Ratio Of Material Research Articles

Study on enhancement of imaging effect of silicon-based up-conversion NIR detector by cascade material fusion method

The nonlinear frequency conversion of the up-conversion materials facilitates the conversion of near-infrared (NIR) into visible, which can be detected by the silicon-based detector. However, the low emission intensity of up-conversion materials limited the application. In this paper, a cascade material fusion (CMF) method was proposed to increase the visible emission intensity, which enhanced the imaging of up-conversion silicon-based NIR detectors. The energy level transition mechanism of CMF suggested that the host material (HM) could realize four stimulated emissions under 1550 nm excitation to enhance the up-conversion emission intensity of HM. The silicon-based NIR imaging detectors based on CMF and HM were prepared, and it was observed that the fusion ratio of doped material (DM) and HM has a significant impact on the silicon-based NIR imaging detector upon 1550 nm excitation. The enhanced imaging effect was optimal when the fusion ratio of DM and HM was 0.125, which enhanced about 3.4 times by comparison with the HM detector.

Design and optimization of two stage annular thermoelectric generator coupling with high temperature heat pipe application

Traditional energy sources have limited applications in deep space and deep-sea exploration as they cannot provide a long-term, reliable energy supply. Small nuclear reactors are ideal because of their high adaptability and long life, especially for powering deep space missions. This study focuses on integrating thermoelectric generators (TEG) with small nuclear reactors. Due to the limitation of conventional planar thermoelectric devices in conversion efficiency, a novel annular thermoelectric device (ATEG) is proposed and discussed. Compared with the traditional flat thermoelectric devices, annular thermoelectric devices have the advantages of larger contact area with heat source, smaller volume and stable heat flux. According to the application requirements of heat pipe reactor, the geometric parameters of thermoelectric conversion system are optimized in order to find the best geometric parameters and external load resistance. Through detailed investigation, we found that under certain conditions (such as 900 K hot end temperature and 10 mm device height), the single-stage SKD thermoelectric device can achieve the highest conversion efficiency of 8.99 %. Optimizing contact characteristics (e.g., surface roughness less than 2 µm, contact resistivity less than 10 microohms square centimeters) is critical to maintaining this high level of efficiency. Based on the thermoelectric characteristics of single-stage thermoelectric devices, two-stage thermoelectric devices are studied. The two-stage SKD-BT device exhibits better performance. When the height ratio of thermoelectric material is 0.7, the efficiency of the two-stage SKD-BT device is as high as 11.49 %, which is 27.8 % higher than that of the single-stage thermoelectric device. In this study, two innovative ways of integrating cascaded annular thermoelectric devices are proposed, which are simple in structure and easy to be modularized. Under the same temperature boundary condition, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the PN leg alternating connection structure can reach 10.95 % under the optimal load resistance, which is better than 6.45 % of the parallel connection structure.

In-depth study on influence of material ratio on performance of gangue filler through experiment and machine learning

In-depth study on influence of material ratio on performance of gangue filler through experiment and machine learning

Effective denitrification from landfill leachate using magnetic PVA/CMC/DE carrier immobilized microorganisms.

Ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) discharge has caused eutrophication of water bodies and harm to humans and organisms. In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), diatomite (DE), and Fe3O4 were used to prepare magnetic immobilized carriers by encapsulating microorganisms for the treatment of NH4+-N wastewater. The response surface methodology was used to explore the optimal ratio of the immobilized carriers. The obtained optimal raw material ratio was 99.10%. The obtained carriers are spherical (4-5mm in diameter) with a rich honeycombed pore structure. The magnetic carrier improves the ammonia oxidation activity, and the carrier achieved 99.0% of NH4+-N and 86.7% of total nitrogen (TN) removal rates from the simulated wastewater (NH4+-N concentration: 300mg/L) through nitrification and denitrification under aerobic conditions. Upon applied for a 60days' treatment of landfill leachate (NH4+-N concentration of 300mg/L), the daily removal rates for NH4+-N and TN reached 93.7% and 78.3%, respectively. The analysis of the microbial community showed that the abundances of heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying bacteria including Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus increased with prolonging treatment days, which accelerated nitrification and denitrification, consequently promoting the nitrogen removal effect.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Eucommia ulmoides

For the valorization of Eucommia ulmoides (EU) for the functional food industry, the process of ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction of EU polysaccharides (EUP) was optimized by response surface methodology. After response surface analysis and experimental verification, the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the molar ratio of choline chloride to oxalic acid was 0.9:1, the water content of DES was 40.28%, the ratio of material to liquid was 1:22 g/mL, the time was 90 min, and the power was 320 W. The extraction rate of EUP was 1.71%, which was higher than the extraction rate of 0.75% by ultrasonic water extraction under the same conditions, and the optimization effect was better. After DEAE column gradient elution and Sephadex G-75 gel column chromatography, the elution curve and a refined polysaccharide (EUP-1) were obtained. The IC50 values of EUP-1 against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 0.091 and 0.011 mg/mL. The IC50 values of EUP-1 on DPPH and ABTS·+ scavenging were 0.065 and 0.065 mg/mL. The monosaccharide composition of EUP-1 was analyzed as mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid in the following molar ratio: 1.00: 1.28: 1.53: 1.88.

Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with different pretreatments with gold tailings and coal fly ash for environmentally friendly geopolymers.

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) is considered a hazardous solid waste, traditionally disposed by solidified landfill methods. However, solidified landfills present challenges with leaching heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). To address this issue, this study examined two pretreatment methods for MSWIFA: sintering at 850℃ for 30 min and washing with three water baths (20 min each) at a 3:1 liquid-solid ratio. Then, the pretreated MSWIFA was employed in geopolymer synthesis, along with gold tailings (GT) and coal fly ash (CFA). The optimal raw material ratio was GT:CFA:MSWIFA = 5:4:1 after pretreatment, which resulted in maximum compressive strengths of 20.95 and 25.87 MPa for the sintered and washed samples, respectively. Washing removed 87.3 % of soluble chlorides from MSWIFA, enhancing the compressive strength of the geopolymer. High-temperature treatment effectively reduced the leaching concentrations of heavy metals and the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs. The leaching concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and the TEQ of PCDD/Fs were all below the limits established by Chinese standards GB 5085.3-2007 and HJ 1134-2020. X-ray Diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses revealed that the primary hydration products of the geopolymer are C-(A)-S-H gels. Washing treatment facilitated the formation of ettringite and Ca(OH)2, which enhanced the pore structure and optimized the performance of the geopolymer. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the good thermal stability of the geopolymer, indicating that the high-temperature and washing pretreatments minimally impacted its thermal stability.

Mathematical Modelling of Viscoelastic Media Without Bulk Relaxation Via Fractional Calculus Approach

In the present paper, several viscoelastic models are studied for cases when time-dependent viscoelastic operators of Lamé’s parameters are represented in terms of the fractional derivative Kelvin–Voigt, Scott-Blair, Maxwell, and standard linear solid models. This is practically important since precisely these parameters define the velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves propagating in three-dimensional media. Using the algebra of dimensionless Rabotnov’s fractional exponential functions, time-dependent operators for Poisson’s ratios have been obtained and analysed. It is shown that materials described by some of such models are viscoelastic auxetics because the Poisson’s ratios of such materials are time-dependent operators which could take on both positive and negative magnitudes.

Solidified lake sediment with industrial waste and construction waste used as barrier cover material: mechanical strength, water resistance performance, and microscopic analysis

ABSTRACT This study introduces a novel landfill cover material, employing lake sediment as a substrate, stabilised with fly ash, slag, desulfurisation gypsum and construction waste. The mechanical properties, including shear strength parameters, unconfined compressive strength, hydraulic conductivity, volumetric shrinkage, and water content, of the solidified sludge were evaluated. The microscopic mechanism of the solidified sludge were investigated through XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS techniques. A novel three-layer composite capping cover system for landfills is proposed, comprising an upper capillary barrier layer, a middle drainage layer and a bottom impermeable layer . Indoor rainfall simulation tests were conducted to assess the water retention performance of this capping cover system under repeated moderate, heavy, and torrential rainfall events. The early strength of the solidified sludge exhibited rapid development, with cohesion and internal friction angle reaching 382.56 kPa and 57.67°, respectively, after 3 days. After 28d, the unconfined compressive strength ranged from 6.93 to 14.29 MPa, with hydraulic conductivity between 3.98–23.1 × 10−8cm/s. The hydration reactions of the industrial waste residues resulted in the formation of Ettringite, Gypsum, and hydrous calcium (aluminum) silicates. The Ettringite and Gypsum crystals formed an internal support framework, while the generation of gel-like substances such as C-S-H and C-A-S-H facilitated product aggregation. The RSM was employed to optimise the material ratio of the solidified sludge, while the Pearson coefficient facilitated correlation analysis. This study provides valuable data for designing landfill solidified sludge cover systems and offers a new approach for the co-disposal of sludge and industrial waste.

Experimental Investigation of a Recyclable Fly-Ash Concrete Pavement Having Moderate Slump

A high early strength concrete pavement incorporating a high volume of fly ash and a cement-replacement ratio of 0.4 has been developed. The pavement concrete consists of limestone aggregate and powder in addition to these cementitious materials. It was noteworthy that all components in the pavement concrete may be primary calcium materials for manufacturing Portland cement. The fly ash concrete was made of a low cementitious material ratio (w/cm=0.33) and very low water content (110 kg/m3) to improve strength development at an early age. The pavement concrete, therefore, has a very low slump value of 2 cm (or lower), so the concrete was not widely employed in the pavement application. This study aims to develop a new recyclable fly-ash concrete pavement having moderate workability. The foci of the experimental investigation are to confirm the recyclability for cement manufacturing and to examine strength properties applicable to the practical use of the concrete pavement. This paper demonstrates that chemical and physical properties of the recycled cement meet the Japanese criteria. The test result shows that the workable pavement concrete achieved the minimum strength for passable pavement at the age of 7 days, and the specified strength at 28 days.

Optimization of fly ash and slag binder systems for pavement concrete mixtures in Indiana

This paper summarizes a research study on the optimization of concrete pavement mixtures in Indiana. The goal of this research was to select an optimum (in terms of paste content and the replacement level of pozzolanic materials) composition for two types of mixtures: portland cement mixtures containing Class C fly ash and portland cement mixtures containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). The variables studied included the total volume of paste in the mixture (21 – 25%) and the level of cement replacement by either fly ash (14 – 30% of total weight of cementitious materials) or GGBFS (20 – 40% of total weight of cementitious materials). The water:cementitious materials ratio was kept constant at 0.44 and the total mass of cementitious materials varied from 272 to 323 kg/m3 (458 to 545 lb/yd3) for fly ash mixtures and from 274 to 326 kg/m3 (462 to 550 lb/yd3) for GGBFS mixtures. The test matrix of concrete mixtures was statistically designed, analyzed and optimized using of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to find the most desirable combinations of variables studied. A total of 20 different concretes (including two control, cement-only mixtures) were produced and tested in the laboratory. The optimal mixtures were found to contain, respectively, ~29% of fly ash and ~21% of paste, and ~36% of slag and ~21% of paste. However, in anticipation of potential problems with workability while using variable aggregate sources it is recommended that the proposed paste content be increased to 22% for fly ash and to 23% for slag mixtures.

Deformation and Reinforcement of the Existing Tunnel Affected by New Shield Tunnel Construction with Small Clearance

In recent years, the rapid expansion of subway construction has brought increasing challenges related to the crossing of new and existing subway lines. This study focuses on the Nanjing Metro line 11 project, where the new line crosses the existing line 3. A numerical simulation analysis of the tunnel intersection area is conducted using ABAQUS software to investigate the deformation mechanism of shield segments when a new tunnel is constructed at a close distance and oblique angle to an existing tunnel. During the construction of a new tunnel, the existing tunnel segments experience the greatest settlement at the intersection point, with the deformation pattern gradually evolving from a V-shape to a W-shape. The majority of the deformation in the existing tunnel occurs during the close-crossing stage of the new tunnel. An ultra-high-performance grouting (UHPG) material is proposed, and the optimal reinforcement material ratio is determined through tests. The UHPG material is applied to the underside of the existing tunnels in the crossover section for local reinforcement. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed reinforcement method. Specifically, the deformation of the left line and right line of the existing tunnel is reduced by 35.0% and 33.1%, respectively, the segmental stress decreased by 10.1%, and the ground subsidence was reduced by 13.2%.

Strength Tests and Mechanism of Composite Stabilized Lightweight Soil Using Dredged Sludge.

To achieve resourceful utilization of dredged sludge, lightweight treatment was performed on sludge from Xunsi River in Wuhan using fly ash, cement, and expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles. Density tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the composite stabilized sludge lightweight soil to determine the optimal mix ratio for high-quality roadbed fill material with low self-weight and high strength. Subsequently, microstructural tests, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were conducted. The Particle (Pore) and Crack Analysis System (PCAS) was used to analyze the SEM images, investigating the cement-fly ash composite stabilization mechanism. The experimental results showed that the optimal lightweight treatment was achieved with an EPS content of 80% (by volume ratio to dry soil), cement content of 7.5% (by mass ratio to dry soil), and fly ash content of 5% (by mass ratio to dry soil). The density of the optimized lightweight soil was 1.04 g/cm3, a reduction of 28.27% compared to the density of raw sludge soil (1.45 g/cm3). The UCS increased significantly from 110 kPa for raw sludge soil to 551 kPa. The addition of fly ash enhanced the hydration and secondary hydration reactions between cement and sludge, generating more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, which filled the larger pores between the EPS particles and soil particles, as well as those between the soil particles themselves, making the structure denser. Compared to single cement stabilization, composite stabilization resulted in a lower content of expansive ettringite crystals, a more uniform pore distribution, fewer pores, and a lower surface porosity ratio. These research findings can provide theoretical support and practical references for the lightweight treatment of dredged sludge in the Yangtze River Basin of Central China.

Topological transmission and topological corner states combiner in all-dielectric honeycomb valley photonic crystals

Abstract We study the topological states (TSs) of all-dielectric honeycomb valley photonic crystals (VPCs). Breaking the space inversion symmetry of the honeycomb lattice by varying the filling ratio of materials for circular ring dielectric columns in the unit cell, which triggers topological phase transitions and thus achieves topological edge states (TESs) and topological corner states (TCSs). The results demonstrate that this structure has efficient photon transmission characteristics and anti-scattering robustness. In particular, we have found that changing the type of edge splicing between VPCs with different topological properties produces a change in the frequency of TCSs, and then based on this phenomenon, we have used a new method of adjusting only the type of edge splicing of the structure to design a novel TCSs combiner that can integrate four TCSs with different frequencies. This work not only expands the variety and number of unexplored TCSs that may exist in a fixed photonic band gap and can be rationalized to be selectively excited in the fixed configuration. Our study provides a feasible pathway for the design of integrated optical devices in which multiple TSs coexist in a single photonic system.

Polyethylene packaging and alternative materials in the United States: A life cycle assessment.

A comprehensive life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of polyethylene (PE) packaging and its alternatives, including paper, glass, aluminum, and steel in the United States. The assessment focuses on five major packaging applications: collation shrink films, stretch films for pallet wraps, heavy-duty sacks, non-food bottles, and flexible food pouches. The study compares PE and the alternative packaging materials based on the following environmental impact categories: global warming potential (GWP), fossil energy use, mineral resource use, and water scarcity. The research integrates sales volume estimates for each application, examining the substitution ratios of PE-based materials and the GWP decrease capabilities of using PE as packaging material. The findings reveal that substituting PE for other packaging materials can lead to an average life cycle GWP emissions decrease of approximately 70%. This significant decrease highlights the potential GWP benefits of PE in the context of packaging solutions in the United States. We also provide a detailed analysis of the potential environmental impacts and trade-offs associated with PE and its alternatives. The insights gained from this study are intended to assist stakeholders and policymakers in making informed decisions that balance environmental impact mitigation with maintaining product functionality and achieving sustainability objectives.

A photocatalytic superhydrophobic coating with p-n type BiOBr/α-Fe2O3 heterojunctions applied in NO degradation.

Coal combustion generates soot-type air pollution, and NO, as a typical pollutant, is the main haze-causing pollutant. The degradation of NO by means of photocatalytic superhydrophobic multifunctional coatings is both durable and economical. The precipitation method was employed to create a p-n type BiOBr/α-Fe2O3 photocatalytic binary system. BiOBr/α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in a butyl acetate solution to produce a BiOBr/α-Fe2O3/PDMS/butyl acetate emulsion, and photocatalytic superhydrophobic coatings were then prepared using a one-step cold-spraying method. Photocatalytic oxidation experiments were conducted using a low concentration of NO as the targeted degradant. The results indicate that BiOBr/α-Fe2O3 photocatalytic heterojunctions were successfully prepared with NO removal up to 65%, indicating that the formation of p-n type heterojunctions enhances the light absorption range and improves the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Furthermore, when the mass ratio of photocatalytic material to PDMS is 30 : 1, the photocatalytic superhydrophobic coating exhibits optimal performance, attaining a contact angle of 159.55° and NO degradation rate of 70.9%. The study also found that the photocatalytic superhydrophobic coating remained stable after undergoing cyclic degradation, acid and alkali resistance tests, and self-cleaning tests. The mechanism of photocatalytic superhydrophobic coatings was further explored, which provided new insights and a theoretical foundation for the development of self-cleaning urban environments.

Comparison of In Situ and Postsynthetic Formation of MOF-Carbon Composites as Electrocatalysts for the Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER).

Mixed-metal nickel-iron, NixFe materials draw attention as affordable earth-abundant electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, nickel and mixed-metal nickel-iron metal-organic framework (MOF) composites with the carbon materials ketjenblack (KB) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized in situ in a one-pot solvothermal reaction. As a direct comparison to these in situ synthesized composites, the neat MOFs were postsynthetically mixed by grinding with KB or CNT, to generate physical mixture composites. The in situ and postsynthetic MOF/carbon samples were comparatively tested as (pre-)catalysts for the OER, and most of them outperformed the RuO2 benchmark. Depending on the carbon material and metal ratio, the in situ or postsynthetic composites performed better, showing that the method to generate the composite can influence the OER activity. The best material Ni5Fe-CNT was synthesized in situ and achieved an overpotential (η) of 301 mV (RuO2η = 354 mV), a Tafel slope (b) of 58 mV/dec (RuO2b = 91 mV/dec), a charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 7 Ω (RuO2 Rct = 39 Ω), and a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 95% (RuO2 FE = 91%). Structural changes in the materials could be seen through a stability test in the alkaline electrolyte, and chronopotentiometry over 12 h showed that the derived electrocatalysts and RuO2 have good stability.

Optimization of Mechanics and Rheology of Grouting Materials Based on Carbon Nanotubes

Abstract As one of the pillar industries of the national economy, the construction industry has increasingly high requirements for the performance of grouting materials. To overcome the shortcomings of low tensile strength and poor toughness of grouting materials, this study selects raw materials such as quartz powder and completes the ultra-fine grouting material ratio through the theory of slurry filling and wrapping. Carbon nanotubes are used to improve the performance of the grouting material. The results indicated that in mechanical performance testing, as the content of carbon nanotubes increased, the strength first increased and then decreased. Among them, when the dosage was 0.1–0.2 %, the flexural strength and compressive strength had the highest increase of 33.62 % and 29.30 %, respectively, with the best reinforcement effect. In terms of rheological properties, the grouting materials were adversely affected by dispersants. The addition of carbon nanotubes increased its yield stress and plastic viscosity with increasing dosage. However, at the appropriate dosage, the normal flow performance and compressive strength were effectively guaranteed. As the diameter of carbon nanotubes increased, the impact of carbon nanotubes on the viscosity of the grouting material decreased. Furthermore, the effect of diameter changes was more pronounced. As a result, carbon nanotubes have optimized the mechanical properties and rheological properties of the grouting material, providing a reliable reference for engineering applications.

In-depth analysis of active compounds targeting tropomyosin-related kinase A via constructed lipid raft @capillary monolith affinity chromatography.

In order to enrich the selection of biological ligands, realize the miniaturization analysis, and broaden the application of monolith materials for active ingredients screening and separating, we sough to construct a lipid raft @capillary monolith microcolumn affinity chromatography model. Single factor experiments and various characterization methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis, were employed to investigate the polymerization of the monolith column under different material ratios to determine optimal preparation conditions. Subsequently, the lipid raft from U251 cells was integrated with the monolith materials based on epoxy-based covalent crosslinking principle and characterized through SEM and immunofluorescence methods. Afterwards, the retention of positive drug gefitinib, negative drug gemcitabine and four licorice standards solution on the prepared lipid raft monolith microcolumn was then detected via electrochemical detection. The results exhibited that there was no specific adsorption for any active compounds on the blank monolith materials. Significantly, the lipid raft monolith microcolumn packed with TrkA-target proteins could be successfully validated for positive drug gefitinib with a high affinity sorption efficiency of 51.2%. This work expands the range of the utilization of affinity chromatography carriers and the selection of biological ligands, providing a new idea for the screening of active ingredients.

Preparation of glass-ceramics via co-sintering of coal fly ash and metastable slag

ABSTRACT Coal fly ash (CFA) was used as the main object of study to prepare ash microcrystalline glass by co-sintering with metastable slag (MS) using its strong crystallization ability and sintering activity at low and medium temperatures. The effects of different material ratios on the crystalline phase composition and properties of the microcrystalline glass were discussed using various physical and chemical analysis methods in combination with mechanical properties tests. The results show that the compressive strength, density, chemical resistance and sintering densities of ash microcrystalline glass gradually increase with the increase of sintering temperature and the proportion of metastable slag. The compressive strength of the prepared ash microcrystalline glass can meet the requirements of GB/T19766–2016 “Natural Marble Building Panel” (≥50 MPa) when the addition amount of fly ash is 10–40% and the sintering temperature is 850–1085°C; among them, the chemical corrosion resistance of the prepared product meets the industrial requirements when the addition amount of fly ash is 10–30% and the sintering temperature is 940°C (acid loss rate ≤ 96%, alkali loss rate ≤ 98%).

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Kulit Jagung Manis menjadi Kertas Karton menggunakan Metode Organosolv

Paper is generally made using cellulose, which comes from wood, as raw material. However, if wood is used without stopping, it will cause global temperatures to rise and depletion of wood resources. One alternative to replacing wood in paper production is to use empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste and sweet corn husks. This research aims to obtain optimum conditions from variations in the ratio of raw materials and cooking process solutions and to obtain cardboard paper quality under SNI 0123:2008. The method used in this research is raw material preparation, and the pulp-making process uses the organosolv method. From the results of this research, the characteristics of pulp and paperboard obtained under optimum conditions at a raw material ratio of 30:70% w/w with a cooking solution ratio of 30:50:20% v/v have a cellulose content of 60% w/w, a tensile index of 5 .83 kN/m, absorption capacity 2.35 gr/m2, and grammage 428.67 gr/m2. From these data, it can be concluded that cardboard paper is produced from EFB raw materials and sweet corn husks with a raw material ratio of 30:70 %w/w and a cooking solution ratio of 30:50:20 %w/w using the process organosolv has met SNI 0123:2008 standards on tensile index, absorption capacity and grammage regarding the quality requirements for paperboard.