Material Required Research Articles

Mathematical model for footwear upper material consumption estimation

Appropriate material consumption estimation since the design phase for footwear fabrication is a vital issue as material costs account for a sizeable portion of the overall production cost of a pair of shoes. This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the calculation of footwear upper material consumption to improve the utilization ratio of materials through a suitable nesting map onto leather. The proposed model concentrates on the two-dimensional geometry of footwear components and the application of rich mathematical concepts. The model reflects the outlines of individual footwear components while determining the area using definite integral calculus. Five distinct rotational kinds are applied for component arrangements that correlate to the physiognomy of leather because nesting onto the leather is intractable. The simple concept of a minimal-area polygonal enclosure is applied to maximize material utilization with minimum waste. Finally, the model was verified for four consecutive Oxford footwear sizes by comparing actual upper material consumption with predicted upper material consumption. The noble contribution of this analysis is to use ImageJ software to compute upper material consumption in real case analysis through image processing techniques and separate estimation of wastes, especially the fourth waste. The results of the comparison study show that the proposed model can reduce average material requirements by 2.06 %. This minimization of waste could be beneficial in terms of economic and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study can be applied to estimate more accurately the amount of upper material required for footwear fabrication and support better utilization of material in the footwear industry.

Design and development of a rapid prototyping system combining traditional fused deposition modeling and reconfigurable pins platform

Additive manufacturing, also commonly referred to as 3D printing, has enabled the rapid production of parts possessing complex geometry. Despite Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) being the most popular process, it still suffers from certain limitations, such as production time and material required to build the material support structure for overhang parts. This results in increased total build time and material requirement. This article aims to eliminate these limitations by using a proposed hybrid reconfigurable pin FDM system. A hybrid system is proposed to eliminate the problem of support build time and material requirements. The proposed hybrid FDM is the combination of traditional FDM with a reconfigurable pins platform. The proposed hybrid system has been implemented for printing an overhang test part. The result analysis also reveals that the proposed hybrid system is an effective way of producing overhang parts without material support structures. A real-life case example is considered for validation of the proposed reconfigurable pins platform.

Design optimization of an additively manufactured prototype recuperator for supercritical CO2 power cycles

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycles are being developed due to their potential for high efficiency and reduced capital cost. It is necessary that these recuperators operate at high pressures and temperatures, up to 30 MPa and 900 K, with effectiveness values > 95% and pressure drops <1% to achieve high cycle efficiencies. Moreover, it is also necessary to have reasonable cost recuperators to control the capital costs of the sCO2 power cycles. In this study, a Plate Pin-Fin (PPF) heat exchanger has been proposed as an sCO2 recuperator. This preliminary recuperator design leverages capabilities enabled by additive manufacturing. Although the PPF design has characteristics similar to those of a plate heat exchanger, small diameter and relatively long fins are used to increase surface area, enhance heat transfer, and provide structural support for the partition plates that separate the fluid streams. Existing correlations for heat transfer and pressure drop were adapted for the PPF heat exchanger. These correlations were implemented in a 1D analytical model and used for the optimization of a 5-kWth high temperature recuperator for an indirect sCO2 cycle by varying the design parameters to minimize the quantity of material required. A 3D conjugate heat transfer numerical simulations were conducted to validate the heat transfer and pressure loss correlations. A steepest descent method was used to minimize heat exchanger mass for a 5-kW prototype recuperator subject to a maximum specified pressure drop. The design analysis indicated that an optimum PPF recuperator would be attained for the minimum allowable pin transverse spacing, minimum pin width, minimum pin height and near maximum cell aspect ratio. At a low material requirement of 0.216 kg/kW and a pressure drop, which is almost five times lower than the allowable pressure drop design target, the optimized PPF heat exchanger has the high potential to be an alternative to a printed circuit heat exchanger, which is a conservative design basis for the current state-of-the-art sCO2 recuperators.

Predicting the required thickness of custom shielding materials in kilovoltage radiotherapy beams.

The planning and delivery of kilovoltage (kV) radiotherapy treatments involves the use of custom shielding designed and fabricated for each patient. This study investigated methods by which the required thickness of custom shielding could be predicted for non-standard shielding materials fabricated using 3D printing techniques. Seven kV radiation beams from a WOmed T-300 X-ray therapy unit were modelled using SpekPy software, and AAPM TG-61 data were used to account for backscatter and spectral effects, for incrementally increasing thicknesses of Pb, W-PLA composite and Cu-PLA composite materials. The same beams were used to perform physical transmission measurements, and the thickness of each material required to achieve 5% beam transmission was determined. While the measured transmission factors for Pb, W-PLA and Cu-PLA shielding generally exceeded the calculated transmission factors, these differences had minimal effect on the derived thicknesses of shielding required to achieve 5% transmission, where calculations agreed with measurements within 0.5mm for Pb at all available energies (70-300kVp), within 1.4mm for W-PLA at all available energies, and within 2.1mm for Cu-PLA at superficial treatment energies (70-100kVp). The incremental transmission factor calculation method described and validated in this study could be used, in combination with the conservative addition of 1-2mm of additional material, to estimate shielding requirements for novel materials in therapeutic kilovoltage beams. However, if calculated shielding thicknesses equate to 10mm or more, then additional verification measurements should be performed and the clinical suitability of the novel shielding material should be re-evaluated.

Analisis dan Implementasi Simulasi Monte Carlo untuk Prediksi Kebutuhan Gula berdasarkan Penjualan Bumbu Tabur XYZ

The sales activity is a very important activity for the development and sustainability of a company. The sales are closely related to the requirement of raw material. By knowing the number of sales, a company can do estimate the amount of raw material required for production. However, so far still be found as a company that has its policies to determine a requirement of raw material as impact not use a raw material control method. The research purpose to determine the amount of sugar raw material requirement based on results number of sales seasoning XYZ with Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the analysis of data processing results. It was found that the number of sales from the simulation results in 2019 was quite high compared to the sales results during 2018 where the difference in sales simulation in 2019 and real data in 2018 was 62,334 kg. In terms of sugar supply, the total requirement for sugar in 2019 is also quite high, namely 186,756 kg, or the difference in requirement between simulation results and real data is 21,818 kg. This shows that the amount of requirement is directly proportional to sales.

Abstract 41: A novel high-throughput microfluidic drug screening platform using pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma derived organoids

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest tumors due to the limited treatment options and late diagnosis. Here, we describe a novel high throughput drug screening platform combining a microfluidic based 3D-culture plate, and the recently described pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) derived organoids. The microfluidic plate is a high throughput microfluidic 3D cell culture platform, supporting physiologically relevant models with a minimal requirement of cell material and enabling a wide range of flow and co-culture options (e.g. with blood vessels). Organoids were derived from human PDAC xenografts and seeded in the microfluidic plate. The low amount of tissue material required (4000 cells per chip) and the high number of replicates on one plate (n=96 on a standard microtiter format plate) renders the microfluidic plate an efficient and cost-effective platform for drug screening and toxicity assays on complex, 3D models. Organoids were exposed to various chemotherapeutic drugs for 72 hours. The viability of the organoids before and after drug treatment is monitored with standard viability assays and subsequently used to generate dose response curves. In conclusion, we showed that the microfluidic plate can be used for high throughput drug screening assays and toxicity screening, and demonstrated its compatibility with human pancreatic PDAC derived organoids. Citation Format: Bart Kramer, Wijnand van Paassen, Luuk de Haan, Henriette Lanz, Jos Joore. A novel high-throughput microfluidic drug screening platform using pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma derived organoids [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 41.

PO-421 A novel high-throughput drug screening platform using pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma derived organoids in the organoplate®

Introduction Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest tumours due to the limited treatment options and late diagnosis. Here, we describe a novel high throughput drug screening platform combining the OrganoPlate, a microfluidic based 3D-culture plate, and the recently described Pancreatic Ductal AdenoCarcinoma (PDAC) derived organoids. Material and methods The OrganoPlate is a high throughput microfluidic 3D cell culture platform, supporting physiologically relevant models with a minimal requirement of cell material and enabling a wide range of flow and co-culture options (e.g. with blood vessels). Organoids were derived from human PDAC xenografts and seeded in the OrganoPlate. The low amount of tissue material required (4000 cells per chip) and the high number of replicates on one plate (n=96 on a standard microtiter format plate) renders the OrganoPlate an efficient and cost-effective platform for drug screening and toxicity assays on complex, 3D models. Results and discussions Organoids were exposed to various chemotherapeutic drugs for 72 hours. The viability of the organoids before and after drug treatment is monitored with standard viability assays and subsequently used to generate dose response curves. Conclusion In conclusion, we showed that the OrganoPlate can be used for high throughput drug screening assays and toxicity screening, and demonstrated its compatibility with human pancreatic PDAC derived organoids.

Build-up material requirements in clinical dosimetry during total body irradiation treatments.

Total body irradiation (TBI) treatments are mainly used in a preparative regimen for hematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow) transplantation. Our standard clinical regimen is a 12 Gy/6 fraction bi-daily technique using 6MV X-rays at a large extended source to surface distance (SSD). This work investigates and quantifies the dose build-up characteristics and thus the requirements for bolus used for in vivo dosimetry for TBI applications. Percentage dose build-up characteristics of photon beams have been investigated at large extended SSDs using ionization chambers and Gafchromic film. Open field measurements at different field sizes and with differing scatter conditions such as the introduction of standard Perspex scattering plates at different distances to the measurement point were made in an effort to determine the required bolus/build-up material required for accurate determination of applied dose. Percentage surface dose values measured for open fields at 300 cm SSD were found to range from 20% up to 65.5% for fields 5 cm × 5 cm to 40 cm × 40 cm, respectively. With the introduction of 1 cm Perspex scattering plates used in TBI treatments, the surface dose values increased up to 83–90% (93–97% at 1 mm depth), depending on the position of the Perspex scattering plate compared to the measurement point. Our work showed that at least 5 mm water equivalent bolus/scatter material should be placed over the EBT3 film for accurate dose assessment for TBI treatments. Results also show that a small but measurable decrease in measured dose occurred with 5 mm water equivalent thick bolus material of areas '3 cm2. As such, we recommend that 3 cm × 3 cm × 5 mm bolus build-up is the smallest size that should be placed over EBT3 Gafchromic film when used for accurate in vivo dosimetry for TBI applications.

Development of a Raw Material Requirement Balancing Model for a Production Process

Attainment of accuracy in raw materials mix for production processes has been the major problem in many production organizations in developing countries. Effects of unequal proportions of material required for a production process are not fully considered in the past studies. This study modeled the raw material requirements in a production process using proportionality based mixed linear programming approach. The objective was to find optimal mix of raw materials for the production of a unit tonnage of a product. The performance of the model was tested by comparing it with alternatively formulated model based on conventional material mix. This model was tested using a cement production system from which blasted limestone, crushed limestone; raw meal, gypsum, red alluvium, clinker and coal were used as raw materials. The conventional method of mixing materials led to 50 % surplus and shortage of materials in the process as compared with the new scheme. The model would be a good tool for accurate prediction of quantity of the raw material required in the production process.Nomenclature, the proportion of material used per ton of the processed product, the quantity of material in processed product (ton), the material proportional per ton of the product, andthe total quantity of materials needed per ton of the product,..., the counter for material type,..., the counter for material proportionality variant

A Simple Case Study of Material Requirement Planning

A material requirement planning is a technique that uses the bill of material, inventory data and a master schedule to calculate requirements for material. It also takes into account the combination of the bill of material structure and assembly lead times. The result of an MRP plan is a material plan for each item found in the bill of material structure which indicates the amount of new material required, the date on which it is required. The new schedule dates for material that is currently on order. If routings, with defined labor requirements are available, a capacity plan will be created concurrently with the MRP material plan. The MRP plan can be run for any number entities (which could be physically separated inventories) and can include distributor inventories, if the system has access to this type of information. MRP tries to strike the best balance possible between optimizing the service level and minimizing costs and capital lockup. In this paper it is tried to present a practical M.R.P. problem and is shown how it is helpful in optimizing the service level and minimizing costs.

Order acceptance in food processing systems with random raw material requirements

This study considers a food production system that processes a single perishable raw material into several products having stochastic demands. In order to process an order, the amount of raw material delivery from storage needs to meet the raw material requirement of the order. However, the amount of raw material required to process an order is not exactly known beforehand as it becomes evident during processing. The problem is to determine the admission decisions for incoming orders so as to maximize the expected total revenue. It is demonstrated that the problem can be modeled as a single resource capacity control problem. The optimal policy is shown to be too complex for practical use. A heuristic approach is proposed which follows rather simple decision rules while providing good results. By means of a numerical study, the cases where it is critical to employ optimal policies are highlighted, the effectiveness of the heuristic approach is investigated, and the effects of the random resource requirements of orders are analyzed.

Estimating Net Changes in Life-Cycle Emissions from Adoption of Emerging Civil Infrastructure Technologies

There is a net emissions change when adopting new materials for use in civil infrastructure design. To evaluate the total net emissions change, one must consider changes in manufacture and associated life-cycle emissions, as well as changes in the quantity of material required. In addition, in principle one should also consider any differences in costs of the two designs because cost savings can be applied to other economic activities with associated environmental impacts. In this paper, a method is presented that combines these considerations to permit an evaluation of the net change in emissions when considering the adoption of emerging technologies/materials for civil infrastructure. The method factors in data on differences between a standard and new material for civil infrastructure, material requirements as specified in designs using both materials, and price information. The life-cycle assessment approach known as economic input-output life-cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) is utilized. A brief background on EIO-LCA is provided because its use is central to the method. The methodology is demonstrated with analysis of a switch from carbon steel to high-performance steel in military bridge design. The results are compared with a simplistic analysis that accounts for the weight reduction afforded by use of the high-performance steel but assuming no differences in manufacture.

Designing near-perfect invisibility cloaks

Invisibility cloaks are a favorite device used by science-fiction and fantasy authors. Yet, despite the fact that invisibility fascinates many people, its practical realization has rarely been treated as a serious research topic in science and technology. Very recently, researchers noticed that one can deduce the exact material requirement for making a completely passive cloaking device using the theory of transformation optics.1, 2 The basic principle is illustrated in Figure 1. Even for the simplest cylindrical cloak structure, however, the ideal material parameters prove difficult to match with current metamaterial fabrication technology. Therefore, one would prefer to simplify the material required for a cloak. Here we describe two promising approaches for constructing a simplified cylindrical invisibility cloak that should ease implementation while retaining good performance. In a cylindrical coordinate system (r, θ, z), one can simplify the cloak’s materials parameters ez, μθ , and μr for normal wave incidence—with a single transverse electric (TE) polarization (in which the electric field is solely aligned along the axial or z direction of the cloak)—by keeping intact the products ezμθ and ezμr. In the simplest case, a cylindrical cloak can be obtained through linear radial spatial mapping, i.e. r′ = (r− a) b b−a , where a and b are the cloak’s inner and outer radii, respectively, and r′ and r are the radial coordinates in electromagnetic and physical spaces, respectively. The corresponding ideal material parameters are shown in the left column of Table 1. Based on this ideal cloak, a simplified version, as proposed by John Pentry’s group3, has material parameters shown in the middle column in Table 1. However, such a simplified cloak still scatters electromagnetic fields considerably, largely due to its unmatched impedance to free space.4 Wepropose a new version of a simplified cylindrical cloak that restores impedance matching to the space outside the cloak. We do not vary the products ezμθ and ezμr. This improved set of Figure 1. Formatting a cloak of an arbitrary shape by transformation optics (a): and (b) depict correlated coordinates’ lines in electromagnetic space and physical space, respectively. A void region S2 in (b) has appeared, which is obtained by blowing up a point (or a line, if the structure is invariant along the paper-normal direction) of zero size in (a). The annular shape bounded by S1 and S2 in (b) is electromagnetically equivalent to the region bounded by S1 in (a). However the regions’ material parameters are different owing to a change of coordinate. The region bounded by S1 and S2 in (b) constitutes a cloak, whose interior can conceal objects. Notice that the coordinate changes only for a finite spatial region bounded by S1 in both panels. As a consequence, the material outside S1 (which we assume is air) remains the same in both panels.

Materials Requirements for IR Detectors and Imagers

ABSTRACTThe requirements of infrared systems have increased significantly over the years, from the simple linear, low resolution, photoconductive array to the present-day, large area, high-density, photodiode (MIS and metalurgical) arrays, with on-focal-plane signal processing of considerable complexity. The success that has been achieved in meeting the performance goals appropriate for these systems has been due, to a large degree, to significant advances in the relevant materials technologies. The technologies of importance over the last twenty years are briefly reviewed, and the current state of the art, with its dominance by intrinsic alloy materials, is addressed in detail. The limitations of current bulk and epitaxial intrinsic materials technologies are considerable, both from a performance and a producibility point of view, when compared to the quality and quantity of material required by future infrared systems. These limitations are considered together with possible ways to overcome them.