Material Rewards Research Articles

Research on the impact of employee AI identity on employee proactive behavior in AI workplace

PurposeThe purpose of our research is to explore the role of employee AI identity in influencing employee proactive behavior and its boundary conditions in AI workplace.Design/methodology/approachBased on the IT identity theory and motivation theory, our research discusses the effects of employee AI identity on employee proactive behavior and regarded the proactive work intention as a mediating variable. Meanwhile, we considered organization inducement as a boundary condition and discussed the moderating effects of it and its two sub-dimensions (development rewards and material rewards). Data were collected from 326 employees and partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyzed and draw the conclusions.FindingsFindings showed that employee AI identity significantly affects employee proactive behavior, in which the proactive work intention play a mediating role. Moreover, three subdimensions (relatedness, emotional energy, dependence) of employee AI identity have different effects on formation of employee AI identity. And organization inducement acts as a positive moderating role, development rewards and material rewards play different roles in the formation of organization inducements.Originality/valueOur research explores the different paths that influence employee proactive behavior and their boundary moderation, while analyzing the results of these influences in different subdimensions, deepening the research on employee AI identity and organization inducement. Our research is conducive to the development of the identity theory and organizational behavior research and provide suggestions for managers to improve their organizational management level.

Soldiering in the Special Zone: The People's Liberation Army Engineering Corps in Shenzhen

Abstract Between 1979 and 1982, 20,000 troops from the People's Liberation Army Engineering Corps travelled from military-industrial sites in the interior to Shenzhen, China's first Special Economic Zone (SEZ). They were the first batch of state-sponsored migrants to the SEZ and the pioneer builders of the city's urban infrastructure. This article uses the case of military workers in the SEZ to examine state–market relations during the early phase of China's post-socialist transition. On one hand, the Deng administration strategically repurposed a disciplined labour force from Mao's command economy to jump-start marketization. On the other hand, the Mao-era power structure of the Engineering Corps not only persisted but became even more entrenched in the SEZ at the forefront of China's reform. The higher one's military rank was before demobilization, the more easily one could monetize socialist-era political credentials, particularly by taking advantage of the rising value of land in Shenzhen's urbanization process. Academic credentials served as a moderate booster of status within the public sector and a more powerful ingredient leading to success for private entrepreneurs. The lower the military rank before demobilization, the less meaningful the agency to obtain material rewards commensurate with past contributions.

Longitudinal relations between parenting practices and prosocial behaviors in recent immigrant Latino/a adolescents: Familism values and ethnic identity as mediators

IntroductionThe present study investigated the mediating roles of familism values and ethnic identity in longitudinal associations between recent immigrant U.S. Latino/a adolescents' reports of their parents' (i.e., mothers' and fathers') use of social and material rewards and prosocial behaviors.MethodsParticipants included 302 recent immigrant U.S. Latino/a adolescents (M age = 14.5 years at Time 1, range = 13–17 years, 53% male) recruited from Los Angeles and Miami. Participants self-reported on their perceptions of parents' use of social and material rewards (Time 1), familism values (Time 3), ethnic identity (Time 5), and multiple types of prosocial behaviors (Time 6).ResultsPath analyses showed that mothers' use of social rewards was indirectly related (via familism values and ethnic identity) to higher levels of everyday types of helping behaviors seen in youth, whereas mothers' use of material rewards was only directly related to motive-based helping behaviors. In contrast, we found no significant direct or indirect relations from fathers' use of social or material rewards and prosocial behaviors.DiscussionThe discussion describes the parenting and cultural assets that facilitate varied types and motives of prosocial behaviors in recent immigrant U.S. Latino/a youth. Family-based interventions, prosocial development theories, and future research on this topic can target prosocial parenting practices (e.g., social rewards) and cultural assets (e.g., familism values, ethnic identity) to facilitate helping in youth.

Kinks as Goals: Accelerating Commissions and the Performance of Sales Teams

Piecewise-linear reward schemes are very common in workplaces; by definition, they divide the set of possible performance levels into disjoint intervals that could have psychological value to workers. When these schemes take the form of lump-sum bonuses, any psychological rewards associated with attaining a performance interval are hard to distinguish from material ones because both material and psychological incentives predict bunching at the output needed to earn the bonus. To disentangle these effects, this paper studies a common but understudied class of piecewise-linear pay—accelerators—in which the mechanisms’ predictions conflict. Using the distributions of daily sales in 103 small retail teams, we find that daily sales bunch at accelerators, which is inconsistent with models in which only material rewards matter. Combining simple theoretical models, institutional evidence, and heterogeneity analyses, we argue that this unexpected bunching results from teams’ decisions to use the convenient, salient kink points as shared goals, which yield symbolic utility to their members when the points are attained. This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01661 .

Motivation of personnel for career growth

The purpose of the study is to develop scientific approaches to determining motivation methods that affect the career growth of employees depending on their length of service in the organization. The article identifies the main reasons for the insufficient use of personnel motivation methods aimed at fostering their career growth. In addition, three main stages in the career growth of personnel are defined: the stage of professional adaptation, the internal stage and the stagnation stage. Accordingly, at each stage there is a need to use certain motivational methods. The article also analyzes the components of motivation for career growth of employees with different years of experience in the organization. The research is based on the methods of survey, questionnaire, observation, self-observation and the correlation method according to the Spearman criterion. The study of motivation for career growth of employees was carried out according to the following structural components: career intuition, career involvement, career stability, orientation to power, material reward (orientation to money), aspiration to status growth, aspiration to achievement. It has been found out that the average indicators of the components of career motivation also change among employees depending on their length of service. Thus, the most significant correlations between the components of motivation for career growth were determined, in particular between the need for achievements and career involvement; career intuition and career involvement; career stability and the desire for status growth; career stability and orientation to power; orientation to power and orientation to money.

Evaluating information management system in epidemic infectious diseases in Iran

Health information management is a vital and constructive component of the health system, refers to the process of producing and collecting, organising and storing, analysing, disseminating and using information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the information management system in epidemic infectious diseases in Iran, specifically focusing on the registration, reporting, quality, confidentiality, and security of infectious disease data. This assessment was conducted from the perspective of policymakers and experts responsible for data registration and reporting. After examining the processes of registering and reporting infectious disease data and interviewing experts, a researcher-designed questionnaire was prepared to evaluate the infectious disease information management system. To assess the content validity of the Content Validity Index and Content Validity Ratio Index, a questionnaire was utilized. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. By employing purposeful sampling and adhering to the inclusion criteria, 150 participants were included in the study. Questionnaires were distributed via email, WhatsApp, or Telegram to employees at various levels of Iran's health and treatment systems who were responsible for registering and reporting infectious disease data. The study encompassed 100 participants who successfully concluded the research. The results highlight that the key strength of healthcare data registration lies in its ability to "depict the epidemic curve during outbreaks of infectious diseases." Conversely, a notable weakness was the "insufficient collaboration from non-academic sectors (e.g., clinics, private laboratories) in registering and reporting infectious diseases. The present study's findings suggest that the issue lies not in the framework itself, but rather in the execution and functionality of the strategies. We can cultivate a repository of reliable and beneficial data by incorporating initiatives like training programs, enforcing regulations with consequences for inadequate data documentation, offering both material and motivational rewards, and streamlining all data collection and reporting systems.

“New food cultures” and the absent food citizen: immigrants in urban food policy discourse

AbstractMulticultural cities in the Global North are rapidly developing and releasing urban food policies that outline municipal visions of sustainable food systems. In turn, these policies shape conceptions of food citizenship in the city. While these policies largely absorb activities previously associated with “alternative” food systems, little is known about how they respond to critical food and race scholars who have noted that these food practices and spaces have historically marginalized immigrants. A critical discourse analysis of 22 urban food policies from Global North cities reveals that most policies do not meaningfully consider immigrant foodscapes, foodways, and food-related labour. Many promote hegemonic and/or ethno-nationalistic understandings of “healthy” and “sustainable” food without recognizing immigrants’ food-related knowledge and skills. Policies largely fail to connect the topic of immigrant labour with goals like shortening supply chains, subject immigrant neighbourhoods to stigmatizing health discourses, and lack acknowledgement of the barriers immigrants may face to participating in sustainable food systems. Relatedly, policy discourses articulate forms of food citizenship that emphasize individual obligations over rights related to food. This jeopardizes the potential for immigrants to be seen as belonging to dominant political urban food communities and benefitting from the symbolic and material rewards associated with them.

The association between precarious employment and stress among working aged individuals in the United States

ObjectivePrecarious employment is a plausible stressor, which may adversely affect health. We investigated the association between multidimensional precarious employment and perceived and biological stress in the U.S. MethodsWe used data from waves 4 (2008–2009) and 5 (2016–2018) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Eight indicators were mapped to five dimensions of precarious employment to create a continuous score (PES, range: 0–5): material rewards, working-time arrangements, stability, workers' rights, and interpersonal relationships. Perceived stress was constructed from the four-item Cohen's perceived stress score (PSS; range: 0–16; wave 4). We measured biological stress in waves 4 and 5 via C-reactive protein (CRP). Given variability in CRP collection between waves, we treated wave 4 and 5 as cross-sectional. We employed adjusted linear regression models to estimate whether the PES was associated with the PSS in wave 4 (n = 11,510) and CRP in waves 4 (n = 10,343) and 5 (n = 3452). ResultIndividuals were aged 28 and 37 years on average in wave 4 and 5, respectively. Half were female and most identified as non-Hispanic (NH)-White (∼73 %), followed by NH-Black (∼14 %), Hispanic (∼9 %) and NH-other (∼4 %). Average PES was inversely related to education. The PSS averaged 8.1 (Interquartile Range [IQR] = 7.0,9.0). Average CRP was 4.4 mg/L (IQR = 0.8,5.0) in wave 4 and 3.6 mg/L (IQR = 0.8,4.2) in wave 5. The PES was associated with perceived stress (β=0.06; 95 % CI = 0.01,0.10) and CRP in wave 5 (β=0.34; 95 % CI = 0.07,0.62). ConclusionsGiven the deleterious effects of stress on health, policies to reduce precarious employment warrant consideration.

After Online Innovators Receive Performance-Contingent Material Rewards: A Study Based on an Open Innovation Platform.

In recent years, enterprises have increasingly recognized the pivotal role of external users in driving product innovation. Open innovation platforms (OIPs), which facilitate interactions between companies and external innovators, have emerged as critical conduits in this regard. However, OIP managers face the challenge of motivating innovators to sustain their contributions. While some OIPs have implemented material incentives, the impact of such rewards on users' ongoing innovation efforts remains uncertain. This study utilized a large-scale dataset from an OIP to examine how performance-contingent material rewards influence the subsequent behaviors of online innovators. Employing a quasi-experimental design involving propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, we found that receiving performance-contingent material rewards led to a decrease in the quantity of subsequent ideas generated by innovators. However, these rewarded innovators produced ideas of higher quality. Interestingly, the novelty of ideas submitted by innovators declined following their receiving of rewards. Moreover, newly enlisted innovators exhibited a more positive response to these incentives. Our findings provide valuable insights for platform managers seeking to optimize incentive mechanisms. We suggest adopting diversified incentive approaches and refining incentive strategies to effectively motivate continuous innovation among users on OIPs.

The role of job satisfaction and organizational culture match in the relationship between pay satisfaction and turnover intention: A moderated mediation model

High turnover among social workers is a long-standing concern. This article explores whether pay satisfaction (PS) influences turnover intention (TI) and whether job satisfaction (JS) mediates this relationship. We also examine whether organizational culture match (OCM) moderates this mediation model. Based on multiple regression model of 5525 Chinese social workers, we found that PS was negatively related to TI and JS mediated this relationship. The effects of such a mediation model were significantly larger when OCM was at a higher level. Findings highlight the need to increase material rewards for social workers and to build organizational culture supporting personal psychological needs.

KONSEP HIDUP BAHAGIA DI DUNIA DAN AKHIRAT

Abstraction This article focuses on a happy life according to the Qur'an. Happiness is described using the term sa'ada. Explaining several concepts of happiness that are also quoted from several scholars and scientists, as well as Muslim and non-Muslim practitioners as a comparison. This research is a type of library research, book survey or documentary research. The process of collecting data from various literatures, both in libraries and other places, such as other written document materials, such as magazines, newspapers and others. Data analysis uses Content Analysis which is directed at exploring documents or texts that are widely published regarding the theme of the research. The results of the study indicate that there is a common misunderstanding that happiness is described as material excess, abundant wealth, luxury, reward and heaven. The concept of happiness according to Islam can be obtained in the world and also in the hereafter. The Qur'an distinguishes between pleasure and happiness. Happiness (al-sa'a>dah, al-falah) is not only about fulfilling desires or lusts, but also two important aspects in ourselves, namely affective (emotional) and cognitive (logical). This is also different from pleasure (pleasure, al-farh, al-surru>r). Keywords: Life, Happiness, World, Hereafter

Награждение военнослужащих войск НКВД в годы Великой Отечественной войны (1941–1945)

The article analyses the practice of awarding People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) troops during the Great Patriotic War. It is pointed out that in 1941–1942 NKVD troops took an active part in the battles alongside Red Army units. After 1943 the commissariat’s main service and combat activity was protecting the army’s rear. The problem-chronological, typological historical, and comparative methods, as well as statistical analysis of the award data were used in this paper. Having studied archival materials, published data and personal documents, the author argues that during the initial phase of the war, awarding failed to meet the needs of the troops. It is noted that in 1942–1944 the award system was decentralized by delegating award rights to commanders (chiefs) of NKVD troops; their award arsenal was expanded with new orders and medals. The award practice indicates that there were no specialized awards to distinguish accomplishments in protecting the rear, important facilities and railways or in fighting against the nationalist underground. NKVD troops were presented with uniform state awards on the same basis as representatives of other agencies that were part of the Soviet Armed Forces (Red Army and Navy). The author comes to the conclusion that, due to the specific nature of the tasks performed (in the army’s rear), state awards were rarely given to employees (groups of employees) of NKVD troops. The majority of distinctions were departmental and included material (valuable gifts and money) or moral (certificates of merit and acknowledgement) rewards.

Why employees speak up: unveiling motives for constructive voice

PurposeThe study empirically explores employees' motives for engaging in constructive voice behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilized qualitative research methods. The data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews with 26 workers in the renewable energy industry in Kenya. The data were analyzed using a phronetic iterative approach (Tracy, 2020).FindingsThe data revealed various motives that may drive constructive voice including, personal (e.g. material rewards and emotional gratification), relational (e.g. advocating for others and diluting opposition) and organizational motives (e.g. ensuring organizational survival and bolstering innovation). Additionally, the authors illustrated how these motives may evolve and/or jointly drive constructive voice.Originality/valueAlthough voice scholars are beginning to recognize the existence of other motives besides prosocial, the knowledge of such motives has remained theoretical. This is one of the first studies to empirically examine motives for constructive voice. By unveiling the motives, the findings demonstrate different pathways through which a voice opportunity transforms into a constructive voice behavior.

‘It’s not about the information, it’s about the situation’: understanding the misalignment between EU deterrence messaging and migrants’ narratives

ABSTRACT This article analyses the narratives of young people in the Gambia and of Afghan migrants in Turkey on the themes of migration and Europe as a place of destination. Based on extensive focus group and interview data, we show that these narratives (1) have a high degree of similarities across different contexts and (2) appear incongruent with, and largely unaffected by, the EU’s messages of deterrence in information campaigns. We explain this misalignment by referring to a classic sociological distinction between impressions ‘given’ and those ‘given off’. When the EU seeks to give an ‘impression’ in third countries (such as to be an unattractive place for irregular migrants), their messages compete with positive images of Europe provided through a myriad of other channels and information sources. To a large extent, perceptions of Europe among migrant communities are defined by positive impressions ‘given off’ through Europe’s history as a destination area and social media accounts of individual ‘success stories’ of diaspora members. The social and material rewards associated with migration further inform migrants’ narratives, as do the circumstances of both groups, which often push them towards leaving regardless of the risks this step involves.

Effort expenditure modulates feedback evaluations involving self-other agreement: evidence from brain potentials and neural oscillations.

The influence of effort expenditure on the subjective value in feedback involving material reward has been the focus of previous research. However, little is known about the impact of effort expenditure on subjective value evaluations when feedback involves reward that is produced in the context of social interaction (e.g. self-other agreement). Moreover, how effort expenditure influences confidence (second-order subjective value) in feedback evaluations remains unclear. Using electroencephalography, this study aimed to address these questions. Event-related potentials showed that, after exerting high effort, participants exhibited increased reward positivity difference in response to self-other (dis)agreement feedback. After exerting low effort, participants reported high confidence, and the self-other disagreement feedback evoked a larger P3a. Time-frequency analysis showed that the high-effort task evoked increased frontal midline theta power. In the low (vs. high)-effort task, the frontal midline delta power for self-other disagreement feedback was enhanced. These findings suggest that, at the early feedback evaluation stage, after exerting high effort, individuals exhibit an increased sensitivity of subjective value evaluation in response to self-other agreement feedback. At the later feedback evaluation stage, after completing the low-effort task, the self-other disagreement feedback violates the individuals'high confidence and leads to a metacognitive mismatch.

Month of Birth and Cognitive Effort: A Laboratory Study of the Relative Age Effect among Fifth Graders

Abstract All around the world, school-entry cohorts are organized on an annual calendar so that the age of students in the same cohort differs by up to one year. It is a well-established finding that this age gap entails a consequential (dis)advantage for academic performance referred to as the relative age effect (RAE). This study contributes to a recent strand of research that has turned to investigate the RAE on non-academic outcomes such as personality traits. An experimental setup is used to estimate the causal effect of monthly age on cognitive effort in a sample of 798 fifth-grade students enrolled in the Spanish educational system, characterized by strict enrolment rules. Participants performed three different real-effort tasks under three different incentive conditions: no rewards; material rewards; and material and status rewards. We observe that older students outwork their youngest peers by two-fifths of a standard deviation, but only when material rewards for performance are in place. Despite the previously reported higher taste for competition among the older students within a school-entry cohort, we do not find that the RAE on cognitive effort increases after inducing competition for peer recognition. Finally, the study also provides suggestive evidence of a larger RAE among boys and students from lower social strata. Implications for sociological research on educational inequality are discussed. To conclude, we outline policy recommendations such as implementing evaluation tools that nudge teachers toward being mindful of relative age differences.

Konsep Hidup Bahagia di Dunia dan Akhirat

This article focuses on a happy life according to the Qur'an. Happiness is described using the term sa'ada. Explaining several concepts of happiness that are also quoted from several scholars and scientists, as well as Muslim and non-Muslim practitioners as a comparison. This research is a type of library research, book survey or documentary research. The process of collecting data from various literatures, both in libraries and other places, such as other written document materials, such as magazines, newspapers and others. Data analysis uses Content Analysis which is directed at exploring documents or texts that are widely published regarding the theme of the research. The results of the study indicate that there is a common misunderstanding that happiness is described as material excess, abundant wealth, luxury, reward and heaven. The concept of happiness according to Islam can be obtained in the world and also in the hereafter. The Qur'an distinguishes between pleasure and happiness. Happiness (al-sa'a>dah, al-falah) is not only about fulfilling desires or lusts, but also two important aspects in ourselves, namely affective (emotional) and cognitive (logical). This is also different from pleasure (pleasure, al-farh, al-surru>r).

PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE COMMEMORATION OF KVITKA CISYK IN UKRAINE

The article presents the study results of the main stages, forms and promoters of the cult of Kvitka Cisyk in Ukraine. Kvitka Cisyk was a US citizen born in the US. However, she attached great importance to her Ukrainian origin and tried to reflect this Ukrainian ethnic self-identification in her work. However, she became much more famous worldwide because of her work as a singer for advertising products commissioned by leading American corporations than as a perform- er of Ukrainian lyrical songs. The article’s authors focused on the history and current state of public commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk in Ukraine. An interdisciplinary approach was applied; in particular, psychological hypothetical explanations were made regarding the motivation of the promoters of some commemorative actions. With the help of a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and foreign mass media, the key events, forms, and directions of the commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk on the territory of Ukraine are determined, the influence of many actions, individuals, including leaders of public opinion, on the formation of the mod- ern Ukrainian mass media image of this advertising industry figure is characterized. Systematized, in chronological order, the history of naming dozens of Ukrainian streets in honour of Kvitka Cisyk. The practical significance of the article lies, in particular, in providing recommendations and means of their imple- mentation for educational institutions that train specialists in the field of advertising and public relations. A number of hypotheses have been put forward that can stimulate further scientific explorations of the Ukrainian commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk. In the educational process, in the training of specialists in advertising and public relations, it is worth drawing more attention of future figures of the advertising business and related industries to the example of Kvitka Tsysyk’s achievements and honoring these achievements. After all, Kvitka Tsysyk is currently in Ukraine, apparently, the most glorified, honored figure in the advertising business. Receiving such recognition, immortalization in the names of streets, awards, museums, and creative contests is for many actors no less, and for some, much stronger than material reward, a stimulus for professional growth, hard work in the chosen business field.

Post-Mortem Analysis of the 2016 Elections Based on the Political Marketing Strategies Used by Local Political Parties in Dumaguete City

This research study is a post-mortem analysis of the 2016 local elections in Dumaguete City, focusing on the political marketing strategies used by the Liberal Party (LP) and Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) candidates. The objective was to analyze the political marketing strategies the political parties and candidates employed in the 2016 elections. It also aimed to address the research gap by systematically examining and analyzing the political marketing practices within the local context. The researcher employed a combination of descriptive-quantitative and qualitative designs. The quantitative design was facilitated by measuring the level of effectiveness of the political marketing strategies used by the party and the candidates to win votes, which was measured on a scale of 5.00, where 1.00 is not effective, and 5.00 is the most effective. The qualitative design was facilitated by the archival of documents and structured interviews. The study's respondents were the mayor, vice mayor, and ten city councilors, totaling 12 (n=12). However, only 9 (n=9) participated in answering the survey questionnaire and guide interview. Using Menon’s framework, the study found that LP dominated the election, employing strategies like clear platforms, candidate image building, party disclosure, information drives, material rewards, smart slogans, and social media use. They also managed attitudinal and behavioral barriers effectively. LP’s dominant strategies included media campaigns, house-to-house campaigns, public forums, small group meetings, and leaflet distribution. NPC, on the other hand, focused on good governance, transparency, and monetary indulgence. Both parties utilized product function, distribution function, cost function, machine politics and rewards, news management function, and communication function. The top three effective strategies were the news management function (4.61), product function (4.59), and communication function (4.58). The study concluded that LP was more thorough and organized in its marketing strategy application, giving them critical advantages in the election.

Enhancing Green Campus Sustainability through Mental Model Development: An Islamic Perspective

This study explores the pivotal role of mental model development in enhancing sustainability initiatives within green campuses. As universities increasingly strive to mitigate their environmental impact, understanding and fostering the mental models of students, faculty, and staff becomes crucial. Mental models, which are deeply ingrained assumptions and perspectives about how the world works, significantly influence individuals' behaviors and decision-making processes. By identifying and reshaping these mental models to align with sustainability goals, educational institutions can cultivate a more sustainable campus culture. The research employs a qualitative approach with data from university leaders and faculties. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. The researcher analyzed the data using Nvivo 12Plus software through 7 stages: open coding, axial coding, selective coding, matrix coding query, and word frequency query. The results of the analysis show that, through the democratic attitude of the leaders and staff in each unit, the campus community members can express their opinions and can be well received by the leaders and staff. With a resilient mentality, every problem can be adequately resolved, and they are able to appreciate and manage diversity and not impose their will. Leaders, with material rewards, appreciate the office boys or staff at UIN Raden Intan.