Material Point Of View Research Articles

Els manuscrits catalans de la Doctrina moral d’en Pacs

This paper analyses from a material and textual viewpoint the four preserved manuscripts containing the Doctrina moral , a work written in the first half of the 15th century by a man from Majorca from the Pacs family. The study of these copies gives us new information about some of the most controversial aspects of this work, such as authorship and date. The two witnesses owned by the Bibliotheque Nationale de France are related to the Italian city of Naples, while the manuscript of the Biblioteca de Catalunya could have been in possession of a branch of the Pacs family, the Conilleres. The codex of the Arxiu de la Corona d’Arago, edited by Bofarull (1857), presents a more innovative copy, with many different lessons from the other three witnesses.

The image of woman before Islam in the Moalaghat Sab Hossein Mohtadi

Moalaghat Sab, in Arabic literature, are the elegiac poems which have been known as the masterpiece of the Arabic literature before Islam. Writers and text-researchers have studied these poems from different aspects. The most obvious of it, is the declarative and verbal elegances or fluency and eloquence. Some have studied them from direction of their subject. The main question is what the most important subjects that have been recited abut woman are. The authors of this article have tried to study these subject by using descriptive and analytic methods: social personality of woman, the value and the place of woman, intolerance and enthusiasm toward woman, description of beauties of woman, kind of clothing and jewels in Moalaghat. If elegiac poems have been recited about the appearance of woman and if poets have material viewpoint toward woman, it originated from their environment. They also have viewpoints beyond appearance. Like Amr the son of Kolsoom who have defended from position and place of woman the more complete beautifully. Despite of poet’s material viewpoint toward woman, they were so prejudiced in deffence from woman at the time of war or indignity. They also could tolerate any disrepute and humiliation

Hybrid‐RRAM toward Next Generation of Nonvolatile Memory: Coupling of Oxygen Vacancies and Metal Ions

AbstractHere, the impact of copper and oxygen vacancy balance in filament composition as a key factor for oxide‐based conductive bridge random access memories (hybrid resistive random access memories (HRRAMs)) performances is investigated. To this aim, several RRAM technologies are studied using various resistive layers and top electrodes. Material analyses allow to highlight the hybrid aspect of HRRAM conductive filament. Density functional theory simulations are used to extract microscopic features and highlight differences from a material point of view. Integrated RRAM technology performances such as window margin, endurance, and retention are then measured to analyze copper and oxygen vacancy influence on device characteristics. A new RRAM classification correlating filament composition and memory performances is proposed.

Application of Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Material Research and in Solution of Technological Problems

Electrical conductivity depends significantly on a structural state. It can be influenced by chemical composition, content of alloying elements, presence of different types of phases and dislocation substructure as well. Therefore, the relation between electrical conductivity and mechanical properties is very interesting from a material point of view. In combination with structural analyses (metallography, electron microscopy), important information about materials structures and their changes as a function of various factors (deformation, heat treatment) can be obtained. The present paper describes the role of electrical conductivity measurements during an investigation of the effect of technological parameters on the structure and properties of aluminium alloys.

Materials Design in Plastics―Viewpoint of Materials Planning

Materials Design in Plastics―Viewpoint of Materials Planning

鍵教材「光」「温度」を視点とした小学校理科カリキュラムの分析

鍵教材「光」「温度」を視点とした小学校理科カリキュラムの分析

Moisture Damage Analysis of Bituminous Mix by Durability Index Utilizing Waste Plastic Cup

Moisture damage is a major problem in every tropical country that may occur in pavement structures during their design life due to inappropriate selection of aggregates and bitumen from a material point of view. Silica content of aggregates and existence of carboxylic acids in bitumen of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) are suspected to play a crucial role in such damage. The application of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) may be an effective solution against such problems, as suggested by different investigations. However, high tariffs on PMB decreases the interest of construction agencies, particularly for constructing low-budget bituminous pavement. To address this issue, this study uses elastomeric municipal solid waste (MSW) composed of thermoplastic elastomers based on polypropylene (PP) in the form of plastic cups (PCs) to modify virgin bitumen. This research outlines a method to quantify the moisture susceptibility of the virgin and PC-modified bituminous mixes by second durability index (SDI) using a modified Marshall immersion test due to its applicability in wider temperature-fluctuation ranges. A gradual decrease of stability loss in the SDI curve from 0- to 7-day immersion periods is observed due to short chain propagation of PP in bituminous medium up to 2% by weight PC-modified bituminous mix in the wet process. However, experimental results of this investigation show that addition of 2% by weight PCs to the bituminous mix in the wet process gives the lowest moisture damage (i.e., 9.38%), which may lead to a longer life span of the bituminous mix by resisting the moisture damage of the constructed pavement.

Fatigue behavior of thick composite laminates under flexural loading

Most of the existing work on fatigue of long fiber composite laminates approach the problem from the material point of view. These works have also been mainly on thin laminates. This is because the laminates (particularly unidirectional laminates) are considered to be homogeneous and uniform. This may or may not be true because of the heterogeneous nature of the composite (consisting of fibers and matrix and interface), and the significant variability which gives rise to random spatial variation in the properties. A composite laminate is actually both a structure and a material. For thin laminates, the structural aspect is usually scanned over and only the material aspect is focused on. This gives rise to the expectation that the laminate should behave as a material (with good homogeneity and with little variability). This has resulted in failure of many failure criteria.The importance of the structural aspect is more evident for the case of thick laminates, subjected to flexural loading while being constrained by bolts. To study the fatigue behavior of such materials (and structures), both the structural aspects and material aspects must be taken into consideration. This is the subject of study of this paper. It examines the behavior of 80-layer thick unidirectional glass/epoxy laminates subjected to flexural loads while being constrained by bolts. Both theoretical and experimental studies are carried to validate each other. The theoretical part consists first of structural analysis which provides the locations of potential failure. This is followed by the application of fatigue failure criteria at these locations. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental and theoretical results.

29‐1: Invited Paper: Novel Alignment Layer, Insulation Materials and Color Photo Lithography Materials for Advanced LCD

The novel materials for advanced LCD are summarized in terms of the required properties especially for TV, mobile and etc. The required properties such as high transmittance and high resolution are reviewd from the view point of new materials of alighnment layer, insulation materials and color photo lythographic materials.

Origin and Control of Orientation of Phosphorescent and TADF Dyes for High-Efficiency OLEDs.

It has been known for decades that the emitting dipole orientation (EDO) of emitting dyes influences the outcoupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the EDO of dopants, especially phosphorescent dopants, has been studied less than that of neat films and polymer emitting layers (EMLs) due to the lack of an apparent driving force for aligning the dopants in amorphous host films. Recently, however, even globular-shaped Ir complexes have been reported to have a preferred orientation in doped films and OLEDs. External quantum efficiencies (EQEs) higher than 30% have also been demonstrated using phosphorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescent dyes (TADF) doped in EMLs. Here, recent results on the EDO of phosphorescent and TADF dyes doped in host films, and highly efficient OLEDs using these dyes are reviewed. The origin and control of the orientation of phosphors are discussed, followed by a discussion of future strategies to achieve EQEs of over 60% without a light extraction layer, from the material point of view.

NASZE CZY OBCE? CMENTARZE WIELKIEJ WOJNY W MAŁOPOLSCE. ZAGROŻENIA I PERSPEKTYWY

Mija 100 lat od wybudowania w dawnej Galicji Zachodniej, dzisiejszej Małopolsce ponad 400 cmentarzy wojennych, będących pamiątką walk między armią austro-węgierską i carską. Pośród poległych znaleźli się żołnierze wielu narodowości i różnych wyznań.Przez lata cmentarze te pozostawały zaniedbane, co zaczęło się zmieniać po roku 1989. Dziś problemem jest nie tylko konserwacja ich zabytkowej substancji, ale dewastacja na tle ideologicznym.W artykule podjęta została problematyka ochrony ocalałych ponad 370 miejsc pamięci zarówno z materialnego punktu widzenia, jak i sposobów wpisania tych pomników w społeczną pamięć historyczną tak, aby stały się częścią naszej tożsamości.

Effectiveness of hair and wave polypropylene fibers for concrete roads

Human hair fibers are abundantly available as waste and wave polypropylene fibers are commercially available. These fibers are studied with limited scope from only material point of view. In this study, the mechanical properties of hair fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) and wave polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (WPFRC) are explored for its possible applications in concrete roads. The properties are experimentally evaluated as per ASTM standards and the effectiveness of fibers in concrete are checked by comparing with that of control mix. In addition, by using the relevant properties, concrete road design is also compared. It is found that the compressive, flexural and splitting-tensile strengths of HFRC are improved by 12.4%, 16.2% and 19.1%, respectively, and that of WPFRC are increased by 11.7%, 21.5% and 17.5%, respectively. With these improvements, the thickness of concrete road for a particular studied loading condition can be reduced by 12.5 mm. This can result in cost saving (per lane per km) of 3% and 1.7% by use of HFRC and WPFRC, respectively. The performance of concrete road is also expected to be better because of improved toughness of HFRC and WPFRC.

La ciudad narrada: Revuelta y semántica del conflicto urbano

I will analyse the role of the city in the recent social movements from the starting account of a specific episode of my ethnographic fieldwork, developed in Copenhagen in 2009. From the end of the anti-globalization movement to the urban revolts of the second decade of the 21st century, the city has become a central object of political, social and epistemological debate. A central issue of contemporary discourses and narratives. Describing revolt and urban conflict from a symbolic and material point of view, but also semantically, I will deal with a semantics of urban conflict that reveals a narrated city composed of multiple voices and plot lines. Social conflict, inherent to the urban life and to the everyday life of activism and social movements, is analysed herefrom the point of view of imaginaries, histories and narratives. Contrasting the discourses of the elites to the activist ones, the processes of marketization and urban entrepreneurialism as well as the rhetoric of the brand city and the creative city will also be observed in this paper.

Advanced Energy Storage Devices: Basic Principles, Analytical Methods, and Rational Materials Design.

Tremendous efforts have been dedicated into the development of high‐performance energy storage devices with nanoscale design and hybrid approaches. The boundary between the electrochemical capacitors and batteries becomes less distinctive. The same material may display capacitive or battery‐like behavior depending on the electrode design and the charge storage guest ions. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms and the electrochemical processes occurring upon charge storage may be confusing for researchers who are new to the field as well as some of the chemists and material scientists already in the field. This review provides fundamentals of the similarities and differences between electrochemical capacitors and batteries from kinetic and material point of view. Basic techniques and analysis methods to distinguish the capacitive and battery‐like behavior are discussed. Furthermore, guidelines for material selection, the state‐of‐the‐art materials, and the electrode design rules to advanced electrode are proposed.

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

AbstractThe layered nickel‐rich cathode materials are considered as promising cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high reversible capacity and low cost. However, several significant challenges, such as the unstable powder properties and limited electrode density, hindered the practical application of the nickel‐rich cathode materials with the nickel content over 80%. Herein, important stability issues and in‐depth understanding of the nickel‐rich cathode materials on the basis of the industrial electrode fabrication condition for the commercialization of the nickel‐rich cathode materials are reviewed. A variety of factors threatening the battery safety such as the powder properties, thermal/structural stability are systemically investigated from a material point of view. Furthermore, recent efforts for enhancing the electrochemical stability of the nickel‐rich cathode materials are summarized. More importantly, critical key parameters that should be considered for the high energy LIBs at an electrode level are intensively addressed for the first time. Current electrode fabrication condition has a difficulty in increasing the energy density of the battery. Finally, light is shed on the perspectives for the future research direction of the nickel‐rich cathode materials with its technical challenges in current state by the practical aspect.

A Link Between CBRAM Performances and Material Microscopic Properties Based on Electrical Characterization and Atomistic Simulations

In this paper, we investigate the link between various resistive memory (RRAM) electrical characteristics: endurance, window margin (WM), and retention. For this purpose, several RRAMs are characterized using various resistive layers and bottom electrodes. By focusing on one technology and optimizing programming conditions (current, voltage, and time), we establish a tradeoff between endurance and WM. Then, by changing memory stack, we demonstrate the correlation between endurance plus window marging improvement and retention degradation. Studying this last feature from a material point of view, we analyze different oxides by density functional theory. We realize a systematic review for possible exchanges of species between resistive layer and Cu-based top electrode and study their diffusion. This provides insights on conductive filament composition in different stacks. Combining previous experiments and simulations, we propose a link between memory characteristics and material microscopic parameters, through the ion energy migration barrier. Finally, we extract how endurance, WM, and retention are correlated to material properties and electrical parameters in order to choose the suitable material for a defined application using the RRAM technology.

Route to sustainable lithium-sulfur batteries with high practical capacity through a fluorine free polysulfide catholyte and self-standing Carbon Nanofiber membranes

We report on a new strategy to improve the capacity, reduce the manufacturing costs and increase the sustainability of Lithium-Sulfur (LiS) batteries. It is based on a semi-liquid cathode composed of a Li2S8 polysulphide catholyte and a binder-free carbon nanofiber membrane with tailored morphology. The polysulphides in the catholyte have the dual role of active material and providing Li+-conduction, i.e. no traditional Li-salt is used in this cell. The cell is able to deliver an areal capacity as high as 7 mAh cm−2, twice than that of commercial Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) and 2–4 times higher than that of state-of-the-art LiS cells. In addition, the battery concept has an improved sustainability from a material point of view by being mainly based on sulfur and carbon and being completely fluorine-free, no fluorinated salt or binders are used, and has potential for upscaling and competitive price. The combination of these properties makes the semi-liquid LiS cell here reported a very promising new concept for practical large-scale energy storage applications.

2.05 µm holmium-doped all-fiber laser diode-pumped at 1.125 µm

We report a holmium-doped all-fiber laser oscillating at ~2.05 µm in continuous wave at direct in-core pumping by a 1.125 µm laser diode. Two types of home-made holmium-doped alumino-germano-silicate fiber (HDF), differentiated in the Ho3+ doping level, were fabricated to implement the laser, for revealing the effect of Ho3+ concentration upon the laser output. Firstly, the fibers were characterized thoroughly from the material and optical viewpoints. Then, laser action with both HDFs was assessed using the simplest Fabry–Perot cavity, assembled by a couple of spectrally adjusted fiber Bragg gratings, also made-in-house. In the best case, when using the lower-doped HDF of proper length (1.4 m), low threshold (~370 mW) and moderate slope efficiency (~13%) of ~2.05 µm lasing were obtained at 1.125 µm diode pumping. Long-term stability, high brightness, low noise, and purely CW operation are shown to be the laser’s attractive features. Yet, when utilizing the heavier-doped HDF, laser output is revealed to be overall worse, with a possible reason being the deteriorating Ho3+ concentration-related effects.

“The Godly Greedy Appetite”: La circulación de nuevas reliquias

Having lost all monasteries and a good deal of its medieval Christian movable assets, England became one of the greatest producers of new Catholic relics during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This article aims to look, from a material point of view, at the circulation and consumption of English relics on the Catholic continent. In this case, these products were created because of violence and circulated as an answer to it. Gifts and the exchange of relics served to obtain support for the exiled Catholics and for the institutions providing for their education created in the continent, and allowed them to participate in the necropolitics of the Spanish Monarchy. Relics, artifacts and printed and manuscript narratives brought back from all over the world helped construct a selfimage of an English Catholic as a necrocommunity imbued by a sense of historical continuity and connected to a global imagined community.

Optical properties of conjugated polymer: review of its change mechanism for ionizing radiation sensor

A review on the change mechanism of conjugated polymer upon radiation exposure is presented. The change mechanism is mainly focused on the polymer's optical properties instead of its electrical properties. This research explores the effect of ionizing radiation on the optical change of conjugated polymer. This study also reviewed the possibility of using conjugated polymer as a radiation sensor vis‐à‐vis radiation type and the optical response. From material point of view, topochemical reaction, conjugation length and the degree of anisotropy of the conjugated polymer itself were identified as factors affecting the polymer's optical properties. These factors are tunable to meet a required optical degree, thus making the observation using the optical properties of a conjugated polymer possible for a radiation sensing tool. Based on the review, alteration of the factors and its mechanism of change occurs at macromolecular level. Therefore, a material at its smallest size down to a single molecule could be possible for the indication of radiation. Thus, radiation sensor made of nano or micro colloidal conjugated polymer deserves attention for future development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.