Language Material Research Articles

The problem of teaching speech activities in a foreign language to international law students

The article explores the challenges and methodologies involved in teaching speech activities in English to students specializing in International Law at the School of Law. Theproblems are further complicated by the conditions of distance learning, which, on the one hand, exacerbate the teaching process, but on the other hand, offer facilitation as distance learning, by its nature, enhances interaction between students and teachers, granting flexibility in terms of both spatial and temporal dimensions. Among the many means of communication utilized, Zoom stands out as a prominent service for organizing online classes. The key factor in optimizing language skills is the use of a student-centered model. The current level of development of students’ speaking skills in the target language does not meet modern educational requirements, which emphasizes the relevance of this issue. In the era of globalization, the main goal of teaching English is not just to master the language system or gain linguistic knowledge, but to master it as a means ofcommunication. Creating favorable conditions for the development of students’ communicative skills in a foreign language is one of the main tasks of the teacher. By recreating circumstances that are similar to those when native speakers acquire native language skills, students can immerse themselves in a similar environment, and this will contribute to the effective development of their speech skills. Law students specializing in international law should have the communicative competence that will allow them to communicate effectively with both native speakers and people who use the language as a communication tool. In the absence of a natural language environment, teachers should build the educational process in accordance with a reasonably constructed model of educational and professional communication. A prerequisite for the creative use of the acquired language and speech material is communicative orientation in the process of teaching a foreign language.

UKRAINIAN EPISTOLARY HERITAGE AS A MATERIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGNERS’ WRITING SKILLS: LETTERS OF LESIA UKRAINKA

The paper deals with writing as a type of speech activity in terms of linguodidactics. The purpose of the study is to highlight Lesya Ukrainka’s epistolary heritage as a material for developing the writing skills of foreigners learning Ukrainian. The choice of material is due to a number of factors, including the outstanding figure of Lesya Ukrainka, her powerful epistolary talent, multilingualism, the artist’s cultural and translation activities. The free access to the letters on the website of the publication, where spelling and punctuation are presented per the norms of modern spelling, makes it possible to use these texts in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language. Although the use of Lesya Ukrainka’s texts as teaching material for foreign language students already has a good tradition, her epistolary heritage is only beginning to attract the interest of teachers of Ukrainian as a foreign language. The paper focuses on theoretical and practical recommendations for developing writing skills in a foreign audience. The paper highlights the place of writing Ukrainian letters in the methodology of teaching the language as a foreign language. It outlines the materials and tasks for foreigners to develop their skills in writing friendly and business letters in Ukrainian. The paper emphasizes the importance of the preparatory stage, which includes a set of tasks for working on the forms of the vocative case, formulas of address, greetings, farewells, expressions of gratitude, etc. Special attention is paid to the structure of a letter in the Ukrainian language. It has been proved that working with Lesya Ukrainka’s letters can effectively develop writing skills. The article presents language materials and a list of tasks for different levels of Ukrainian language proficiency that students can do based on Lesya Ukrainka’s letters. Such tasks will help foreigners develop their writing skills, improve their knowledge of the Ukrainian language, and contribute to the formation of socio-cultural competence. Key words: Ukrainian as a foreign language, writing as a type of speech activity, epistolary, letter, Lesya Ukrainka.

The potential of linguosynergetic discourse analysis in the study of the modus category of evidentiality (based on the material of the English language)

The potential of linguosynergetic discourse analysis in the study of the modus category of evidentiality (based on the material of the English language)

Cooperative learning techniques for improving English of future security sector officers

The article is devoted to one of the urgent problems of teaching security sector cadets to speak English. Objective. In order to improve the level of formation of skills and abilities in speaking, we offer the use of cooperative techniques and methods of teaching speaking, precisely: Quick, quick trade, World Café Method, Timed Pair Share, and others. Results. We have justified, developed and used these techniques in the context of training sessions to teach lexical items and the competence in speaking for security sector cadets according to STANAG – Standardized Levels of English Proficiency. The purpose of cooperative learning is to perform tasks for teaching speaking in groups, pairs, quarters. Cooperative learning contributes to better assimilation of speech material. In addition, the teacher’s teaching activity is transferred into the cadet’s educational activity. Through cooperative learning cadets learn to work in a team, support each other, correct and monitor each other when needed. The teacher takes the role of the observer. Thus, cadets acquire skills, abilities and competences in speaking and the ability to cooperate, interact face-to-face, and think critically. Conclusions. Using cooperative methods of teaching speaking, cadets become more motivated to speak in English, everyone is a full participant in a monologue or polylogue, taking into account inclusiveness. Various methods of cooperative learning can be used at different stages for different purposes. In particular, the World Café method can be used at the final stage of learning a topic, when all cadets know the vocabulary of the topic and grammatical forms. The Quiz, quiz trade method is used at the stage of language material activation, to learn grammatical forms, vocabulary and the definitions of the words.

The Effectiveness of Pictorial Teaching Materials in English Language to Improve the Understanding of Mentally Retarded

The Effectiveness of Using Pictorial Teaching Materials in Class VII English Learning (Studies at SMPLB)" The research uses a qualitative research approach. The qualitative research approach was chosen because the research was carried out in natural conditions or described the actual situation of the Special School. The aims of this research were (1) to find out what media was used in SMPLB (2) to find out the effectiveness of using picture media in teaching English at SMPLB (3) To find out what supports and hinders the use of media images in learning English at SMPLB. To obtain these data, researchers used several instruments, namely by using observation and interview guidelines. Furthermore, the data obtained were then processed and analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study show the application and effectiveness of the use of media images in learning English at SMPLB. There is a change in the motivation to learn English for mentally retarded students in Class VII SMPLB, the motivation to learn English for mentally retarded students in Class VII SMPLB is categorized as high.

Structural Complexity in Adapted Reading Materials: A Study Based on the Amount of Information

AbstractMost of the previous studies focused on lexical and syntactic features in adapted texts while little attention has been paid to the structural complexity from the perspective of the amount of information. In this study, we intend to examine the differences in structural complexity in adapted texts from the perspective of the amount of information at the lexical and grammatical levels. We also aim to identify the lexical and grammatical features that contribute most to such differences. The data used in this study were reading texts from Newsela, that is, reading materials for English learners under the educational system of K‐12 in the United States. This study yields several findings of interest. First, the adapted texts differ in the structural complexity at both lexical and grammatical levels in terms of their amount of information. Second, the differences display a decreasing trend. That is, the differences become smaller when the level of the text increases. Third, function words and part‐of‐speech trigrams with a preposition(s) and/or a noun(s) contribute most to the differences. The findings provide significant implications for the adaptation of language materials such as reading texts and test materials.

Writing in a second language based on cross-linguistic sources: The language use among undergraduates in Hong Kong

Mastering the skill of writing from multiple sources is essential for university students. Against today's multilingual backdrop, students not only need to engage with various sources but may also encounter materials in different languages. However, most existing research on source-based writing has focused on monolingual contexts, leaving us with a limited understanding of how students integrate cross-linguistic sources in their writing. To address this gap, we conducted a preliminary exploration of language use in the context of writing an English text based on a series of Chinese (L1) and English (L2) sources among 33 university students in Hong Kong. By utilising multiple methods (i.e., writing logs, questionnaires, and interviews), we examined students' language use as reflected in their access to sources in different languages and their self-reported writing processes. The results did not show a significant difference in the use of L1 and L2 in integrating sources, despite the final written text being in L2. Additionally, we found that the two languages dynamically interacted with each other, supporting different stages of the writing process. The study also provides pedagogical implications for source-based writing in a bilingual context.

Integrating English Language Materials and Islamic Values: Research and Development in Islamic Higher Education

Integrating English Language Materials and Islamic Values: Research and Development in Islamic Higher Education

Identitas Budaya Bugis Dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Sala Dewi Karya Emil Amir Serta Pemanfaatannya Sebagai Alternatif Pembelajaran Sastra Di Sma

This study aims to describe and explain the Bugis culture which exists in the collection of Sala Dewi's short stories by Emil Amir. It was chosen because it has contain values of viscous local culture, character building that can be used as a role model for students, and each short story has good reputation, so this collection can be told has good credibility. This study is uses a descriptive qualitative method with an ethnographic research design that uses the Spradley data analysis method. Words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs are the source of the data which represent physical culture, social system, cultural system, and cultural values of Bugis culture. This research adapted from Koentjaraningrat's theory. The data were collected by documentation and interview, and analyzed by using the Spradley analysis method, including domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis. The results of this study shows that the four forms of Bugis culture in the collection of Sala Dewi's short stories are mutually sustainable, spread over four short stories, and expressed through inter-character dialogue, character monologues, or character narratives. Hereinafter, the results of this study were used as teaching materials in the XI grade of senior high school students in Indonesian as a part of Language and Literature materials.

Sections of the Arabic Language and The Interaction of Eloquence and Syntax in Arabic

The article deals with the interaction between Nahw and eloquence in classical and modern standard Arabic. In this regard, the parameters of linguistic variation and diglossia, eloquence - as a system of metaphors, al-mani ul-l-bayn, al-mani ul-l-maani, al-mani ul-l-art, the relationship of Arabic eloquence with the semantics of stylistics, the grammatical meaning of the factor, the concept of "sentence" in Arabic, stylistics, linguistics, semio-syntactic features of figures of speech, linguistic deviations and eloquence, semantic expression forms of syntactic categories and others. applied. The main sources of the research are the language materials of classical and modern Arabic literature. In particular, the works of medieval Arab eloquents, Nahwis, and modern Arabic and Western linguists were widely contacted and used as a source of research. The literal meaning of the word eloquence is "fluent, correct and clear expression". As a term, it is used in two senses. The first meaning is "ability" and the second meaning is "science". In Western languages (in French), the words "éloquence" are used instead of the meaning of "ability", and "rhetorique" is used instead of the meaning of "science". Eloquence as a skill is the use of words fluently, correctly, in place and at the right time. In other words, it is the sufficient and timely expression of the opinion orally or in writing. Before eloquence was studied as a science, it existed as a faculty in the language of poets, writers, and orators, and even in the language of the people.

The First Croatian to Arrive in China, Jesuit Ivan Vreman (1583–1620)

Abstract The Croatian Jesuit Ivan Vreman is recorded in historical literature as the first Croatian to arrive in China. He was born in Split, Dalmatia in 1583, joined the Jesuit Order in 1600, set sail from Portugal for Asia in 1615, arrived first in Macao of China in 1616, and then traveled northward into the mainland of China. He died of illness in Nanchang in 1620 at the age of 37. This article, with the help of historical materials in Croatian, Latin, English, Chinese, and other languages, reconstructs the life of Ivan Vreman and the history of cultural exchange between the East and the West in the late Ming dynasty from several aspects, including his educational background, scientific achievements, missionary journey to the East, and experiences in China.

Group Discussion Method In Improving English Language Skills For Students of STIKOM UyelindoKupang

English courses at STIKOM Uyelindo are given in semesters 1 and 2. In implementing English courses at STIKOM Uyelindo Kupang, there are still several obstacles in the teaching and learning process. One of them is the lack of absorption of English language material by students. This is because the method used in teaching is still teacher centered. The lecturer delivers the material and students listen and take notes. After delivering the material, the lecturer provides students with several exercises to do. During English lectures using this method, the results achieved were not optimal. Students' abilities in five English skills are less than optimal. The five skills referred to include: reading, writing, listening, translating, and speaking. In studying, a student is usually supported by several aspects to achieve maximum results. Several aspects that support learning include students being able to collaborate with other students. Apart from being influenced by learning methods, student learning outcomes are also influenced by student participation. The results obtained from the research are that there is a correlation between the group discussion method and increased student learning achievement in English courses, in reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The correlation between group discussions and student test results in class A is 0.60 which means that the two variables have a strong relationship, while in class B the correlation between group discussions and student test results in class B is 0.71 which means that The two variables have a very strong relationship.

PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY AND PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE (CASE STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN)

Terminology and professional communication in post-Soviet states are analyzed, as exemplified by the Republic of Kazakhstan. An excursus into the history of linguistic development of Eurasia and Central Asia, achievements of Turkic and Iranian countries in compiling dictionaries, imperial and Soviet periods. The groundbreaking terminological works and dictionaries in the Kazakh SSR are presented. The founders of Kazakh linguistics considered the term as a means of scientific communication, transfer of complex thought, new information, elevation of human reason; the term should be created not from artificial symbols and obscured foreign language morphemes, but from the morphological material of national languages, taking into account the factors of the cultural code and continuity of the memory of the people. The principle of localization of terminology in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods of the Kazakh language was nearly inviolately observed. The methods of borrowing terminology in Kazakh rank as follows: calque (including explication and equivalent); internationalism-semicalque; hybridization of internationalisms with genuine native or deeply assimilated affixes; calque translation of abbreviations and acronyms; full transliteration/transcription. The lexicon of the Kazakh and Russian segments of the bilingual dictionary of military-aviation terminology was analyzed on the subject of original words and borrowings. 3223 (65 %) Russian words and 1751 (35 %) phonographic internationalisms were identified in the Russian segment of the dictionary against 4920 (82 %) Kazakh words and 1032 (17 %) internationalisms in Kazakh. The example comes to prove that the degree of forenization of the Russian terminology is significantly higher than that of the Kazakh one. Problems of the development of Kazakh science and professional communication sub-languages in high-tech areas (aviation) are constated. The main obstacle that calls into question the expediency of the korenization of professional communication is the limitation of the functioning of sub-languages by the borders of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There is also a problem with the selection of national equivalent words denoting new technologies or concepts; code switching in the communication of multilingual specialists; duration of standards development for terminology use and translation, their coordination with practice; high costs when introducing new terms and professional cliches, retraining personnel, changing documentation and information systems, etc.

The semantics of landscape vocabulary in the Lives of the Assumption Collection

The purpose of the work is to describe the semantics of words nominating parts of the landscape in hagiographic texts that existed in Ancient Russia. The object of the study is words with spatial semantics denoting objects of nature. The subject of the study is the semantics of these lexical units. The material chosen for the analysis is the hagiographic texts included in the Assumption collection. To systematize the material, a classification of landscape vocabulary by semantic groups is proposed. The theoretical part of the work is an analysis of the already available methods of thematic ideography of landscape vocabulary, on the basis of which a classification of landscape vocabulary for the considered language material is proposed. The practical part of the article is devoted to the description of the meanings of words that represent a group of landscape vocabulary. Attention is drawn to the meaning of the word, the frequency of its use, and the connection with the event semantics of texts. The lexical material was obtained by the continuous sampling method. Lexicographic, contextual, and quantitative analyses were used to identify semantics. The article describes the words with their basic meanings that characterize the landscape in the lives of the Assumption collection: elevations: mountain, hill; flat spaces — coincide with open spaces; depressions: deep, ditch, pit, cave (pechera); overgrown areas: boron, lѣs, squabble; open areas: field, deserts; water spaces and land areas next to it: source, rѣka, sea, mouth, brѣg, island. It is noted that the group of landscape vocabulary is few and infrequent in use. The author comes to the conclusion that the semantics of landscape naming in the considered hagiographies includes elements of various linguistic Slavic systems. It is emphasized that the formation of metaphorical meanings in landscape vocabulary occurs under the influence of biblical contexts. The novelty of the research lies in the chosen source of linguistic facts: the hagiographic texts of the Assumption Collection did not become the subject of systematic lexical and semantic analysis. It can also be noted that the analysis of spatial vocabulary based on the material of texts that existed in Ancient Russia was not carried out. The work can be useful in studies of the category of locativity in the Old Russian language, as well as in the study of images of space in Slavic hagiographic texts.

Content Analysis of Learning Videos on Indonesian Language Material in Elementary Schools on the Rumah Belajar Portal

Learning videos are already widely present around us, because they have helped students learn and teach teachers today. Learning video content must be in accordance with the needs of the teaching and learning process. This research was motivated by researchers' concerns about the appropriateness of learning video content in accordance with basic competencies, learning objectives and integrated learning themes, one of which is the presentation of Indonesian language material in elementary schools. The aim of this research is to determine the feasibility of aspects of material composition, presentation structure and language in Indonesian language materials in elementary schools in the construction of learning videos on the Rumah Belajar Portal platform. In this case, the researcher tested the feasibility based on 3 aspects, namely the material composition aspect, the presentation structure aspect and the language aspect of the learning video. The content of elementary school Indonesian language material learning videos needs to be researched because this is to determine the appropriateness of the content for presenting Indonesian language material in elementary schools in learning videos which have contributed to the world of Indonesian education by producing many learning videos. This research uses a content analysis method through a qualitative approach.

Developing Common Expressions Book in Indonesian Traditional Market in Three Languages (English-Indonesian-Mandarin)

This research is intended to develop a common expressions book for Indonesian traditional market in three languages (Indonesian-English-Mandarin). The purpose of this book is to assist the local sellers and foreign buyers to communicate in the process of buying and selling daily needs. The elements of this book are phonetics symbols to assist the readers in pronunciation, vocabularies to enrich the readers words, expressions to be used in the sellers and buyer conversation and example of conversation to help the readers how to use both vocabularies and expressions in their speaking when buying and selling daily needs. This research applied Research and Development research by applying ADDIE model. The need analysis was done by interviewing some sellers and buyer in traditional market. Based on the data gathered, the researcher design the product by determining the components of the book. To accommodate the communication needs of the buyers and sellers, the book provides vocabularies, expressions and example for conversation in three languages (English, Indonesian and Mandarin). The three validators validated the product, namely language expert by the certified mandarin translator and lecturer of English Language Teaching, material expert and design expert. The product was tried out in three traditional markets in Morowali because these markets are located around the industrial area where the foreign workers live. The output in this research is a book that can be used by the local sellers and foreign buyers in Indonesian traditional market.

Evaluasi Program Intensif Bahasa Arab pada Kelas Akselerasi di Pondok Pesantren

The Intensive Program in Learning Arabic at MA Raudhatul Ulum is a program that changes the policy of 4 years of study for non-alumni students at MTs Raudhatul Ulum to 3 years like normal Madrasah Aliyah by speeding up the learning process and condensing Arabic language materials intensively. This program has been running since 2008, but there has been no detailed and comprehensive evaluation regarding this program. This research aims to determine the results of an intensive program evaluation in Arabic language learning at MA Raudhatul Ulum using the CIPP model evaluation developed by Daniel L. Stufflebeam, et al. The type of research used is evaluative research with a qualitative approach, data collection using observation, interview and documentation techniques. Meanwhile, analyzing data is carried out by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, drawing conclusions and verifying data. The results of the CIPP model evaluation in this research show that the intensive program in Arabic language learning at MA Raudhatul Ulum has been implemented well. Of the four components, the Context and Product components are in the very good category, while the other two components, namely Input and Process, are in the good category. Based on these results, it is recommended that the implementation of the intensive program be continued with certain notes.

金文“叀”字考

The ancient character “叀” is very common, and the shapes are also diverse. This article conducts a detailed analysis of the ancient “叀” character by analyzing the shape of the characters “叀” in oracle bone inscriptions and “叀” in bronze inscriptions. This article presents a table format for statistical analysis and classification comparison of the font forms of the ancient “叀” character. The focus is on a detailed analysis of the character “叀” from the two distinct forms, the interpretation of inscriptions on bronze inscriptions and modern translations, and the words “specialized” and “beneficial” related to “叀”. In addition, a brief analysis of the grammatical meaning of the character “叀” in Jinwen is also conducted. Jinwen is an important language material for studying ancient Chinese. In the development and evolution of characters, the phenomenon of mixed use of characters and borrowing characters is very common. However, during the use and evolution of the character “芔”, due to the occurrence of confusion in its use, it has intricate connections with the ancient “芔” character in terms of pronunciation and form, and also has the pronunciation of “zhuān” and “huì”. However, there are also obvious differences in semantics and pragmatics.

A STATISTICAL STYLISTIC STUDY IN SAFI HIRANI'S TURKISH POEMS

This study entitled (A statistical stylistic study in Safi Hirani's Turkish Poems) has been accomplished. Initially, it focused on concepts, terms, and their definitions of style and stylistics in the literary text. Which means that style is the (linguistic, intellectual, and literary) characteristics that became common in a certain period and followed by poets. Then, the subject was explained with the poet's Turkish poems and statistical stylistics was applied on it. The aim of the study: to show and reveal statistical stylistics in the poet's Turkish poems in order to determine the number and type of sentences in these texts. Because by examining the poetry of any poet in the field of statistical stylistics, you will find out the style of his works in terms of language materials (quantity). This is of particular importance in literary texts and scientific research. The method of the study: statistical stylistics based on the concepts and materials of stylistics.

Investigating Students’ ESP Target and Learning Needs: A Case Study at Tourism and Industry Program

English for Specific Purpose (ESP) is essential for vocational schools presently. However, many vocational schools still provided general English language material under the students' specific program. This study investigated the target and learning needs of the travel and tourism industry program students of SMK Negeri 1 Kota Sorong in learning English. Thirty-five students participated in this study. Data were obtained from Open-ended Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The study revealed that the students' targets in learning English were to communicate in English fluently both in spoken and written, be successful in the workplace and higher education, and have an advanced English proficiency level to be a guide in a travel and tourism agency. The students' learning needs were the learning English inputs spoken and written with pictures, learning English with the short texts with a specific topic related to the program, various activities to become active and independent learners. However, they still wanted the teacher to read the text and translate it directly with them. Therefore, students expected the school to design an ESP program to make the English learning process specifically appropriate for the travel and tourism industry program.