Wound Healing Materials Research Articles

Harnessing gold-ion crosslinked polyphenol-mediated hydrogels with enhanced tissue adhesiveness, antioxidation, and antibacterial for advanced wound care

Improperly treated wounds can lead to infection, prolonged healing time, and severe health complications. Therefore, developing advanced wound healing materials with antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and high adhesiveness is essential to support recovery and minimize risks. In this study, tannic acid-modified gelatin-based hydrogel was developed by crosslinking with gold ions, providing multiple properties to meet the requirements for wound healing. The conjugation of tannic acid (TA) on gelatin provides the hydrogel with antioxidative properties, while its ability to form multiple interactions ensures robust crosslinking and enhanced adhesion ability. Meanwhile, incorporating gold ions (Au3+) strengthens its mechanical properties and adds antibacterial effects. The hydrogel forms rapidly in about 10 seconds, featuring a porous structure and mechanical strength suitable for skin tissue. High tissue adhesion, demonstrated through UTM with an average value of 11.5 kPa, adds to its appeal. The hydrogel illustrated antioxidant capacity through DPPH assay and antibacterial ability against both E. coli and S. aureus, thanks to their inherited properties from TA and Au3+, respectively. The cytocompatibility of hydrogel was also demonstrated through WST-1 assay and live/dead staining, with cell viability for all samples over 82 %. These results underscore the potential of this hydrogel for advanced wound care applications.

Preparation of a chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol-based dual-network hydrogel for use as a potential wound-healing material for the sustainable release of drugs

Treating chronic wounds poses significant challenges in clinical medicine due to bacterial infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and excessive inflammation. This study aimed to address these issues by developing a wound dressing with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Chitosan was functionally modified with acrolein to covalently bind to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), enabling a high EGCG load. Subsequently, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and EGCG-modified chitosan were crosslinked to prepare a new double-network hydrogel with added cysteine (CSAEC/P50). CSAEC/P50 demonstrated optimal mechanical properties (low swelling rate, high water retention, and optimal flexibility), low hemolysis, high coagulation properties, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Cell scratch tests indicated that CSAEC/P50 can promote NIH3T3 cell migration. Immunofluorescence results showed that CSAEC/P50 promoted the transformation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. These findings suggest that CSAEC/P50 has significant potential for use in wound dressing applications.

Tough gelatine hydrogels reinforced with silk fibroin nanofiber

Gelatine hydrogels exhibit potential as biomaterials such as wound-healing materials, artificial organs, scaffolds for cell culture and drug delivery systems because of their good biocompatibility. However, their practical applications are limited by their poor mechanical properties and high degradability. In this study, mechanically fibrillated silk fibroin (fibroin nanofibers; FNF) was used to reinforce gelatine hydrogels. The resulting gelatine hydrogels with FNF exhibited enhanced toughness compared to those reinforced with conventional aqueous regenerated fibroin (RF), which were prepared by treatment with a highly concentrated LiBr solvent or a neat gelatine hydrogel while retaining their softness. The average pore size of the gelatine hydrogel was 2.2 μm, while the gelatine hydrogel containing 25 % FNF expanded to 6.7 μm. A web-like network was formed between the pores. The addition of FNF increased the relative β-sheet contents in the hydrogels to 60.3 %, suggesting that this may have caused structural changes such as increased crystallinity for gelatine-derived proteins. Furthermore, the addition of FNF inhibited the rapid enzymatic degradation of gelatine hydrogels. FNF, which can be easily prepared in water, is a safe material for both the environment and living organisms and holds promise as a biomaterial in the future.

Preparation and Characterization of Anti-Microbial Wound Healing Materials from Natural Origins

Abstract Many types of polymers utilized as wound dressings, Polycaprolactone (PCL) displays high degree of biocompatibility as well as biodegradability, the mechanical strength states PCL in the foreground materials used in wound healing therapies. Current work aims to develop new types of wound plaster dressing, a multiple of natural and medical materials (aloe Vera, calendula and phenobarbital) were used to enhance the anti-microbial behavior as well as pain removal during wound healing period. Aloe Vera gels, Calendula extraction, with phenobarbital drug were precipitates on PCL layer in different percentage. Microstructure observation proves that polycaprolactone polymer is good base material supports dressing constituents, wound dressing homogeneity increased due to chemical reactions between the Aloe Vera and other materials. the main elements of dressing (carbon and oxygen) observed from chemical analysis (EDS) which is also showed that using combination of natural plants (aloe vera and Calendula) with phenobarbital medicine create wound plaster layer with wide range of active elements lead to therapeutic effects including antibacterial, In (FTIR) the results show using mixture of natural additives (aloe, calendula), medicine like phenobarbital in PCL lead to create wound plaster with high (OH) content acts to expedite the skin’s healing process by maintaining the natural level of minerals and hydration at wound area. Hydrophobicity of wound can minimized when adding some hydrophilic materials like Aloe Vera, phenobarbital and calendula, Aloe Vera gel, phenobarbital, as well as calendula decrease the contact angle value. Providing high adhesion between wound plaster and skin tissue. All prepared wound plaster has same and high resistance to Staphylococcus bacteria (40mm).

Development and evaluation of silver-infused Biopolymer coated cotton wound dressings as possible wound healing material

Wound management is a critical clinical issue, with substantial economic and social implications. Traditional dressings often lead to poor healing, impacting the effective wound repair is an ongoing challenge. So, this research aimed to investigate the development of a novel medical textile auxiliary in the form of a padded cotton bandage coated with a blend of agricultural biopolymers (xanthan gum and gum arabic) containing AgNPs with an emphasis on environmental friendliness and sustainability. The samples treated with various biopolymer blend compositions that were assessed by SEM and FTIR analysis, tensile strength, antibacterial properties, and comfort attributes, including air permeability and wicking. Antibacterial tests showed no bacterial growth on the samples, with the maximum inhibition zone measuring 3.3 mm. The mechanical and comfort tests revealed that the blend with 0.5 % xanthan gum and 1 % Arabic gum achieved the highest air permeability at 500 mm/s, the sample with the highest GSM demonstrated superior tensile strength at 42 N, and the 50 GSM sample exhibited better-wicking properties, reaching up to 1.33 cm, compared to the 100 GSM samples. This research is aimed to develop biopolymer-based cotton bandages with improved air permeability, antibacterial, tensile strength, moisture-wicking.

On-Demand Removable Chitosan Based Self-Healing and Antibacterial Hydrogel for Delivery of Tetracycline and Curcumin As Potential Wound Dressing Material.

Wound care is a flourishing branch of healthcare wherein a great amount of research is devoted to develop competent wound dressings. Safe, cost-effective, and biocompatible dressings aid in wound healing without inflicting external trauma and subsequent scar formation. Toward this, we have attempted to develop robust wound dressing material with self-healing and antibacterial properties. We have cross-linked chitosan with 4-formyl phenylboronic acid (4-FPBA) and in situ generated dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) utilizing the dynamic imine and boronate ester linkages. Displaying a channeled microstructure in the SEM micrographs, the hydrogel exhibits a massive water uptake capacity of ∼900% at acidic pH. The hydrogel could completely self-heal within 3 min, and the results are further supported by rheological analysis. By virtue of positive surface charge, it shows a promising tissue adhesive property. Moreover, it affords clean and compliant removal from the wound surface via dissolution induced by dopamine to potentially reduce secondary scarring from peeling of wound dressings. The dressing could significantly act against skin infections caused by S. aureus bacteria with enhanced antimicrobial efficiency via loading of antibiotic drug, tetracycline hydrochloride. A sustained release of tetracycline and Curcumin was observed, which demonstrated the release ability for hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive agents. In-vitro studies revealed 93% cell viability with a hemolytic ratio as low as 2.5%, thereby presenting a good self-healing and biocompatible material for wound healing.

Fast, Easy, and Reproducible Fingerprint Methods for Endotoxin Characterization in Nanocellulose and Alginate-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds.

Nanocellulose- and alginate-based hydrogels have been suggested as potential wound-healing materials, but their utilization is limited by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements regarding endotoxin levels. Cytotoxicity and the presence of endotoxin were assessed after gel sterilization using an autoclave and UV treatment. A new fingerprinting method was developed to characterize the compounds detected in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)- and cellulose-nanofiber (CNF)-based hydrogels using both positive- and negative-ion mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (ESI FT-ICR MS). These biobased hydrogels were used as scaffolds for the cultivation and growth of human dermal fibroblasts to test their biocompatibility. A resazurin-based assay was preferred over all other biocompatibility methodologies since it allowed for the evaluation of viability over time in the same sample without causing cell lysis. The CNF dispersion of 6 EU mL-1 was slightly above the limits, and it did not affect the cell viability, whereas CNC hydrogels induced a reduction of metabolic activity by the fibroblasts. The chemical structure of the detected endotoxins did not contain phosphates, but it encompassed hydrophobic sulfonate groups, requiring the development of new high-pressure sterilization methods for the use of cellulose hydrogels in medicine.

Expanding Our Horizons: AIE Materials in Bacterial Research.

Bacteria share a longstanding and complex relationship with humans, playing a role in protecting gut health and sustaining the ecosystem to cause infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance. Luminogenic materials that share aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics have emerged as a versatile toolbox for bacterial studies through fluorescence visualization. Numerous research efforts highlight the superiority of AIE materials in this field. Recent advances in AIE materials in bacterial studies are categorized into four areas: understanding bacterial interactions, antibacterial strategies, diverse applications, and synergistic applications with bacteria. Initial research focuses on visualizing the unseen bacteria and progresses into developing strategies involving electrostatic interactions, amphiphilic AIE luminogens (AIEgens), and various AIE materials to enhance bacterial affinity. Recent progress in antibacterial strategies includes using photodynamic and photothermal therapies, bacterial toxicity studies, and combined therapies. Diverse applications from environmental disinfection to disease treatment, utilizing AIE materials in antibacterial coatings, bacterial sensors, wound healing materials, etc., are also provided. Finally, synergistic applications combining AIE materials with bacteria to achieve enhanced outcomes are explored. This review summarizes the developmental trend of AIE materials in bacterial studies and is expected to provide future research directions in advancing bacterial methodologies.

Fabrication and development of biogenic selenium nanoparticles incorporated alginate hydrogel wound care material: a pre-clinical study

ABSTRACT In this study, we attempted to make a nanocomposite wound dressing that was both interactive and bioactive. In order to characterize the biogenic selenium nanoparticles, characterization techniques such as SEM, EDX, DLS, Zetasizer, FTIR, and XRD were utilized. The XRD results showed that the peaks located at around 2θ = 23.9°, 30.1°, 41.6°, 44.1°, and 52.9° that are corresponded to the (100), (101), (110), (102), and (201) reflections of the pure hexagonal phase of selenium crystals. The results of zeta potential measurement showed that the biosynthesized SeNPs have a zeta potential of around −27.5 mV. Studies conducted on animals using a full-thickness wound model of the rat’s skin showed that the wound dressing was able to speed up the natural process of wound healing. Based on the findings, it was determined that the wound dressing has the potential to serve as an effective wound dressing and healing material.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Bacterial Behavior of Sodium Alginate Patches Fortified with Polyurethane and Ag-MOF as Potential Future Wound Healing Material

ABSTRACT Sodium Alginate (SA) is a natural polysaccharide with a high degree of biocompatibility, biodegradability, water absorption properties and stiffness. The inherent brittleness of SA limits its applications in the field of wound healing. The blending of highly flexible polyurethane (PU) with SA could alter the nature of film. In addition, the incorporation of Ag-Metal Organic Framework (Ag-MOF) synthesized via the solvothermal method can help in the enhancement of stability and biological characteristics. The SA and its composite films were obtained through a feasible phase inversion technique. In addition, the Ag-MOF@SA/PU film demonstrates the strongest bacteriostatic impact on E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa, with percentages of approximately 96.9% and 96.41%, respectively. Furthermore, the film demonstrates a radical scavenging efficiency of 83.96%. Moreover, the Ag-MOF@SA/PU film exhibited a significant increase in the production of oxidative stress, attaining a value of 84.89%. Owing to the results, Ag-MOF@SA/PU was taken for in-vitro degradability analysis and visible surface erosion was observed over time. Thus, the Ag-MOF@SA/PU film could be considered for future wound healing therapy.

Etamsylate-loaded hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized tannic acid for improved wound healing

Proper wound dressing is essential to facilitate skin wound healing, stop bleeding, and prevent infections. Herein, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was crosslinked with oxidized tannic acid (OTA) to form an adhesive and self-healing OTA/CMC hydrogel, and etamsylate was loaded to enhance the hemostatic effect of the hydrogel dressing. The resultant OTA/CMC/E hydrogel exhibited a spectrum of noteworthy attributes including excellent cell compatibility, high antioxidant activity, effective anti-bacterium, and excellent hemorrhage control. Functionally, it mitigated intracellular ROS levels, hindered the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus, while also significantly reducing hemostasis duration and total blood loss. In vivo full-thickness skin incision results showed that the OTA/CMC/E hydrogel could efficiently accelerate in vivo wound closure and healing, promising as an advanced wound healing material.

Insights into the Physicochemical Characteristics and Miscibility of Chitosan/Polypeptide Blends: Promising Material for Wound Healing in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

In this study, the synthesis of poly(AVGVP) [where A-Alanine, V-Valine, G-Glycine, and P-Proline] is executed by the stepwise solution phase method. The interaction between Chitosan and synthetic polypentapeptide in blends was examined in the liquid and solid phases. Viscosity criteria that establish the total miscibility with Chitosan are the Δ[η]m, the intrinsic viscosity [η], Huggins coefficient [KH], by Garcia ΔB, α by Sun, and μ suggested by Chee, ΔK, and β buttressed by Jiang and Han. Besides, the results are corroborated in the solid phase by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Miscibility in the blends led to higher thermal stability than that of pure polymers, according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro, studies offered the absence of cytotoxicity, and in vivo histopathological results advocated that the blend shows less inflammation and is more compact as against cotton gauge, evincing an enhanced healing environment and promising the possibility of use in wound therapeutic applications.

Biocide physically cross-linked hydrogels based on carrageenan and guanidinium polyampholytes for wound healing applications

Over last years, hydrogels based on natural polymers have attracted considerable interest as materials for wound healing. Herein, hydrogel films based on kappa-carrageenan and guanidinium polyampholytes were prepared by the in situ physical cross-linking with potassium chloride and borax, respectively. The polyampholytes were obtained by a free radical copolymerization of 2,2-diallyl-1,1,3,3-tetraethylguanidinium chloride and unsaturated acids. To characterize the composite films, NMR, FTIR, SEM, TGA, XRD, element analysis and tensile test were used. Ampicillin was incorporated into the hydrogels to enhance wound healing potential. The healing-related characteristics, including swelling ratio, drug release and antimicrobial activity, were assessed. The equilibrium swelling ratios were in the range of 3.9–6.5 depending on the polyampholyte composition. According to the in vitro ampicillin release studies, 30–43 % of ampicillin was released from the hydrogels after 5 h at 37 °C and pH 7.4, with drug release being temperature and pH dependent. The ampicillin-loaded films showed a remarkable antimicrobial effect. The inhibition sizes for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 1.10–1.85 and 1.95–2.60 cm, respectively. Although the bi-polymeric hydrogels were thoroughly characterized, with the in vitro study of their biocidal effects carried out in this work, the in vivo drug release assessment needs to be further explored.

Essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum-based novel hydrogel films for wound healing

Carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum (CCFG) and citric acid (CA) based wound healing film, (CCFG-CA) was developed using the solvent casting method. Glycerol was added as a plasticizing agent. The synthesized Carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum cross-linked citric acid based hydrogel film (CCFG-CA) was evaluated morphologically, thermally, and structurally using FESEM, TGA, XRD and FTIR. Three essential oils (EO), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and thuja (Thuja occidentalis L), known for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, were loaded into the CCFG-CA film to develop essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum cross-linked citric acid based hydrogel film (CCFG-CA-EO). In vitro studies (MTT assay, disk diffusion assay, permeability tests and DPPH assay) confirm the biocompatibility, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties of the CCFG-CA-EO film. In vivo (wound healing studies on wistar rats and their histology) shows 99 % of wound healing and re-epithelialization in 14 days. Degradability (within 15 days), protein adsorption (12.05 μg/mL) and contact angle determination (69.43°ׄׄ ± 0.48) tests confirmed the potential of CCFG-CA-EO as an effective wound-healing material.

Quaternary ammonium grafted chitosan hydrogel with enhanced antibacterial performance as tannin acid and deferoxamine carrier to promote diabetic wound healing

The delay of diabetic wound healing puts a huge burden on the society. The key factors hindering wound healing include bacterial infection, unresolved inflammation and poorly generated blood vessels. In this paper, glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTA) was grafted to chitosan (CS) to obtain quaternary ammonium grafted chitosan (QCS) with enhanced antibacterial performance, and then cross-linked by dialdehyde terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO DA) to construct QCS/PEO DA hydrogel with tissue adhesion, biodegradation and self-healing properties. The QCS/PEO DA hydrogel is loaded with tannin acid (TA) and deferoxamine (DFO) to enhance antioxidant property and angiogenesis. At the same time, the TA and DFO loaded TA@DFO/hydrogel preserved the biocompatibility and biodegradability of chitosan. Moreover, the multifunctional hydrogel behaved excellent hemostatic properties in mice model and significantly promoted the healing efficacy of diabetic wounds. Overall, the TA@DFO/hydrogel is promising anti-infection dressing material for diabetic wound healing.

Barley β-glucan bioactive films: Promising eco-friendly materials for wound healing

Mixtures containing β-glucans were extracted from barley, under both mild and high alkaline conditions, to prepare biodegradable films (MA and HA, respectively), as natural dressings with intrinsic therapeutic properties. An in-depth characterization was performed to evaluate the impact of mild and high alkaline conditions on chemical, physicochemical, and biological features for potential use in wound treatments. Both MA and HA films exhibited a good ability to absorb water and simulate wound fluid, which helps maintain optimal tissue hydration. Moreover, their oxygen permeability (147.6 and 16.4 cm3 × μm/m2 × 24 h × Pa × 107, respectively) appeared adequate for the intended application. Biocompatibility tests showed that the films do not harm human dermal fibroblasts. Impressively, they promote cell attachment and growth, with MA having a stronger effect due to its higher β-glucan content. Furthermore, MA films can modulate macrophage behaviour in an inflamed microenvironment, reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, while simultaneously increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In a scratch test, HA films allowed for faster fibroblast migration within the first 16 h compared to MA.Overall, this study demonstrates that developing β-glucan based films from barley, through a sustainable and cost-effective process, holds great promise for skin applications. These films exhibit significant potential to promote wound healing and modulate inflammation.

Biopolymeric Insulin Membranes for Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Applications.

Delayed wound healing increases the wound's vulnerability to possible infections, which may have lethal outcomes. The treatments available can be effective, but the urgency is not fully encompassed. The drug repositioning strategy proposes effective alternatives for enhancing medical therapies for chronic diseases. Likewise, applying wound dressings as biodegradable membranes is extremely attractive due to their ease of application, therapeutic effectiveness, and feasibility in industrial manufacturing. This article aims to demonstrate the pleiotropic effects during insulin repositioning in wound closure by employing a biopolymeric membrane-type formulation with insulin. We prepared biopolymeric membranes with sodium alginate cross-linked with calcium chloride, supported in a mixture of xanthan gum and guar gum, and plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol. Human insulin was combined with poloxamer 188 as a protein stabilizing agent. Our investigation encompassed physicochemical and mechanical characterization, antioxidant and biological activity through antibacterial tests, cell viability assessments, and scratch assays as an in vitro and in vivo wound model. We demonstrated that our biopolymeric insulin membranes exhibited adequate manipulation and suitable mechanical resistance, transparency, high swelling capability (1100%), and 30% antioxidant activity. Furthermore, they exhibited antibacterial activity (growth inhibition of S. aureus at 85% and P. aeruginosa at 75%, respectively), and insulin promoted wound closure in vitro with a 5.5-fold increase and 72% closure at 24 h. Also, insulin promoted in vivo wound closure with a 3.2-fold increase and 92% closure at 10 days compared with the groups without insulin, and this is the first report that demonstrates this therapeutic effect with two administrations of 0.7 IU. In conclusion, we developed a multifunctional insulin-loaded biopolymeric membrane in this study, with the main activity derived from insulin's role in wound closure and antioxidant activity, augmented by the antimicrobial effect attributed to the polymer poloxamer 188. The synergistic combination of excipients enhances its usefulness and highlights our innovation as a promising material in wound healing materials.

Advances and Challenges in Immune-Modulatory Biomaterials for Wound Healing Applications.

Wound healing progresses through three distinct stages: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Immune regulation is a central component throughout, crucial for orchestrating inflammatory responses, facilitating tissue repair, and restraining scar tissue formation. Elements such as mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), macrophages, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cytokines collaboratively shape immune regulation in this healing process. Skin wound dressings, recognized for their ability to augment biomaterials' immunomodulatory characteristics via antimicrobial, antioxidative, pro- or anti-inflammatory, and tissue-regenerative capacities, have garnered heightened attention. Notwithstanding, a lack of comprehensive research addressing how these dressings attain immunomodulatory properties and the mechanisms thereof persists. Hence, this paper pioneers a systematic review of biomaterials, emphasizing immune regulation and their underlying immunological mechanisms. It begins by highlighting the importance of immune regulation in wound healing and the peculiarities and obstacles faced in skin injury recovery. This segment explores the impact of wound metabolism, infections, systemic illnesses, and local immobilization on the immune response during healing. Subsequently, the review examines a spectrum of biomaterials utilized in skin wound therapy, including hydrogels, aerogels, electrospun nanofiber membranes, collagen scaffolds, microneedles, sponges, and 3D-printed constructs. It elaborates on the immunomodulatory approaches employed by these materials, focusing on mitochondrial and ROS modulation, autophagic processes, ferroptosis, macrophage modulation, and the influence of cytokines on wound healing. Acknowledging the challenge of antibiotic resistance, the paper also summarizes promising plant-based alternatives for biomaterial integration, including curcumin. In its concluding sections, the review charts recent advancements and prospects in biomaterials that accelerate skin wound healing via immune modulation. This includes exploring mitochondrial transplantation materials, biomaterial morphology optimization, metal ion incorporation, electrostimulation-enabled immune response control, and the benefits of composite materials in immune-regulatory wound dressings. The ultimate objective is to establish a theoretical foundation and guide future investigations in the realm of skin wound healing and related materials science disciplines.

A bioactive xyloglucan polysaccharide hydrogel mechanically enhanced by Pluronic F127 micelles for promoting chronic wound healing

Chronic wounds represent a formidable global healthcare challenge due to the bacteria infections and uncontrollable inflammation responses, while developing wound healing materials capable of resolving these issues remains a challenge. In this study, we integrated xyloglucan (XG) with Pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA)to develop a composite hydrogel for wound healing, where the XG introduced anti-inflammation and anti-bacterial properties to the construct, and F127DA provides the photocurable properties essential for hydrogel formation and robust mechanical characteristics to achieve physical strength that matches tissue regeneration. The material characterizations suggested that XG/F127DA hydrogels had great biostability, blood compatibility and antibacterial effects, which was suitable to be used as a wound healing material. The in vitro analysis by culturing L929 fibroblasts on the hydrogel surface demonstrated that the inclusion of XG could promote the cellular proliferation rate, migration rate, and re-epithelialization-related marker expression, while downregulate the inflammation process. The XG/F127DA hydrogel was further used for the full-thickness skin wound healing test on mice, where the inclusion of XG significantly increased the wound closure rate through reducing the inflammation responses, and promote re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. These results indicated that XG/F127DA hydrogel has great potential to be used for wound healing in future clinical translation.

Novel Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration.

Skin is the first defense barrier of the human body, which can resist the invasion of external dust, microorganisms and other pollutants, and ensure that the human body maintains the homeostasis of the internal environment. Once the skin is damaged, the health threat to the human body will increase. Wound repair and the human internal environment are a dynamic process. How to effectively accelerate the healing of wounds without affecting the internal environment of the human body and guarantee that the repaired tissue retains its original function as much as possible has become a research hotspot. With the advancement of technology, researchers have combined new technologies to develop and prepare various types of materials for wound healing. This article will introduce the wound repair materials developed and prepared in recent years from three types: nanofibers, composite hydrogels, and other new materials. The paper aims to provide reference for researchers in related fields to develop and prepare multifunctional materials. This may be helpful to design more ideal materials for clinical application, and then achieve better wound healing and regeneration effects.