Clay Materials Research Articles

Comparison of Different Nanomaterials in Anode Materials of Lithium Battery

The increasing demand for sustainable energy necessitates the enhancement of lithium-ion battery technology, especially in the advancement of superior anode materials. Contemporary lithium-ion batteries exhibit specific constraints, including comparatively poor energy density and restricted cycle life, which have stimulated growing interest in alternative battery materials with superior performance. This research conducts a literature analysis to investigate the potential of several nanomaterialsgraphene, clay mineral-derived materials, and transition metal sulfidesas improved anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The study analyzes their characteristics, including energy storage capacity, charging speed, and cycling stability, emphasizing both their benefits and drawbacks. The study concludes that although these materials enhance battery performance considerably, obstacles persist regarding their commercialization and long-term stability. This research provides significant insights into the advancement of more efficient and sustainable lithium-ion battery technology, facilitating the global shift to renewable energy.

Discovery of Trogtalite (CoSe2) in the Qianjiadian Sandstone‐Type Uranium Deposit in China

ABSTRACTCobalt (Co), selenium (Se) and uranium (U) are strategic and critical elements with significant global demand. Typically, cobalt is mainly recovered as a by‐product from sulfide and sulfoarsenide minerals associated with copper, nickel, and iron, while its occurrence as independent minerals, particularly trogtalite (cubic CoSe2), is rare. This study reports the presence of trogtalite in a sandstone‐type uranium deposit in China. It was identified in the Qianjiadian deposit in the southwestern Songliao Basin, through electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and Raman spectroscopy analysis (wavenumber 188 cm−1). The trogtalite occurs as cubic or polyhedral microcrystals, distributing as detrital mineral dispersed in the clay matrix or enclosed in detrital quartz or feldspar in uranium‐mineralized sandstones from Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation. The sandstone also contains selenides, including clausthalite, ferroselite, and krut'aite, which are typical cobalt mineralization associations found in the deposits in Argentina and Congo. The uranium‐mineralized rocks in the Qianjiadian deposit are enriched in Se, suggesting the co‐enrichment of Se and U during the mineralization. Thus, Se serves as an indicator of uranium mineralization in this deposit.

Prebiotic RNA self-assembling and the origin of life: Mechanistic and molecular modeling rationale for explaining the prebiotic origin and replication of RNA.

In recent years, a great interest has been focused on the prebiotic origin of nucleic acids and life on Earth. An attractive idea is that life was initially based on an autocatalytic and autoreplicative RNA (the RNA-world). RNA duplexes are right-handed helical chains with antiparallel orientation, but the rationale for these features is not yet known. An antiparallel (inverted) stacking of purine nucleosides was reported in crystallographic studies. Molecular modeling also supports the inverted orientation of nucleosides. This preferential stacking can also appear when nucleosides are included in a montmorillonite clay matrix. Free-energy values and geometrical parameters show that D-ribose chirality is preferred for the formation of right-handed RNA molecules. Thus, a "zipper" model with antiparallel and auto-intercalated nucleosides linked by phosphate groups can be proposed to form single RNA chains. Unstacking with strand separation and base pairing by H-bonding, results in shortening and inclination of ribose-phosphate chains, leading to right-handed helicity and antiparallel duplexes. Incorporation of complementary precursors on the major groove template by a self-assembly mechanism provides a prebiotic (non-enzymatic) "tetris" replication model by formation of a transient RNA tetrad and tetraplex. Original hairpin motifs appear as simple building units that form typical RNA structures such as hammerheads, cloverleaves and dumbbells. They occur today in the circular viroids and virusoids, as well as in highly branched and complex rRNA molecules.

ПЕРВОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИХ СФЕРУЛ IN SITU В ЖЕЛЕЗОМАРГАНЦЕВОЙ КОРКЕ С ГАЙОТА АЛЬБА (МАГЕЛЛАНОВЫ ГОРЫ)

Nine cosmic I-type spherules were found in undisturbed occurrence in polished preparations from the ferromanganese crust of the Alba guyot (Magellan Seamounts). They consist of Fe oxides and sometimes contain a core of Fe and Ni alloy. The spherules are 40–250 μm in size. The spherules are in porous phosphatic clay material filling the spaces between columns composed of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. Phosphates in the matrix containing the spherules are mainly represented by bone debris. Barite grains, zeolites, and foraminifers were found. The presence of spherules in situ in the Fe-Mn crust excludes contamination during sample preparation and indicates that the spherules accumulated almost simultaneously with the host layer. Spherules from crushed crusts of Alba and Fedorov guyots were also studied; the presence of a ferromanganese shell with a concentric-layered structure was noted in some of them.

Technological solutions to increase the level of iron extraction from stored enrichment tailings

This article presents the main results of research on the extraction of iron from the waste of the processing plant stored in the tailings dump. The average sample was classified by granulometric composition and the content of Fe2O3 was determined by the X-ray fluorescence method for each class. It follows from the results of the sieve analysis that the most iron-rich classes are +2 mm and –0.071 mm. The iron content in the +2 mm class approximately corresponds to the iron content in the source ore. When studying samples of grades +0.1–2 mm under a microscope, it was found that magnetite and hematite are bound by clay materials into floccules, which partially disintegrate upon drying. The initial material with a moisture content of 10.7% was pre-prepared for separation: a fraction of +3 mm was dried and removed. The resulting material was separated on a wet magnetic drum separator with sequential cleaning of the non-magnetic fraction in four stages with induction on the working surface of 0.18, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 Tl. The resulting non-magnetic fraction from wet magnetic separation was separated on a dry roller separator with induction on the working surface of 1.5 Tl. The non-magnetic fraction was divided by screening into fractions: –3+2 mm, –2+1 mm, –1+0.2 mm, –0.2+0 mm. As a result of the experiment, it was found that wet magnetic separation after pre-drying makes it possible to isolate a concentrate with a content of up to 42% by weight of Fe2O3 into an industrial product. The total yield reaches 24.5% at a magnetic field strength of 0.18 Tl. Check-cleaning, as well as dry separation, do not have a significant additional effect. The conducted research and the developed technological scheme have shown the possibility of obtaining iron ore concentrate with an iron content of more than 60% from stored tailings. At the same time, the return of iron to production is 58%.

MORPHOLOGY AND PRESERVATION OF GAOJIASHANIA, AN ENIGMATIC TUBULAR FOSSIL FROM THE UPPER EDIACARAN DUNFEE MEMBER, DEEP SPRING FORMATION, NEVADA, USA

Abstract The upper Ediacaran stratigraphic record hosts fossil assemblages of Earth’s earliest communities of complex, macroscopic, multicellular life. Tubular fossils are a common and diverse, though frequently undercharacterized, component of many of these assemblages. Gaojiashania cyclus is an enigmatic tubular fossil and candidate index fossil found in upper Ediacaran strata globally and is best known from the Gaojiashan Lagerstätte of South China. Here we describe a recently discovered assemblage of Gaojiashania fossils from the Ediacaran Dunfee Member of the Deep Spring Formation of Nevada, USA. Both body and trace fossil affinities have been proposed for Gaojiashania; we present morphological and biostratinomic evidence for a body fossil affinity for the Dunfee specimens. Additionally, previous studies have highlighted that Ediacaran tubular fossils are characterized by a wide range of preservational modes, including association with pyrite, apatite, or clay minerals and preservation as carbonaceous compressions. Petrographic, SEM, and EDS data indicate that the Dunfee Gaojiashania specimens are preserved as ‘Ediacara-style’ external, internal and composite molds, in siltstone and sandstone with a clay mineral-rich matrix of both aluminosilicates and non-aluminous Mg- and Fe-rich silicate minerals that we interpret as authigenic clays. Authigenic clay-mediated fossilization of unmineralized tissues, including moldic preservation in heterolithic siliciclastic strata, as indicated by the Dunfee Gaojiashania, may be linked to the prevalence of both silica-rich and ferruginous seawater conditions prior to both the radiation of silica-biomineralizing organisms and the rise of ocean and atmospheric oxygen to modern levels. In this light, clay authigenesis may have played a critical role in facilitating multiple modes of Ediacaran and Cambrian exceptional fossilization, thus shaping the stratigraphic distribution of a range of Ediacara macrofossil taxa.

Use of Shear Wave Velocity to assess Champlain Marine Clay Fabric Anisotropy

This paper investigates the anisotropic characteristics of Champlain marine clay soil using a combination of laboratory techniques. A modified oedometer cell with a piezoelectric ring actuator technique was used to measure shear wave velocity during consolidation stages. The axisymmetric design of the oedometer allowed for the determination of shear wave velocity in both the vertical and horizontal planes. The preliminary findings reveal that the sensitive marine clay is inherently anisotropic, with lower preconsolidation pressure for horizontally consolidated specimens and faster propagation of shear waves in the plane parallel to the bedding layer. High-precision strain gauges integrated into the consolidation ring were used to evaluate horizontal stress during the one-dimensional consolidation test. The ability to determine mean effective stress enables the normalization of shear wave velocities using this stress, providing more coherent empirical correlations in terms of shear wave velocity. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of clay specimens, providing qualitative and quantitative insight into the restructuring and reorientation of clay platelets under consolidation stress. The consistency of the results through both micro and macro-scale analyses confirms the reliability of the experimental approach, highlighting its potential for future studies on the anisotropy of Champlain marine clay fabrics.

The Effect of Polymer Amendment on the Colloidal Properties of a Waste K<sup>+</sup>- Rich Bentonite for Water-Based Drilling Fluid Applications

This research is concerned with the investigation of waste bentonite produced from a quarry in Cyprus, after being polymer-amended for use as a low-density solid additive in water-based drilling fluid systems (WBFS). According to API procedures, the waste bentonite samples are mechanically processed to a size < 63 μm and then activated with soda ash under “wet & thermal” conditions. The activated material is then used in the blending of actual WBF drilling fluid systems amended with polymers to obtain the desired colloidal properties because bentonite alone was not sufficient. For this procedure, three anionic polymers, Xanthan gum, CMC, and PAC-R were considered because they are very common as drilling fluid additives and under certain concentrations can help reach the desired colloidal properties of the WBFS. Results from this work show that minor polymer addition of all three polymers assists the waste material in reaching excellent filtration control qualifying the waste material according to API. Repurposing local waste clay material for drilling applications serves as a cost-effective solution leading to the management of local resources and aligning with environmental sustainability thus contributing to the circular economy principle.

Characterization by 16S Amplicon Sequencing of Bacterial Communities Overall and During the Maturation Process of Peloids in Two Spas of an Italian Thermal Complex

Peloids are made by mixing clay materials with thermo-mineral waters, enriched with organic substances from microorganisms during maturation. Their beneficial properties may depend on clay minerals, water characteristics, and microbial components, although strong evidence is lacking. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allows a comprehensive approach to studying the entire microbial community, including cultivable and uncultivable bacteria. Our study aims to characterize, by NGS, the bacterial community overall and during the maturation process of thermal muds in two spas (A-B) of an Italian thermal complex. Peloids were produced from sulfurous-bromine-iodine thermal water and clay material: natural mud for spa A and sterile clay for spa B. Thermal waters and peloids at different maturation stages (2/4/6 months) were analyzed for microbiome characterization by 16S amplicon sequencing. Biodiversity profiles showed a low level of similarity between peloids and water used for their maturation. Peloids from spa A showed greater microbial richness than those from spa B, suggesting that natural mud with an existing bacterial community leads to greater biodiversity than sterile clay. Genera involved in sulfur metabolism were prevalent in both spas, as expected considering peloids matured in sulfide-rich water. For all three maturation stages, the prevalent genera were Thiobacillus and Pelobacter in spa A and Thiobacillus, Thauera, Pelobacter, and Desulfuromonas in spa B. Richness and diversity indices showed that the community seemed to stabilize after 2–4 months. The 16S amplicon sequencing to study bacterial communities enables the identification of a biological signature that characterizes a specific thermal matrix, defining its therapeutic and cosmetic properties. The bacterial composition of peloids is affected by the thermal water and the type of clay material used in their formulation and maturation.

An assessment of the pozzolanic potential and mechanical properties of Nigerian calcined clays for sustainable ternary cement blends

This study investigates the potential of calcined clays from Nigerian deposits as supplementary cementitious materials. Clay materials were obtained from three sites namely: Ikpeshi, Okpilla and Uzebba. The raw clay samples were then calcined at 700°C and 800°C. Chemical and mineralogical compositions were determined for the raw and calcined clay samples using XRF and XRD respectively. The chemical composition by XRF confirmed these clays as potential pozzolans with SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 collectively exceeding 70%. XRD analysis identified kaolinite and quartz as major mineral phases in the raw clays, which transformed into metakaolin upon calcination. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) indicated varying lime consumption levels among the clays, with Ikpeshi clay displaying the highest pozzolanic reactivity and Uzebba clay the least. Compressive strength investigation on mortar cubes prepared with 50% substitution of Portland cement with the calcined clay and limestone, showed that Ikpeshi clay at 800°C had the best strength performance, with strength activity index of 0.92 (at age 28 days), demonstrating superior pozzolanic potential. Strength development was more significant between 7 and 28 days, indicating the pozzolanic reaction's contribution to long-term strength. However, initial strength at 3 days was lower than the reference Portland cement due to a delayed pozzolanic reaction. XRD analysis of blended pastes revealed typical phases of hydration like portlandite, calcium silicate hydrate phase, strätlingite, and ettringite, with the calcined clay blends showing reduced portlandite content, indicating absorption by the pozzolan's alumina phase.

Cataluminescence Sensor Based on Halloysite Nanotubes/MgO Nanocomposite for Rapid Detection of Ether.

MgO surface makes it easy to introduce a certain amount of oxygen vacancy and can enhance catalytic reaction activity. Besides, as a silicoaluminate mineral material, halloysite nanotube (HNT) has a unique tubular structure. In this paper, the HNTs@MgO composite was successfully synthesized based on natural clay material HNTs as a carrier, and the CTL sensor based on HNTs@MgO was successfully developed for the rapid determination of ether in air. The HNTs@MgO material was characterized by a series of means such as SEM, XPS, and XRD, which clearly confirmed that MgO successfully combined with HNTs. And the sensor showed good sensitivity and selectivity, with a good linear relationship between CTL intensity and ether concentration in the range of 0.5-190.0 mg/L (R2 = 0.9942), and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.18 mg/L (S/N = 3). The RSD values of the results of 11 consecutive measurements by the same sensor and 7 days of consecutive measurements were 1.96% (n = 11) and 3.42% (n = 7), showing good repeatability and reproducibility. At last, the CTL sensor was used to detect air samples, the recoveries ranged from 91.6% to 109.6%. Thus, it was concluded that HNTs@MgO composite is a cost-effective and promising material with potential application in atmospheric detection.

Clay-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Adsorption: Mechanisms, Advancements, and Future Prospects in Environmental Remediation

Given the severe threats posed by heavy metal pollution to ecological environments and human health, developing effective remediation technologies is of paramount importance. This review delves into the mechanisms, recent advancements, and future prospects of clay mineral-based materials in the adsorption of heavy metals. Clay minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, and bentonite have demonstrated immense potential for the removal of heavy metals from water and soil due to their natural abundance, low cost, and high efficiency. This article summarizes the latest advancements in the adsorption of heavy metals like chromium, copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic and hydrargyrum by clay minerals, while examining how chemical and physical modifications can enhance the adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability of these minerals. Furthermore, this review discusses how factors such as pH, temperature, and ionic strength affect adsorption efficiency and outlines challenges and future research directions for optimizing clay-based adsorbents in environmental applications.

Efficient fluoxetine removal from water using Tunisian clay as adsorbent and its regeneration through NaOH-activated peroxymonosulfate

Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments pose significant environmental and public health risks. This pioneering study introduces a novel approach to removing fluoxetine (FLX) through adsorption onto Tunisian purified clay (PC), while exploring an innovative adsorbent regeneration method via Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). The adsorbent material was characterized using various techniques to determine its: morphological structure, physical properties, mineralogical composition and chemical composition. Key adsorption parameters (contact time, pH, and initial concentration) were optimized, the optimization process revealed an impressive maximum adsorption capacity of 390.28 mg/g for FLX by PC. The experimental data best fit with the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, these findings provide insights into the adsorption mechanism and surface characteristics of the PC. The PC regenerated with PMS activated by NaOH is an interesting innovation in the field of reusable clay materials, maintaining a high performance across four cycles, with efficiency dropping only from 94 % to 64 %. The study’s findings represent a significant advancement in developing sustainable solutions for pharmaceutical removal from aquatic environments. By combining a highly efficient, locally-sourced adsorbent with a novel regeneration method, this research opens new avenues for addressing the growing concern of pharmaceutical contamination in water bodies, offering a promising, eco-friendly approach to water treatment technologies.

The effects of surface heterogeneity on erosion and sedimentation and their implications for of soil properties at postmining sites

Erosion is often mentioned as a serious problem namely in vegetation free areas such as post mining soils. Much less attention has been paid to the role of erosion and deposition on habitat formation. Study describes the effect of erosion and deposition on soil chemical and physical properties in sites with various topography using an array of artificial postmining catchments located near Sokolov (Czech Republic). All the study sites are formed by the deposition of postmining overburden consisting of clays impregnated with carbonates. Falcon was established in 2019 and allows a detailed assessment of the first stages of ecosystem development. It consists of four parallel catchments (0.25 ha each); two are rehabilitated, and two are not. The reclaimed areas are leveled and planted with alders, whereas the unreclaimed sites created longitudinal terrain waves to mimic the situation after heaping. Detailed surface change studies by means of erosion pins and 3D terrain models created with the help of drones revealed that the surface elevation rises in the flat catchments and decreased in the wave-like catchments. In contrast, sediment loss through surface runoff shows no difference between the flat and wave-like areas. Considerable heterogeneity in the erosion process is observed in wave-like areas; the upper part of the terrain waves is heavily eroded, while eroded material accumulates in the depression. The depressions contain more silt and clay material and have higher water retention rates and lower infiltration rates, whereas the opposite is true for elevated wave tops. Study show that erosion and deposition play key role in microhabitat formation, which can be crucial in future ecosystem development.

Molecular Hydrophobicity Signature in Charged Bidimensional Clay Materials.

The unraveling of the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity molecular signature of nanometric bidimensional confined systems represents a challenging task with repercussions in environmental transport processes. Swelling clay minerals represent an ideal model system, as hydrophobicity can be modified during material synthesis by substituting hydroxyls by fluorine in the structure, without additional surface treatment. This following work presents a combined approach, integrating experimental inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, with the objective of advancing our understanding of the role of surface hydroxylation/fluorination and the extent of confinement on water properties. From computed structures, the analysis of molecular hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity signature was investigated in detail through water-cation-surface interactions. The results elucidate the influence of fluorination on interlayer species, thereby tracing the impact of the surface on the diminished number of water molecules in such a sample. It is notable that the strong cation-water interaction can overcome the disruptive influence of fluorine, thereby maintaining comparable water hydration shells around cations and resulting in an almost identical bidimensional confinement geometry for both hydroxylated and fluorinated specimens. The analysis of the hydrogen-bond network revealed a significant reorganization of the water molecules due to fluorination. Our results suggest that a quantitative molecular signature of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity can be derived from the analysis of the formation of cavities in the confined fluid. This new finding represents a robust approach for generalizing the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity character for a wide variety of bidimensional systems while proposing a framework for the design of new materials with controlled water properties.

A mechanistic model for the complex conductivity of clay materials. I. Theory

Summary Clay materials are ubiquitous in the Earth's continental and oceanic crusts. They are characterized by a large specific surface area, and, in contact with water, they have remarkable adsorption, catalytic and containment properties. Clay materials also exhibit a high electrical conductivity response associated with their large surface. However, sedimentary clay minerals have a complex microstructure and electrochemistry that are not fully understood and make the quantitative petrophysical interpretation of geoelectrical measurements difficult. In this study, we have developed a new mechanistic model to better understand and predict the complex conductivity of clay materials from their microstructure and electrical double layer properties. For the conductive component, our model considers ion electromigration in bulk water, clay electrical diffuse layer, and interlayer space, if any. Concerning polarisation, it takes into account ion back-diffusion in the Stern layer and in the interlayer space, if any, and also Maxwell-Wagner effect. Water and clay surface conductivities, formation factor, cementation exponent and sample electrically connected porosity can be extracted from the comparison of the model to experimental data. This study is a step forward to better understand and quantify the complex conductivity of clays observed during electrical and electromagnetic measurements, from laboratory to geological formation scales.

Evaluation of Water and Air Fluxes in Mixtures of Soil and Organic Compound for Oxidative Covering Layers

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the air and water permeability of soil mixtures with organic compost in different proportions in order to determine the gas and liquid fluxes for use in landfill cover layers. Method: The methodology adopted for this study includes laboratory tests to characterize the materials and the use of the flexible wall permeameter model Tri-flex 2 from Soil Test – ELE to determine the air and water permeability of the materials. Mixtures in proportions of 2:1 (soil:compost) and 1:1 (soil:compost) were used as materials for the oxidative covering layer. Results and Discussion: Based on the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the mixtures present permeabilities to air and water in accordance with the standards indicated by USEPA (2003) for covering layers in sanitary landfills, thus ensuring that there is no excess percolation of water from rain, as well as the emission of polluting gases into the atmosphere. Research Implications: The studied material is potentially suitable for use in oxidative cover layers for sanitary landfills, proving to be a viable alternative for implementation in smaller municipalities with less purchasing power, reducing the need to use clay materials, without detriment to the operational efficiency of the landfill. Originality/Value: One of the difficulties faced by municipalities in using sanitary landfills is the search for suitable materials, especially in municipalities with lower purchasing power or located in arid regions, where the use of conventional layers presents problems, with drying out and opening of fissures. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the feasibility of combining clay soils with organic compost to create oxidative cover layers, reducing the pollutant load of organic waste.

Zirconium-Modified Attapulgite Composite for Phosphorus Removal and Algae Control in Lake Water

Phosphorus removal is critical for effective water treatment and the prevention of eutrophication. This study focuses on the modification of attapulgite, an economical clay material, with zirconium (Zr@ATP) to enhance its phosphorus adsorption capacity. Zr@ATP was comprehensively characterized, and its phosphorus-removal mechanisms were investigated. Additionally, its performance in water treatment was evaluated using a lake water-sediment system. Zr@ATP exhibited a high surface area of 329.29 m2/g. The static adsorption experiments revealed that Zr@ATP achieved a phosphorus-removal efficiency of 95.8% at an adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model, with the primary mechanism being chemisorption via ion exchange. Application of Zr@ATP in a lake water-sediment system resulted in an 83.6% reduction in total phosphorus. The chlorophyll concentration significantly decreased from 32.33 μg/L to 8.56 μg/L, and the algal density decreased by 84.6%, effectively inhibiting algal growth. These results suggest that Zr@ATP is a promising adsorbent for sustainable phosphorus removal and eutrophication control in aquatic environments.

Estimating Morphological Nose Features for Craniofacial Reconstruction: A Retrospective Study

Abstract Background: Craniofacial reconstruction is one of the techniques used in forensic sciences to rebuild the probable antemortem face of unknown human skulls. Considering the soft-tissue thickness, the skull is covered with clay or similar material. After covering, facial features such as lips, ears, eyes, and nose should be added. The nose has considerable diversity. This variety makes it have substantial importance for facial recognition. Aims and Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the morphology of the nose of the Anatolian population and develop regression formulas to estimate the nose shape using the measurements of the skull. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted on three-dimensional computed tomography cranial images. The images belonging to 50 adult patients (25 males, 25 females) were taken from the Radiology Department of Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty Hospital. Eighteen parameters on bony structure and twenty-four parameters on soft tissue were measured using ImageJ software. SPSS 22.0 was performed for statistical analyses. Results: The regression formulas were developed to estimate the nose morphology belonging to the skull using the correlated parameters between the bony structure of the skull and soft tissue. Conclusion: Accurate nasal shape prediction means increasing the identification of the unknown skull. We believe that the regression formulas, developed with this idea could be helpful in craniofacial reconstruction.

Green Clay Materials Applied in Packed Bed Columns for the Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions

Green Clay Materials Applied in Packed Bed Columns for the Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions