Engine

Abstract Currently, more than half of the road transport fleet uses diesel engines, which are often identified as the primary source of air pollution. This parameter is enough to optimize engine performance and emissions. The engine optimization can be done using several methods, the most notably by modifying the engine structure, changing the type of fuel using additives and biofuels, or achieving the optimal operating range of the engine. Modifying the engine structure and addition of different kinds of materials to optimize fuel is not recommended either due to necessity of vast time input, financial resources, or extensive research. However, the third way to achieve optimal engine performance conditions can be the most accessible option. According to the results, the best operational load for diesel engine is approx. 94–95% of the full load from the multi-objective optimization point of view, indicating that the optimum load can be achieved before the full load condition. At this point, the operator can achieve the brake power of 198.45 kW and brake thermal efficiency of 40.7% in the presence of brake specific fuel consumption of 0.226 kg·kWh−1. At this condition, CO2 emission is 124.85 g·kWh−1, NOx emission 7.34 g·kWh−1, CO emission 0.6 g·kWh−1, unburnt hydrocarbon emission approx. 0.009 g·kWh−1, and soot formation approx. 0.006 g·kWh−1. This point is equal to the exergy efficiency of approx. 35% and the exergy destruction of approx. 45%. In terms of endpoint results, this condition achieved the impact indices of 7.96E-007 in terms of human health, 0.105 PDF·m2·yr. in terms of ecosystem quality, 0.24 kg CO2 eq. in terms of climate change, and 12.96 MJ in terms of resources.

The fabrication of unwettable superhydrophobic surfaces by reactive wetting of AgCuTi into an AAO template

Multi-level hierarchical surface roughness is the key to natural superhydrophobic materials. In this work, rough surfaces of a novel superhydrophobic material are achieved by the reactive wetting technique. The molten AgCuTi alloy is applied to infiltrate into the porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane, and wetting of molten AgCuTi is promoted by the reaction layer formed at the interface between AAO and AgCuTi. The AgCuTi infiltrates the AAO nanopores and forms the first-level surface roughness based on reactive wetting. To release the nanostructures embedded in the AAO pores, hydrothermal etching with NaOH aqueous solution was used to remove AAO. Meanwhile, TiO2 nanostructures are synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, resulting in the second-level surface roughness. After modification, the surface is found to exhibit excellent superhydrophobic properties, including a high water contact angle (WCA) and low roll-off angle (RA). The superhydrophobic surface also shows self-cleaning, mechanical durability and long-term stability. The as-prepared surface exhibits excellent repellence for water solutions with different pH values. This method could be applied to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces on different kinds of materials, showing broad application prospects.

Remediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soil through green nanotechnology

Modern industrialization is progressively degrading soil quality due to heavy metal contamination. Heavy metal (HM) contamination of agricultural soil has gained considerable attention due to its rapidly increasing levels. Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them effective stress relievers. Material science has recently been emphasizing “green” synthesis as a reliable, environmentally friendly, and sustainable method of synthesizing different kinds of materials, such as alloys, metal oxides, hybrids, and bioinspired materials. Therefore, green synthesis can be viewed as an effective tool to reduce the detrimental effects of the traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods commonly used in laboratories and industries. The review briefly describes the biosynthesis of NPs, the use of nanobiotechnology to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil, the effect that NPs have on growth and development of plants, the behavior of NPs within plants when exposed to pollutants and the mechanisms used to alleviate HM stress. In addition, a broad overview of the major types of nanomaterials used so far in bioremediation of toxic heavy materials, recent advances regarding HM stress and the possible mechanisms by which NPs and HM interact in the agricultural system are also discussed.