Material Process Research Articles

P‐152: The method of QD color conversion layer and pattern‐able Encapsulation with high thickness BM fabricated by inkjet‐printed process

This study develops a novel high‐thickness BM QD color conversion layer structure and a surface‐planarization process for QD materials after inkjet printing. This process reduces the height differences caused by the multi‐step exposure‐developing process. Following the fabrication of 8μm BM structure and 2μm CF structure, precise inkjet printing of QD materials is conducted within the 100ppi pixel area. we adjusted the surface energy of the color conversion layer by using an organic solution treatment to control the thickness profile and improve the color conversion efficiency. The printed QD materials are covered by a high‐transparency, low‐density polymer. After the color conversion layer component is encapsulated, reliability verification with a reliability assessment of 240 hours at RA (60℃ degrees, 90%RH) demonstrates an encapsulation effect where QD brightness retention rate remains above 90%.

Utilization of deep eutectic solvent as a degumming protocol for raw silk: Towards performance and mechanism elucidation

Degumming is the most critical step for the silk textile industry and the process of silk-based advanced materials. However, current common degumming techniques are largely limited because of insufficient efficiency, obvious hydrolysis damage and difficulty in long-term storage. Here, deep eutectic solvent (DES) constituted of choline chloride (ChCl) and urea was explored to Bombyx mori silk fibers degumming without combining any further treatment. Compared to traditional alkali methods, DES could quickly remove about 26.5 % of sericin in just 40 min, and its degumming efficiency hardly decrease after seven cycles. Owing to the “tear off” degumming mechanism of DES molecules with "large volume", the resulted sericin has a large molecular weight of 250 kDa. In addition, because of antibacterial activity and stabilizing effect, no aggregation occurred and strong bacterial growth inhibition was triggered in the obtained sericin/DES solution. Furthermore, thanks to the good retention of crystalline region and slight swelling of amorphous area, the sericin-free fibroin showed significant increases in moisture absorption and dye uptake, while maintaining good mechanical properties. Featured with high efficiency, reduction in water pollution, easy storage of sericin as well as high quality fibers, this approach is of great potential for silk wet processing.

Pyrochlore-type lanthanide titanates and zirconates: Synthesis, structural peculiarities, and properties

This contribution provides a thorough examination of the structural characteristics of pyrochlore-type lanthanide titanates and zirconates Ln2Ti2O7 and Ln2Zr2O7, across various length scales. This paper also examines their processing, interesting physical properties (electrical, magnetic, and thermal characteristics), and responses to high pressure and ion irradiation. Brief sections on the elemental oxides' crystal chemistry, pertinent phase diagrams, and energetics of defect formation are also provided. Pyrochlore-type Ln2Ti2O7 and Ln2Zr2O7 stand out as truly multifunctional materials. Moreover, they have emerged as fascinating materials due to magnetic geometrical frustration, arising from the ordering of magnetic Ln3+ and non-magnetic Ti4+ (or Zr4+) cations into separate, interpenetrating lattices of corner-sharing tetrahedra. This results in a diverse array of exotic magnetic ground states, such as spin-ice (e.g., Dy2Ti2O7 or Ho2Ti2O7) or quantum spin ice (e.g., Tb2Ti2O7), observed at both low and room temperatures. They also exhibit varied electrical and electrochemical characteristics. Some members such as Gd2Zr2O7, function as fast ion conductors with a conductivity (σ) of ≈10−2 S·cm−1 at 800 °C and activation energy (Ea) ranging from 0.85 to 1.52 eV, depending on the degree of structural disorder. Others, such as Gd2TiMoO7, are mixed ionic-electronic conductors with σ ≈ 25 S·cm−1 at 1000 °C, making them promising candidate materials for applications in energy conversion and storage devices and oxygen separation membranes. Their exceptionally low thermal conductivity (e.g., κ ∼ 1.1–1.7 W·m−1·K−1 between 700 and 1200 °C for Ln2Zr2O7), close to the glass-like lower limit of highly disordered solids, positions them as valuable materials for thermal barrier coatings. They can also effectively accommodate actinides (e.g., Pu, Np, Cm, Am) in solid solutions and sustain prolonged exposure to radiation due to alpha-decay events, while preserving the integrity of the periodic atomic structure. Proposed as major components in actinide-bearing ceramics, they contribute to the long-term immobilization and disposal of long-lived waste radionuclides from nuclear programs. Some of these properties are displayed simultaneously, opening avenues for new applications. Despite the wealth of data available in the literature, this review highlights the need for a better understanding of order/disorder processes in pyrochlore-type materials and the influence of the structural length scale on their physical and chemical properties. Recent experimental evidence has revealed that pyrochlore short-range structure is far more complex than originally thought. Moreover, pyrochlore local structure is now believed to include short-range, lower symmetry, ordered domains, such as the orthorhombic weberite-type of structure. Notably, short- and long-range structures appear decoupled across different length scales and temperature regimes, and these differences persist even in well-ordered samples. We believe that the pyrochlore structure offers a unique opportunity for examining the interplay between chemical composition, defect chemistry, and properties. In Memoriam: Rodney C. Ewing, Fondly Remembered.

Characterization of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material synthesized via co-precipitation method

Abstract LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material was synthesized using the co-precipitation method, and the effect of synthesis conditions on powder properties was studied. The results indicate that adjusting the pH value and complexing agent concentration during the reaction process can effectively control the precipitation process. The obtained hydroxide precursor is petallike, and the morphology of the cathode material powder after high-temperature sintering is well-dispersed spherical particles. The changes in the sintering system can significantly affect the crystallization process and crystal structure of cathode materials. As the sintering temperature increases, the peak rate I (003)/I (104) significantly decreases, while the R value increases. With the prolongation of sintering time, I (003)/I (104) first increases and then decreases, and the R value first decreases and then increases. After sintering at 750°C × 12 h, the cathode material has the highest peak rate and the lowest R value, indicating the lowest degree of cation mixing, higher structural integrity and the highest electrochemical activity at this time.

Research on the welding process of Q355ND thick plate with narrow gap double wire submerged arc welding

Abstract Aiming at the problems of low welding efficiency and unstable quality of thick plates of marine equipment in offshore deep-water areas represented by offshore wind power, the high-efficiency welding process of narrow-gap double-wire submerged arc welding of 30 mm thick Q355ND low alloy high-strength steel plate was developed by selecting the suitable welding material and welding process parameters. The results show that the welded joint has a beautiful appearance, well-fused sides, and no defects. The structure of the heat-affected zone of the joint is mainly composed of pro eutectoid ferrite, acicular ferrite, bainite, and a small amount of pearlite. The center of the seam is composed of a large amount of massive ferrite and a small amount of bainite. The average tensile strength of the joint reaches 536.5 Mpa, and the average impact energy of the weld center at -20°C reaches 48.4 J. The average impact energy of the heat-affected zone reaches 164 J. All physical and chemical performance tests meet the standard requirements. The development of welding processes has important practical significance for improving production efficiency and product quality. It will be widely used to construct offshore wind power towers, offshore platform jackets, and other offshore deep-water engineering equipment.

Effect of Material type and Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Specimen

Effect of Material type and Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Specimen

12‐3: Materialization of Mid‐Resolution Quantum Dot Color Converters on G2.5 TFT‐LCD Production Line for Micro‐LED Displays

This study proposes a mass production solution for quantum dot color converter (QDCC) of mid‐resolution micro‐LED displays. Therefore, a gray bank materials and QD photoresist (PR) with high optical density (OD) and low film thickness were developed. The gray bank materials can achieve OD = 1.08 and a reflectivity of over 25% at a thickness of 4 μm. The red QDPR has OD = 1.93 at 3 μm, and the green QDPR has OD = 1.58 at 3.3 μm. Finally, a 125 PPI and 7‐inch QDCC were fabricated using a G2.5 TFT‐LCD production line, and the optimal material formula and process conditions were determined. Optical analysis shows color point uniformity with STD < 1.3%, indicating that this solution can provide excellent in‐plane uniformity.

Analysis of Underwater Melting Process and Leakage Plugging Performance of Phase-Change Materials.

Leakage is a high-incidence disease of embankment dams, and efficiently addressing this disease guarantees the safe operation of dams. Underwater leakage self-priming plugging technology is a new technology that utilizes the melting and solidifying characteristics of phase-change materials and the negative pressure in the leakage entry area to accurately plug the leakage. However, little is yet known about the underwater melting process of phase-change materials and how their characteristics influence the plugging effect. In this study, three kinds of phase-change materials, namely, paraffin, rosin, and stearic acid, were used to conduct underwater leakage self-priming plugging tests, observe and analyze the underwater melting process, and compare the plugging effects. The results showed that the underwater melting process of phase-change materials exhibited different plugging window periods depending on their melting points, specific heat capacities, and mobilities, which were the main factors affecting their plugging effects. In the final plugging stage, paraffin had the best plugging effect, but the material strength was low; rosin had good plugging compactness, but the fluidity performance was poor, and the material effective utilization was low; stearic acid had a low melting point but dispersed easily. Therefore, a blocking material with a suitable blocking window period can be produced by adjusting the material properties accordingly for an improved blocking effect.

Aesthetic Production in Clay Molding: Mental and Dynamically Embodied Action Mediate Between Formal and Material Aspects of Experience

Aesthetic production, that is, the processing of material with a focus on the experiential and formal qualities of resulting objects and the process itself, encompasses basic dimensions of art, creativity, craft, and design. To explore these dimensions, we propose the Rubicon model of action phases as a general framework. Additionally, we introduce Schiller's aesthetics as an interactive account of formal/mental and material/physical aspects of aesthetic production and derive testable hypotheses from it. First, we expect form- and material-related experience to converge over an aesthetic production task; second, we assume that physical and mental actions occur with different prevalence across the action phases. These hypotheses were strengthened in a quasi-experimental mixed-methods study on a clay-molding task in an educational real-world setting ( N = 30). The results suggest understanding aesthetic production as a dynamic intertwining of object-related and subject-related experience, action, and embodiment, which supports the transdisciplinary significance of aesthetic production for self-development.

UPLC-ESI-TQD-MS/MS Identification and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Obesity and Anticancer Properties of Polyphenolic Compounds of Hawthorn Seeds

Hawthorn seeds are a by-product of fruit processing and due to the scale of processing of this raw material, they can be an important source of bioactive compounds. This work is the first report on the phenolic composition of hawthorn seeds and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity and anticancer activities. In the isolated phenolic fraction of six seed species, 23 phenolic compounds were identified using the UPLC-ESI-TQD-MS/MS method, the key ones of which included the B-type procyanidin dimer. The seeds of the tested species showed high antioxidant activity (mainly by scavenging O2•− and OH• radicals), anti-inflammatory (mainly through LOX inhibition), anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-cancer, with the highest activity against colon cancer cells (Dld-1 line), showing no activity against healthy colon epithelial cells (CCD841CoN). This activity was significantly dependent on the analyzed hawthorn species and, according to PCA analysis, on the content of flavan-3-ols. These discoveries provided the theoretical basis for the possibility of industrial use of hawthorn seeds.Graphical

The Lithium Storage Mechanism of Zero-Strain Anode Materials with Ultralong Cycle Lives.

At present, graphite is a widely used anode material in commercial lithium-ion batteries for its low cost, but the large volume expansion (about 10%) after fully lithiated makes the material prone to cracking and even surface stripping in the cycle. Therefore, the development of zero-strain anode materials (volume change <1%) is of great significance. LiAl5O8 is a zero-strain insertion anode material with a high theoretical specific capacity. However, the Li+ storage mechanism remains unclear, and the cycle life as well as fast-charging capability need to be greatly improved to meet the practical requirements. In this study, LiAl5O8 nanorods are prepared by utilizing aluminum ethoxide nanowires as a soft template and doped with the Zr element to further improve the Li+ diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity, which in turn improves cycle and rate performances. The Zr-doped LiAl5O8 presents a high reversible capacity of 227.2 mAh g-1 after 20,000 cycles under 5 A g-1, which significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art anode materials. In addition, the Li+ storage mechanisms of LiAl5O8 and Zr-doped LiAl5O8 are clearly clarified with a variety of characterization techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance. This work greatly promotes the practical process of zero-strain insertion anode materials.

Sheet Metal Forming Analysis of Aluminium Alloy AA6061 using |Altair INSPIRE Form Simulation

Altair INSPIRE Form is a computer simulation developed for designing and modelling sheet metal forming processes. Within the modules, the design and formability prediction can be simulated and optimized. Thus, this study focuses on analysing the formability of sheet metal Aluminium alloy AA6061 by simulating numerically a multistage forming of an end-wall process where the material properties and process parameters gained from the literature were used as input. The geometrical model was validated by comparing its formability with the literature that was simulated by Altair HyperForm. Then, to statistically analyse the influence of forming parameters on formability, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied with the design of experiment approach using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The simulation results observed similar strain rate distributions between Inspire Form and HyperForm under a safe forming process. For the formability of Aluminium alloy AA6061, loose metal zones with wrinkles, excessive thinning up to 23.13%, and the maximum equivalent stress at 414.6 MPa were expected to be generated. These findings clearly explained that forming parameters such as blank holder force and punch velocity have to be carefully controlled for this ductile material. The ANOVA shows a significant influence of coefficient friction and punch velocity on thinning percentages. The likelihood of tearing to form at a higher thinning percentage and its appearance was observed in the Forming Limit Diagram which evaluates its formability. The validation of optimized parameters by simulation work is concluded to be successful as no fracture appeared in this simulation with a small percentage error at 2.19% between the simulation and the predicted value.

Optimizing Epoxy Molding Compound Processing: A Multi-Sensor Approach to Enhance Material Characterization and Process Reliability.

The in-line control of curing during the molding process significantly improves product quality and ensures the reliability of packaging materials with the required thermo-mechanical and adhesion properties. The choice of the morphological and thermo-mechanical properties of the molded material, and the accuracy of their determination through carefully selected thermo-analytical methods, play a crucial role in the qualitative prediction of trends in packaging product properties as process parameters are varied. This work aimed to verify the quality of the models and their validation using a highly filled molding resin with an identical chemical composition but 10 wt% difference in silica particles (SPs). Morphological and mechanical material properties were determined by dielectric analysis (DEA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), warpage analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The effects of temperature and injection speed on the morphological properties were analyzed through the design of experiments (DoE) and illustrated by response surface plots. A comprehensive approach to monitor the evolution of ionic viscosity (IV), residual enthalpy (dHrest), glass transition temperature (Tg), and storage modulus (E) as a function of the transfer-mold process parameters and post-mold-cure (PMC) conditions of the material was established. The reliability of Tg estimation was tested using two methods: warpage analysis and DMA. The noticeable deterioration in the quality of the analytical signal for highly filled materials at high cure rates is discussed. Controlling the temperature by increasing the injection speed leads to the formation of a polymer network with a lower Tg and an increased storage modulus, indicating a lower density and a more heterogeneous structure due to the high heating rate and shear heating effect.

Revealing the Ideology of Documentary Film Dirty Vote: Critical Discourse Analysis with Transitivity Perspective

The Dirty Vote documentary movie attempted to depict the ambiance of Indonesia’s general election. Movies inherently reflect the viewpoints and ideology of particular groups; therefore, it led us to research the film further by using Critical Discourse Analysis. Film as one of the discourses has its linguistics characteristic which brings the ideological orientations. This research aims to reveal the ideology of Dirty Vote from transitivity perspective. Transitivity is the ideational function that can show what happens in a text as it is related to a series of context in which participants, processes, and circumstance must be used in a discourse. In addition, this research uses Fairclough›s Critical Discourse Analysis to reveal ideological assumptions in discourse. The data is taken from the utterance of one of the constitutional law experts, namely Zainal Arifin Mochtar (ZAM). Fairclough›s CDA model: description, interpretation and explanation are used to analyze the data. This study found that the processes in opening of the film are relational attributive process, material process and behavioral process. Meanwhile, the processes perceived in the content of the movie are material, relational attributive, relational identifying, behavioral, verbal, mental, and existential process. The transitivity analysis in the film produces representation of general election reflected in the ZAM’s speech and create the ideology of the film.

NGS method for parallel processing of high quality, damaged or fragmented input material using target enrichment.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been increasingly popular in genomics studies over the last decade and is now commonly used in clinical applications for precision diagnostics. Many disease areas typically involve different kinds of sample specimens, sample qualities and quantities. The quality of the DNA can range from intact, high molecular weight molecules to degraded, damaged and very short molecules. The differences in quality and quantity pose challenges for downstream molecular analyses. To overcome the challenge with the need of different molecular methods for different types of samples, we have developed a joint procedure for preparing enriched DNA libraries from high molecular weight DNA and DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, fresh frozen tissue material, as well as cell-free DNA.

A unique example of the Late Cretaceous horseshoe crab Tachypleus syriacus preserves transitional bromalites

Bromalites are the group of ichnofossils that record the consumption, processing, and elimination of material through digestive systems. Each main stage of processing has been ascribed to distinct bromalite subgroups, such as cololites, coprolites, and regurgitalites, with little evidence for transitions between these stages. To expand this limited record, we consider a fossil horseshoe crab—Tachypleus syriacus—from the Cenomanian Hjoula Lagerstätte (Sannine Formation, Lebanon) that showcases one such transition. The specimen illustrates a bromalite both within the animal’s guts (cololite) and as expelled faecal matter (coprolite). This demonstrates a link between these two conditions for fossil chelicerates and highlights the level of exceptional preservation within the Hjoula Lagerstätte. Additionally, the specimen features prosomal nodules unique to limulids, suggesting new automorphic morphologies for T. syriacus. Russell D. C. Bicknell [ rdcbicknell@gmail.com ; rbickne@une.edu.au ], Division of Palaeontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, 10027, USA; Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; Mohamad Bazzi [ bazzi@stanford.edu ], Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Carl Mehling [ cosm@amnh.org ], Division of Palaeontology (Vertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, 10027, USA; Anastasia Rashkova [ arashkova@amnh.org ], Division of Palaeontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, 10027, USA; Madeline V. Pankowski [ madelinepankowski@gmail.com ], 16405 Fox Valley Terrace, Rockville, MD, 20853, USA; Mark Botton [ botton@fordham.edu ], Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham University, New York City, NY, 10023, USA; Carmela Cuomo [ ccuomo@newhaven.edu ], Invertebrate Palaeontology Division, Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Limulus Ranch LLC, Hamden, Connecticut, 06514, USA.

Representation of Racial Disparity in Angie Thomas's The Hate U Give

Racism has become the biggest social issue in the world because of its constant unjust treatment that affects people from minority races, ethnicities, and religions. Related to this issue, The Hate U Give conveys the social condition where racial disparity towards black people is profoundly represented in the narrative. This study focuses on identifying the ideational metafunction elements, including transitivity and ergativity patterns found in the narrative. It reveals how the racial disparity is performed by the use of the meta function. Mixed method research was employed to collect and analyze the data to yield more insightful information that complements both methodologies’ findings. The theory of Systemic Functional Grammar was used to identify and classify the ideational metafunction elements from the collected narrative, and the Discourse Analysis approach was applied as a theoretical approach to support the observation. The result concluded that in the analysis of transitivity patterns, material and relational processes dominate the narrative by approximately 25% to 33% of the entire collected narrative. The findings show that racial disparity in analyzing black people that was performed by law enforcement in the collected narrative is manifested in three forms: police brutality, racial profiling, and sentencing policy.

Peridynamic differential operator for stress analysis of imperfect functionally graded porous sandwich beams based on refined zigzag theory

This study focuses on the stress analysis of imperfect functionally graded porous (FGP) sandwich beams using the Peridynamic Differential Operator (PDDO) and Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT). Functionally graded materials (FGMs) can be found in diverse engineering applications since they offer smooth transitions in the mechanical properties of distinct materials, unlike traditional composite materials. Micro-voids and porosities may appear inside the FGMs due to technical challenges during the manufacturing process of such materials. Therefore, understanding the stress variations of the FG sandwich beams with porosities/micro-voids, which are called imperfect FGMs, under loads is of vital importance. In order to achieve the porous configuration in the FG structures, the modified rule of mixtures is applied to calculate the effective material properties of FGMs. The RZT is very suitable for stress analysis of laminated composites, especially for thick and moderately thick beams. It contains only four kinematic variables and eliminates the use of the shear correction factors. In this study, the equilibrium equations of the RZT are solved by means of the PDDO for the stress analysis of imperfect FG sandwich beams having uniform and non-uniform porosity distributions. The PDDO transforms the differential equations into their nonlocal form, namely integral form, providing highly accurate approximations of the derivatives. A comprehensive PDDO analysis is performed for the investigation of the influence of the material variation, and even and uneven porosity distributions on the stress variations of the imperfect FG sandwich beams. It is noted that when the FG core exhibits soft material distributions, the effect of porosity is evident. The even type porosity distribution pattern is more influential on the axial displacement and stress variations in comparison with those of the uneven type porosity distribution pattern.

Combining Building Information Model and Life Cycle Assessment for Defining Circular Economy Strategies

Although the construction industry has the potential to implement circular economy (CE) principles, the sector suffers from a veritable lack of initiatives to develop circular and regenerative design principles. However, existing buildings intended to be demolished could be considered as material banks for future constructions, with the aim to exploit anthropogenic resources, extend material/product efficiency, and reduce the extraction of natural resources. This concept of buildings as material banks is being studied more and more in the scientific literature, but it still requires the existing building stock to be fully digitalized, thus making materials reusable in new buildings starting from the architectural design stage. Moreover, the decision process regarding CE strategies requires the consideration of the environmental impacts of the deconstruction and end-of-life processes, which is essential in CE implementation. This paper introduces a digital platform for generating materials inventory and supporting the definition of reuse strategies. Then, by using digital tools in combination with life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of the deconstruction process and output of materials and components inventories, a method is defined and tested on a pilot building in Luxembourg.

Facile preparation of a novel basalt fiber fabric-based photothermal material for high salinity wastewater treatment and solar interface evaporation

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) is a sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly desalination technology. It has great potential for solving the shortage of clean water and environmental pollution that humanity faces. Nevertheless, low strength, inadequate efficiency, and complicated preparation process of photothermal materials continue to be primary barriers to achieving the widespread application of SIE technology. Therefore, in the present work, a low-cost and eco-friendly photothermal material was prepared successfully by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel, and basalt fiber (BF) fabric for obtaining purified/drinking water from seawater/brackish water. The results indicated that newly developed MWCNTs-SA/BF fabric had better wettability, evaporation performance, and purification capability. The evaporation rate of MWCNTs-SA/BF evaporator using simulated high salinity seawater could reach 1.48 kg m−2h−1 and 2.5 kg m−2h−1, under 1 and 2 suns illumination, respectively, and solar energy utilization efficiency is 91.6 % under 1 sun irradiation. Additionally, cyclic evaporation test results show that fabrics are highly durable for long-term solar evaporation. Furthermore, an excellent water purification performance of MWCNTs-SA/BF fabrics was also demonstrated by evaluating the purity of water samples and determining the changes in the four major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in seawater before and after evaporation experiments. This work provides a simple, practical, and economical approach to preparing a novel BF fabric-based evaporator that utilizes abundant solar energy potential for large-scale desalination and wastewater treatment.