Matter Of Course Research Articles

Rehabilitation for Impaired Attention in the Acute and Post-Acute Phase After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review.

Impaired attention is the most common and debilitating cognitive deficit following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Attention is a fundamental function that profoundly influences the performance of other cognitive components such as memory and execution. Intriguingly, attention can be improved through cognitive rehabilitation. This narrative review summarizes the essential elements of rehabilitation for attention problems in acute and post-acute TBI. In the acute phase of mild TBI, investigations into the medical history and daily life performance, neurological examination, screening and management of concomitant sleep-wake disorders or neuropsychiatric disorders, and support and education on the natural course of concussion are covered. Rehabilitation for patients with moderate-to-severe TBI consists of serial assessment for patients with disorders of consciousness and a post-traumatic confusion state. In the post-acute phase after TBI, components of rehabilitation include investigating medical history; neurological, imaging, and electrophysiological tests; evaluation and treatment of factors that may impact attention, including sleep-wake, emotional, and behavioral disorders; evaluation of attention function; and cognitive rehabilitation as a matter of course. We summarized metacognitive strategy, direct attention training, computer-based cognitive interventions, medication, and environmental control as interventions to enhance attention.

Organisation as a Taboo? Chances and Risks of Explicitly Dealing With the Issue of Organization in Inter-Organizational Transformative Initiatives

Nowadays, innovation and transformation appear as leading ideas in nearly all societal fields. Against the background of rapid technological development, globalisation, ecological challenges, and social change, perspectives of desired futures have to be developed, and how these perspectives should be realised has to be negotiated. With the latter, questions of organisation arise. This paper contributes to the examination of organisational aspects of transformation in the field of education. The research on the development process of the inter-organisational initiative Educational Lab reveals that awareness of organisational aspects is not a matter of course. The lab's participants share a vague vision of innovative education and a commitment to the idea of intervening in the educational system. Apart from that, heterogeneity, conflicting institutional logics, and a lack of awareness of the "organisational self "are setting the scene. Organisational aspects seem to be taboo. The explorative qualitative case study research, conducted in a transdisciplinary research setting, leads to seven hypotheses on dynamics concerning organisational aspects of the establishment process. The theoretical conclusions drawn are twofold: First, avoiding the "organisation" issue increases uncertainty in complex constellations. It hinders an initiative, and at the same time, it is a kind of self-protection in a situation where roles and responsibilities and the consequences of organisational determinations are unclear. Secondly, in little-established inter-organisational transformation initiatives, new organisational designs that take tension areas into account and facilitate organisational agreements are needed. Thus, it seems promising to understand inter-organisational constellations as hybrid organisations and to further elaborate adequate concepts that are able to grasp real-world complexity and give orientation to organisational practice.

Comparisons in Involvement with Their Residential Areas between Rural and Urban Residents

The purpose of this study is to clarify the differences in various aspects of how to involve with their residential areas between rural and urban residents through the questionnaire survey conducted to people living in Jinseki-Kogen Town and Hiroshima City. Such comparative analyses provide fundamental and important information in progressing rural immigration. The main results are as follows. First, Jinseki-Kogen respondents more frequently participate in several kinds of residential activities. Second, they feel the participations as their duties than Hiroshima respondents, but not considering the duties as matters of course. Third, Jinseki-Kogen respondents have several kinds of friendly relationships with more neighbors. They also emphasize relation among families and are motivated to educate their children within a whole residential commitment. Especially they think the neighborhood associations as their irreplaceable social group. These high-level consciousness and active involvement with their residential area might become a hurdle for rural immigration, but not necessary so for those preferring such social ties.

The impact of online learning during COVID-19 on pediatric course at Qassim University

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of online learning attributable to COVID-19 on a specific medical educational field, pediatrics, at Qassim University's College of Medicine. Methods: The evaluation was performed through an online and physical questionnaire, which was distributed on the 2nd August, 2021, to all students after they had completed the course. The questionnaire asked students about their general experience, comparison of face-to-face to online learning, difficulties faced with online learning, and future implementation. Results: When students compared learning online to face-to-face learning, most viewed it positively. Specifically, when they considered the theoretical and practical elements of the course, they gave encouraging feedback on both, although slightly less for the practical aspect. In that case, they mentioned several issues, primarily that of time management and internet connection problems. With respect to recommending the inclusion of online learning in the future, 73.1% of students were in favor of doing so for theoretical material in courses, while 65.3% of students were in favor of doing so for practical clinical aspect. Conclusion: Based upon the results of this study, it appears that students viewed the effect that online learning has had on pediatrics positively overall, which encourages the use of online learning after COVID-19.

PS-P14-4: ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE “ADEQUATE SALT INTAKE” IN AMAGASAKI CITY

To promote the prevention and treatment of hypertension, it is essential to educate the public. Since 2015, the city of Amagasaki, where I practice, has been conducting activities to promote health through multidisciplinary cooperation. First of all, volunteers from the Amagasaki City Medical Association gathered to form the “Amagasaki Adequate Salt Intake Promotion Committee”. Next, in a tie-up with Amagasaki City's Health Up Amagasaki Strategic Project, which has been focusing on measures against metabolic syndrome, the committee has reserved a hotel for a day to hold a hands-on forum where citizens can participate in not only lectures on health and medicine, but also a movie screening and low-sodium cooking experiences. The event has been held in a hands-on manner. In addition, active interventions have been made for a wide range of age groups, such as active intervention for particularly high-risk subjects in health checkups, health checkups by placing health checkup vehicles in convenience store parking lots for younger generations who are less likely to receive checkups, and 2.2 g salt equivalent school lunches. In particular, forums for citizens, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, dietitians, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, universities, the Japanese Association of Hypertension, and Amagasaki City Administration have worked together to devise new approaches every year for four years, which have resulted in the participation of a large number of citizens. The key point is that we aimed to create a social environment in which salt reduction can be implemented as a matter of course in society, rather than relying solely on the efforts of individuals. Another feature of the event was that it was not targeted only at the elderly, who are highly interested in health, but was also designed to be an interactive event that young people can participate in with their children. In the future, we plan to continue our efforts with our colleagues to build a future in which “Adequate Salt Intake” is a part of daily life, while involving more industries.

Caught between is and ought: The Moral Dissonance Model.

Considerable academic effort has been invested in explaining the causes of, and processes behind moral injury. These efforts are mostly focused on assessment and treatment within a clinical setting. Collective and social factors contributing to moral injury are often overlooked in current literature. This perspective article considers the role of contextual factors associated with moral injury and proposes a framework that describes their relation to individual aspects. The resulting Moral Dissonance Model (MDM) draws on existing theories and frameworks. The MDM explains how dissonance can occur when the actual behavior-the response to a morally challenging situation-contradicts with morally desirable behavior. Individual and collective factors, which change over time, contribute to the experience of dissonance. The inability to sufficiently solve dissonance can lead to moral injury, but not as a matter of course. The MDM can help to understand the underlying processes of moral distress. It raises awareness of the influence of public debate and controversy, and the resulting changing societal attitudes over time. Its implications and future use are discussed.

Empirical Theology as Theological Netnography: Methodological Considerations

Abstract It is clear that the role of the internet is ubiquitous in everyday life. With smart phones almost everyone can access the internet 24/7 and use it for emails, social network activity, searching for information and navigation when driving a car to a new destination. It is also the case that the online world intersects directly with and is embedded in the off-line world of our everyday lives. Almost all forms of religion have this intersection and function with it as a matter of course. For Christians this has meant that ecclesial dimensions of spiritual life have also been taken online, or that the online dimensions have intersected with the everyday ecclesial life of most if not all Christians. The Covid-19 pandemic demonstrated how easily it was for most church congregations to arrange for services to be live-streamed online, supported by social media. Indeed, these new types of services attracted many visitors during the various lockdowns and a number of regular church-goers decided that they preferred the online world to the concrete one they were previously familiar. These recent changes in religious life invite reflection from the perspective of empirical theology. In particular, it may be asked how might an empirical approach to theology develop in relation to virtual ethnography or netnography? There is an emerging body of methodological literature that embraces the study of online or digital communities, otherwise known as netnography (Boellstorff et al, 2012; Hine, 2000, 2015; Kozinets, 2013, 2020; Pink et al, 2016), but, so far, there is a very limited application of empirical studies from a theological perspective (although see Hutchings, 2017; Sutinen and Cooper, 2021). Therefore, this paper explores the question: is there a distinctly empirical-theological approach to netnography? This question will be addressed in this exploratory paper and a methodological proposal suggested as part of the discussion.

Potrzeba niemieckiego zadośćuczynienia za zbrodnie popełnione wobec Polski

Germans now treat Poland in a disrespectful manner, and they consider all historic events to be outdated. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, there was at least some Germans guilt for over 6 million Polish citizens killed during World War II, for mass executions in Polish lands, for crimes committed in concentration camps, for forcing Poles to do forced labor, for the robbery of Polish children, for the burning of Warsaw, for the status of the sub-people, given to the Poles by the occupant. There is no more guilt today. Instead, in Germany, there was a claim to be a normal European state, not burdened with historical events. Germans are improving their well-being, dropping the crimes of 1939-1945 into almost mythical Nazis who do not necessarily have to be associated with their grandparents and great-grandparents. They create themselves on the victims of World War II, hurt by taking back Silesia, Western Pomerania and other territories, displaced from Poland and Czechoslovakia and allied bombing of many cities. In this way of thinking, responsibility for the years of Nazi rule disappears, for countless crimes and for the suffering of hundreds of millions of people. Until today, the Germans have not settled their brown past, and in relation to Poland they have not even dealt with a small part of the problems associated with the crimes committed by them during World War II. Some things will not be done anymore. Due to the passage of time, almost no Nazi criminals can be punished who murdered Poles and Jews. It is also difficult to change the German mentality and way of thinking. The influence of former NSDAP activists on governments in Germany was enormous. Its effects are borne by the Federal Republic even today in the way of shaping its elites. Here you only have to hope that time and wise reflection will do their job. However, Germany has a chance to reward Poland with enormous material losses. To pay huge repairs for the destruction of Poland during World War II, and to pay real, real compensation to the victims of German crimes and their descendants is simply a matter of course. Billions of brands issued Germany to absorb after 1989 the so-called Eastern Lands. Nothing stands in the way that by fulfilling the orders of the Christian religion and the moral assumptions expressed in the German Constitution, they allocate a similar or a larger sum to just satisfaction to Poland and Poles. It is also clear that Germany should return all looted works of art, library collections, manuscripts, etc. They should also stop displaying contempt for Poles and treating Poland as a market and financial exploitation. In the latter matter, however, Poland itself has something to say, and its subjective policy carried out in recent years effectively inhibits the German aspirations. Only the implementation of the above postulates will make Polish-German relations normal and good-neighborly. You do not need to convince anyone that it is in the interest of both Poland and Germany.

Introduction

Introduction Arielle C. McKee (bio) Iread Tracy Deonn's article, 'Every King Arthur Retelling is Fanfic About Who Gets to be Legendary,' 1 with my fists in the air. Well, they weren't literally suspended aloft—that makes it very hard to scroll—but metaphorically? Metaphorically those hands were up there, waving like I cared very much. Why? Because Deonn's piece articulates what it is that makes Arthuriana so engaging, generative, and teachable: 'Arthurian stories' are 'shared, flexible narratives,' 'fanfiction' that refuses to be bound by a singular or 'original text. Instead, 'the imagined Arthur … resists a single story as a matter of course, making him the perfect epicenter for inclusive reimaginings, reinterpretations, and remixes …'. 2 Teaching the Arthurian Tradition means embracing this complexity and making space for students to find the joy, freedom, and possibility in having more than one 'right' answer (or, in this case, more than one 'right' narrative). For instance, how are the Gawain of The Carle of Carlisle and the Gawain of Malory's Morte both Gawain? Yet they are; imagine the Into the Gawain-verse potential! This cluster recognizes the exciting promise of a tradition that spans centuries and is available for varied and various retellings. The pieces included here guide readers through these complexities, their content ranging from exercises for analyzing early globalities, gendered language, and world-building in Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival (Neufeld and Rasmussen) to suggestions for guiding student examinations of the intersections between knightliness and gendered violence in George Saunders' 'My Chivalric Fiasco' (Wuest). The cluster as a whole offers rich context and suggestions for tackling the vastness of the long Arthurian Tradition. For instance, Jane Beal reveals how considering J.R.R. Tolkien's intellectual work, his personal experiences, and his contemporary culture can deepen students' readings of a range of works, including The Fall of Arthur and even 'Farmer Giles of Ham.' Kathryn Starkey and Mae Velloso-Lyons provide a dazzlingly thorough discussion of the Tristan tradition and its pedagogical richness, showing where and how Tristan texts present opportunities for wrestling with questions regarding adaptation, identity and social performance, and, of course, romantic love. The scope of this cluster is vast, covering the medieval Welsh and French Arthurian tradition (Ward and Blacker, respectively); employing lenses from [End Page 3] psychoanalytic gaze theory to moral philosophy (Ackerman and Labbie, respectively); and examining post-medieval Arthuriana, such as the works of T.H. White (Boyle). In addition to being intellectually invigorating and ethically complex, however, Deonn's piece (and her Legendborn series) makes clear that much of Arthuriana's richness stems from its vitality—it is alive and generative. Indeed, creative adaptation is at the core of the Arthurian Tradition, with tales regularly identifiable as retellings or adaptations that themselves spawn further adaptations, and so on. That creative productivity, Deonn observes, allows the Tradition to support resistance and resilience for those experiencing oppression, often through 'inclusive representations.' 3 While not all such works make use of this potential, the potential itself lingers, unerasable: hope once and hope to come. That capacity, moreover, shows us that we are capable of 'legendary lives' and that our 'challenges and triumphs are worthy of remembrance.' 4 Arthuriana, Deonn proves, can make a space for students to find the legend within themselves. Several of the essays in this cluster likewise recognize the imaginative possibilities inherent in the Arthurian Tradition, offering descriptions of lessons and assignments that engage students' curiosity and creativity. Jennifer Goodman Wollock, for instance, engages the educational power of play, offering her students the option of a multi-modal creative project that 'draws on talents that [they] may not otherwise have the chance to use in their undergraduate careers.' 5 Similarly, Laurie A. Finke and Martin B. Shichtman conclude their discussion of the alt-right's obsession with the imagined knight with the description of a meme-making assignment that explores how humor can serve as a foundation for resistance. It is my hope that these essays will serve as guides, inspiration, and assistance as you brave the worthy but turbulent business of teaching and helping students to write their own legends. And if this special issue leaves you wanting more...

HISTORY AS ANTIDOTE: THE ARGUMENT FOR DOCUMENTATION IN DIGITAL HISTORY

ABSTRACTThe ephemeral nature of computer‐enabled historical work is a well‐documented concern within the field of history. The quick pace of technological change often renders digital scholarship obsolete, which in turn encourages historians to retreat to the stable and durable comfort of print, even as digital methodologies enrich our research and expand the audience for it. What has been missing so far in the conversation about digital history is a clear understanding of how it differs from traditional historical products, what can be gained from it, and how we might document the work undertaken using these machine‐based methodologies. Because it is best understood as a process rather than as a product, digital history must have a history of its own to tether it to the scholarly community and to ensure that it endures past the active phase of any project. This article argues that digital historians should catalog their work using a normalized template following the Digital Documentation Process, a guide for producing documentation that is suitable for computer‐based historical scholarship and tailored to its specific parameters. Self‐documentation is beneficial to those who create digital history and those who consume it. It is urgent to establish a field‐wide expectation that digital history will be consistently documented as a matter of course, lest we lose scholarship that has already been produced and forgo the enormous opportunities that computer‐enabled methodologies offer to historians.

The hirahira aesthetics of wrinkled skin: Notes on an ageing dancer in the contemporary ballet world

This article interprets the skin of an ageing ballerina as costume in the contemporary ballet world in which ageism is predominant. By analysing relatively recent performances and commentaries, in addition to discourses surrounding Yoko Morishita, the 74-year-old prima ballerina with The Matsuyama Ballet, the article discusses the ways in which this woman’s virtuosity sheds new light on the subjectivity of an older dancer on the stage. Drawing on Masuko Honda’s work on girlhood, and also on critical literature from fairy-tale studies, dance studies and queer studies, the article argues that Morishita embodies her naturally aged skin not to further demarcate but in fact to confound the established boundaries between younger and older women in the ballet world. The interpretation that follows of Morishita’s artistry in classical ballet confirms that we must consider the meaning of skin and its relationship to garments when conducting any intersectional analysis of fairy tales and ballet performances. This article thus also is a response to recent calls for artworks and interpretations to voice more diverse forms of subjectivity for old women in the narrative arc of fairy tales. When other older ballerinas begin, like Morishita, to dance princess protagonist roles as a matter of course on the stages of professional ballet companies, the stories to be told about womanhood and femininity will no longer remain simply in the purview of normative gender constructions and associated age discourses.

Queering Romantic Engagement in the Postal Age: A Rhetorical Education

Queering Romantic Engagement in the Postal Age: A Rhetorical Education

Adaptability and learning Intraprofessional collaboration of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic

ContextThe COVID-19 pandemic created a worldwide public health emergency, in which hospitals created new COVID departments and doctors from different disciplines had to work together. In the Netherlands, a large proportion of doctors in these departments were residents. With knowledge of the disease developing only gradually, the influx of COVID-19 patients called for adaptability, innovative work behavior, and intraprofessional collaboration (intraPC) between residents and between residents and medical specialists.Research goalThis study investigates how the delivery of COVID-19 care in hospital settings altered the way residents develop their sense of adaptability and intraPC during their training.MethodsSixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents and medical specialists from various disciplines who worked at a COVID department or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during the COVID pandemic in the Netherlands, focusing on adaptability and intraPC learning. Transcripts were analyzed using (thematic) template analysis.ResultsFour themes that influenced learning during COVID care were identified: collective uncertainty, social cohesion and a sense of safety, the need for adaptive performance and intraPC learning. During the first wave, collective uncertainty about the unknown disease and the continuation of the crisis urged residents to adapt in order to take care of patients with a disease that was as yet unknown. The combination of collective uncertainty, social cohesion and a sense of safety, and the presence of different disciplines in one department promoted residents’ intraPC learning. However, intraPC learning was not always the matter of course due to the scope of the crisis and the huge numbers of new patients.ConclusionCollective uncertainty affected the residents’ adaptability. The combination of collective uncertainty, social cohesion, and the presence of different disciplines in one department promoted the residents’ intraPC learning. An important facilitating factor for both adaptability and intraPC learning is a high level of social cohesion and safety. The physical and psychological proximity of supervisors is an important factor contributing to a safe learning environment. This study provides implications for practice for learning during postgraduate training in non-crisis settings.

Rethinking the role of the media in South Africa

The main purpose of this article is to stimulate and contribute to the debate aboutthe role of the media in South Africa as a developing country. Against the backgroundof an overview of the relationship between the government of apartheid and themedia, and the similarity of this relationship to the conflict between the AfricanNational Congress (ANC) government and the media in 2000 and the early part of2001, it is argued that there is a need to rethink the role of the media in South Africa.Such rethinking could start with a revaluation of the values underlining the conceptof "freedom of expression". Both the media and the government use the concept of"freedom of expression" as a basis for their interpretation and debate about the role ofthe media in South Africa. Yet, the historical development of the concept, the valuesassociated with it, and its meaning and relevance in terms of the nature of present daysociety, including developing societies such as South Africa, are seldom investigatedand debated. In short, the concept is taken for granted and dealt with as a matter ofcourse without critical consideration of its content, the values it embodies and itsapplicability to modern democracies. From such a point of view, a starting-point fordiscussing the role of the media in South Africa could be a critical investigation ofwhether the meaning(s) and values attached to the basic concept of "freedom ofexpression" are still appropriate today. For the government, it would entail a criticalinvestigation of the compatibility of the concept of "freedom of expression" with thedevelopmental role they want the media to play. For the media, it would mean aninvestigation into whether their modes of operation, their production of content andtheir distribution of information and meaning are still in line with the original valuesassociated with the development of the concept. Tentative arguments to support thisview are presented in this article.

Are Climate-Dependent Impacts of Soil Constraints on Crop Growth Evident in Remote-Sensing Data?

Soil constraints limit plant growth and grain yield in Australia’s grain-cropping regions, with the nature of the impact dependent on climate. In seasons with low in-crop (short for “during the crop growing season”) rainfall, soil constraints can reduce yield by limiting soil water infiltration, storage, and crop water uptake. Conversely, soil constraints can exacerbate waterlogging in seasons with high in-crop rainfall. When average in-crop rainfall is experienced, soil constraints may only have a limited impact on yields. To investigate the relationship between climate and the impact of soil constraints on crop growth, long-term time series yield information is crucial but often not available. Vegetation indices calculated from remote-sensing imagery provide a useful proxy for yield data and offer the advantages of consistent spatial coverage and long history, which are vital for assessing patterns of spatial variation that repeat over many years. This study aimed to use an index of crop growth based on the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to assess whether and how the within-field spatial variation of crop growth differed between years with different climates (dry, moderate, and wet years, as classified based on in-crop rainfall). Five fields from the grain-growing region of eastern Australia were selected and used to assess the consistency of the spatial variation of the index for years in the same in-crop rainfall category. For four of the five fields, no evidence of patterns of climate-dependent spatial variation was found, while for the other field, there was marginal evidence of spatial variation attributable to wet years. The correlation between measured data on soil sodicity (a soil constraint that might be expected to impact crop growth most in wetter years) and average EVI was investigated for this field. The results showed a stronger negative correlation between average EVI and sodicity in wet years than in dry years, suggesting that sodicity—through its impacts on soil structure and water movement—might be a driver of the spatial variation of crop growth in wet years for this field. Our results suggest that although there may be cases when climate-dependent within-field spatial variation of crop growth is detectable through remote-sensing data (through the multi-year consistency of the within-field variation), we should not expect this to be evident for fields as a matter of course.

Two pictorial tools for assessing the attitudes of Taiwanese male high school students with intellectual disabilities toward sexually offensive behavior

The purpose of this study was to develop two pictorial tools for assessing the attitudes of Taiwanese male senior high school students with intellectual disabilities toward sexually offensive behavior, focusing on cognitive distortion and victim empathy. A total of 181 male high school students at special education schools participated in this study. The validity and reliability were examined using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. For the cognitive distortion scale, 18 items grouped into three factors, rationalization, denial, and victim blaming, and explained 69.72% of the variance; for the victim empathy scale, 12 items grouped into two factors, the victim’s feelings when the offensive behavior is perpetrated by another, and the victim’s feelings when the offensive behavior is perpetrated by oneself, and explained 68.00% of the variance. The reliability was .96 for the cognitive distortion scale and .93 for the victim empathy scale. In conclusion, the two scales developed in this research were found to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating male students’ attitudes toward sexually offensive behavior, and can also be used as reference material for courses in sex education.

Logic and language in Indian religions

This article concentrates on certain beliefs that many Indian thinkers implicitly accepted and that show up in an analysis of reasoned arguments they presented. These beliefs concerned the relationship between language and reality. For Brahmanical thinkers, who owed their privileged position in society in great part to their mastery of texts — the Veda — that were deemed to be directly connected to reality, this relationship between language and reality was a matter of course. For reasons of their own, Buddhist thinkers had come to think that the world of our experience is largely determined by language. This shared belief, which most often though not always remained implicit, found its way into certain arguments. These arguments remain unintelligible without an awareness of the underlying belief.

(Digital Presentation) The Oxidation Behavior of Model Molecules for Electrolysis of Polymer Materials

Most of the plastic recycling is thermal recycling by incineration. As a matter of course, thermal recycling is not a sustainable recycling method for plastic material. Material recycling is being carried out in which some used plastics are molded and reused.[1] However, material recycling has problems that cannot recover the monomer and separate the pigments and dyes. These problems degrade the quality of recycling plastics. Therefore, we focused on the depolymerization and re-polymerization between polymers and monomers by electrolysis in order to develop a new recycling method without degrading the quality of the plastics.However, since polymers are generally insulators, even if they are electrolyzed, the number of reports is small, and the decomposition behavior is unknown. [2, 3] In this study, to obtain basic information for the electrolysis of polymers, a monovalent alcohol molecule bonded to the terminal or side chain and a divalent alcohol molecule bonded to both ends are used as the model molecule, and their electrochemical behavior was investigated. In addition, electrolysis of PVA and PEG, which have similar structures to alcohol molecules, was conducted as the first step of depolymerization into monomers.The electrochemical cell in this study was composed of Pt working and counter electrodes, Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and 0.1 M HClO4. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was conducted at room temperature in an inert atmosphere, and the scanning speed was 10 mV s-1. The decomposition behavior of model molecules was studied by adding 1 mL each of 1 to 10 carbon atoms (linear) of primary alcohol and 3, 5, 7, 9 carbon atoms (linear) of a secondary alcohol, ethylene glycol, PVA, and PEG into the electrolyte.In the case of primary alcohols, the oxidation currents decreased with the longer chain length. The relatively short carbon chain alcohols composed of 1 to 4 carbon atoms showed first-step oxidation between 1.0 V and 1.2 V on the anodic scan and second-step oxidation near 0.8 V on the cathodic scan. In the alcohol with 5 to 8 carbon atoms, the first-step oxidation peak was shifted to the high potential region with the increasing length of the carbon chain. Here, the potential of the second-step oxidation peak was the same as the short carbon chain alcohols. In contrast, the alcohol with 9 or 10 carbon atoms hardly oxidizes and may be adsorbed on the Pt electrode surface. In Addition, the oxidation behavior of ethylene glycol was similar to that of primary alcohols with short chain lengths such as methanol and ethanol.The trend of oxidation behavior in the secondary alcohols was almost agreed with the primary alcohols. In the cases of 3-pentanol and 4-heptanol, the oxidation current at the high potential region and the reduction current at the low potential region were observed at the boundary of 0.8V. Currently, this electrochemical behavior is thought that these alcohols may change reversibly. The oxidation current of 3-pentanol and 4-heptanol was slightly higher than the reduction current. Thus, the oxidation reaction of secondary alcohols appeared to be slightly predominant. The above results indicated that the longer the chain length of primary and secondary alcohols was hard to oxidize. The changing position of the functional group influenced oxidation. In particular, those attached to the ends were more easily oxidized.Both PVA and PEG were oxidized, but PEG was found to be more oxidized. Based on the results for the alcohol molecule, the position of the functional group on the main chain is thought to be a factor.Electrochemical measurements were performed on linear primary alcohols with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, secondary alcohols with 3, 5, 7, and 9 carbon atoms, and ethylene glycol. The trend of oxidation behavior was that the oxidation currents decreased with the longer chain length. Obtained results indicated that oxidation reaction in the case of the functional group attaching to the end of the carbon chain progressed easier than others. PVA and PEG, similar in structure to the alcohol molecule, showed that PEG and PVA were oxidized, but PEG was more oxidized.[1] T. Kamo, Science of the Field, 1, (2021) 28-44.[2] O. R. Luca et al. Molecules, 25 (2020) 1-9.[3] T. Jiang et al. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 204 (2020) 1-10.

Regular performance evaluations benefit your ED, and your organization

Some boards subject their executive directors to formal performance evaluations just as a matter of course. These boards put valuable time and energy into it, and in the end, the ED gets helpful insight into how they can improve in their roles while the board and ED have a clear understanding about the organization's direction and who's responsible for its operations.

“You Gotta Accentuate the Positive”: Japanese American Affirmation and Resilience in The Camp Dance: The Music and the Memories

“You Gotta Accentuate the Positive”: Japanese American Affirmation and Resilience in <i>The Camp Dance: The Music and the Memories</i>