Material In Production Of Concrete Research Articles

Partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash in concrete production: an exploratory cost-benefit analysis for low-income communities

Abstract Cement is an important construction material in concrete production; however, it is expensive and unaffordable for many low-income and rural communities in developing countries. Rice husk is a by-product from the rice mill process, with an approximate ratio of 200 kg rice husk per one tonne of rice produced. This experimental study aimed to investigate the integrity of concrete produced in Zambia using rice husk ash (RHA) to partially replace cement. The primary goal was to carry out a cost–benefit analysis on the use of RHA in concrete. RHA was used to partially replace cement with ratios of 10 %, 20 % and 30 %. The 20 % cement replacement mix produced the optimum 18 MPa concrete strength results at a 0.5 water/binder ratio. This translated in cost reduction of concrete by 12.5 %, which is particularly significant for higher concrete volumes. The produced concrete is suitable for lightly loaded structures, such as foundation footings, surface beds and walkways to benefit low-income communities. The study further concluded that the RHA based concrete was more cost-efficient in structures that were close to areas of rice production due to reduced RHA transportation costs.

Short-term analysis on the combined use of sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material in concrete production.

Globally, concrete is widely implemented as a construction material and is progressively being utilized because of growth in urbanization. However, limited resources and gradual depravity of the environment are forcing the research community to obtain alternative materials from large amounts of agro-industrial wastes as a partial replacement for ordinary cement. Cement is a main binding resource in concrete production. To reduce environmental problems associated with waste, this study considered the recycling of agro-industrial wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), rice husk ash (RHA), and others, into cement, and to finally bring sustainable and environmental-friendly concrete. This study considered 5%, 10%, and 15% of SBCA and RHA individually to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by weight method then combined both ashes as 10%, 20%, and 30% to replace OPC to produce sustainable concrete. It was experimentally declared that the strength performance of concrete was reduced while utilizing SCBA and RHA individually and combined as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) at 7, 28, 56, and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, the initial and final setting time is increased as the quantity of replacement level of OPC with SCBA and RHA separates and together as SCM in the mixture. Based on experimental findings, it was concluded that the use of 5% of SCBA and 5% of RHA as cement replacement material individually or combined in concrete could provide appropriate results for structural applications in concrete.

Influence of groundnut shell ash on compressive and tensile strengths of concrete

Research objectives are to determine the effect of groundnut shell ash used as partial cement replacement on concrete compressive strength. Groundnut shell ash obtained from the combustion results and passed sieve No. 200. Design mix is 21.7 MPa, with different variation percentage of groundnut shell ash in the order of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% as partial replacement of cement for mixes. Total of 60 concrete specimens with 150 mm in diameter and height of 300 mm and tested for compression and tensile strength in 14 and 28 days. The result according to variations percentages in compression strength test on average at the age of 14 respectively were 18.495; 19.250; 20.382; 22.647 and 20.005 MPa. Whereas 28 days respectively were 18.495; 19.250; 20.382; 21.703 and 22.741 MPa. The results in tensile strength at the age of 14 respectively were 2.218; 2.029; 1.746; 1.557 and 1.463 MPa and 28-day age concrete respectively were 1.934; 2.029; 2.123; 2.029 and 1.840 MPa. The highest compressive and tensile strength in days 14 were 22.647 and 2.218, and in days, 28 were 22.741 and 2.123. It was observe that the strength has increased and groundnut shell ash seems promising material in concrete production.

Effect of binder content and recycled concrete aggregate on freeze-thaw and sulfate resistance of GGBFS based geopolymer concretes

The use of waste materials in concrete production is important because of the recycling of these materials. In this context, the use of both geopolymer binder and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) becomes important. For this purpose, in this study, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) based geopolymer concrete containing RCA was designed and freeze–thaw (F-T) and sulfate resistance of these samples were determined. In the production of geopolymer concrete, three different binder contents (300, 400 and 500 kg/m3) and five different ratios of RCA (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were used. Samples that completed curing period were exposed to 100F-T cycles and two sulfate solutions (3% MgSO4 and 1.5% Na2SO4 + 1.5% MgSO4). Compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), weight change and sorptivity values ​​of these samples were determined. At the same time, these results were interpreted together with microstructure analysis (SEM and EDS). An exponential relationship was found between Ca/Si and Si/Al ratios of the samples and their compressive strength. Increasing in Ca/Si ratio and decreasing in Si/Al ratio caused an increase in compressive strength. As the binder content amount increased, the resistance of the samples against F-T cycles and sulfate solutions increased. With the increasing RCA ratio in the samples, there were increases in strength losses, but these losses were low and indicated that RCA was suitable for use in geopolymer concrete production.

Utilization of Waste Material in Concrete for Construction of Rigid Pavement

Millions of tons of waste is produced in the world each year and most of it is not recyclable. Furthermore, recycling waste consumes energy and produces pollution. In addition, accumulation of waste in the suburbs and the disposal of waste are very dangerous for the environment. Using waste material in concrete production is an appropriate method for achieving two goals: eliminating waste and adding positive properties in concrete. Since the green concrete industry is expanding, it is necessary to evaluate concrete that contains waste from all aspects in order to determine its capability. This literature study consists of two parts i.e. the use of waste as a substitute for cement and as a substitute for aggregates. Leading waste material that has been used as substitutes is highlighted and the characteristics of the resulting concrete are evaluated. Among other findings, rubber was found to have improved fire resistance and ductility in concrete and agricultural and PET wastes were successfully used in non-structural concrete, while glass helped to improve thermal stability.

Studies on properties of concrete prepared with partial replacement of Coarse aggregate by Electric Arc Furnace Slag

In recent decades, the construction industry is facing a difficulty arising out of decline in the availability of natural resource material for the preparation of concrete due to depletion. An investigation is carried out on the reuse of waste slag as an alternative material to natural material in concrete production, satisfying relevant international standards. Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) is a material which is obtained from the steel industry during the production of steel from its raw ore. It can be used as both fine and coarse aggregate in concrete. This paper presents about the usage of EAFS in concrete preparation and results of some tests conducted on it. This study concentrates on 50% replacement of EAFS as coarse aggregate in concrete preparation. The mechanical properties of the EAFS is addressed. The compressive and split tensile strength is analysed for the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. The test results revealed that partial replacement of EAFS as coarse aggregate showed more or less similar results when compared to conventional concrete. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to study topographic, crystallographic of material and chemical composition of slag and the corresponding results are included.

A new formulation for strength characteristics of steel slag aggregate concrete using an artificial intelligence-based approach

Steel slag, an industrial reject from the steel rolling process, has been identified as one of the suitable, environmentally friendly materials for concrete production. Given that the coarse aggregate portion represents about 70% of concrete constituents, other economic approaches have been found in the use of alternative materials such as steel slag in concrete. Unfortunately, a standard framework for its application is still lacking. Therefore, this study proposed functional model equations for the determination of strength properties (compression and splitting tensile) of steel slag aggregate concrete (SSAC), using gene expression programming (GEP). The study, in the experimental phase, utilized steel slag as a partial replacement of crushed rock, in steps 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. The predictor variables included in the analysis were cement, sand, granite, steel slag, water/cement ratio, and curing regime (age). For the model development, 60-75% of the dataset was used as the training set, while the remaining data was used for testing the model. Empirical results illustrate that steel aggregate could be used up to 100% replacement of conventional aggregate, while also yielding comparable results as the latter. The GEP-based functional relations were tested statistically. The minimum absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) for compressive strength are 6.9 and 1.4, and 12.52 and 0.91 for the train and test datasets, respectively. With the consistency of both the training and testing datasets, the model has shown a strong capacity to predict the strength properties of SSAC. The results showed that the proposed model equations are reliably suitable for estimating SSAC strength properties. The GEP-based formula is relatively simple and useful for pre-design applications.

A Review Paper on The Effect of Waste Paper on Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water are the materials to make concrete. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as cement replacement or addition in concrete production will reduce environmental pollutions. This review paper is to investigate the effect of waste paper on mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength and flexural strength. From many previous studies before this, 5% and 10% waste paper as cement replacement and additions were the ideal percentages to increase the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. This study indicates waste paper can give benefit by using it as additional material in concrete production.

Bio-Mineralization process on concrete substituted with different types of waste materials

Million tons of waste materials were produced in the world each year and most of it is not recyclable. To protect the environment from pollution and depletion, it is imperative to find explication for the safe disposal of waste materials. Using waste material in concrete production is a propitious method for eliminating the waste and reducing the cost of concrete. Also, the green concrete technology is expanding, it is necessary to utilize wastes in concrete that is generated from all the sectors. In construction large amounts of concrete from buildings was generated and demolitions made up 30-40 % of total wastes. Around 33 tons of Copper slag is produced across the world and 6 to 6.5 tons in India. Electronic waste is emerging as a serious public health and environmental issue in India and approximately 2 million tons of e-waste is generated annually. Concrete produced from wastes will have declination over the strength and it is necessary to improve the properties by some other technique. Self-healing concrete is a brand-new technology that ‘heals’ its own cracks and indicates a promising future in reducing the inevitable deterioration of concrete structures and the high maintenance costs involved. This research includes the inclusion of waste materials into the concrete and determination of compressive Strength of waste substituted concrete. Three major Wastes such as Demolition Wastes, Copper slag and E-Wastes were chosen to replace for aggregate and Bacteria subtilis a spore forming bacteria was used as an admixture to improve the properties of concrete. From the results obtained it has been observed that self-healing technology proves to be the fruitful and considerable increase in mechanical properties.

Effect of Shredded Waste Paper on Properties of Concrete

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water are the materials to make a concrete mixture. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind the mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition in concrete production will reduce environmental pollutions. This research is conducted to investigate the effect of shredded waste paper using copier and cardboard waste paper as additions to the compressive and flexural strengths and water absorption of hardened concrete. All specimens are subjected to water curing at 7 and 28 days. The results of compressive and flexural strengths increase at 5% and 10% additions of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper at 7 and 28 days of water curing. The finding shows that concrete containing 10% addition of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper exhibit the highest compressive and flexural strengths. For concrete water absorption, the higher water absorption is caused by the higher addition of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper. Furthermore, the results also show that shredded cardboard waste paper has higher strength and water absorption than shredded copier waste paper for all percentages of addition. This study indicates that shredded copier and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional materials in concrete production.

Mechanical properties of semi-lightweight concrete containing nano-palm oil clinker powder

The traditional materials used in concrete will run out some day. Therefore, waste materials can be used as an alternative material in concrete production. Palm oil clinker (POC) is one of these wastes. A new method to improve the performance of waste material characteristics is to treat and grind the waste materials to achieve nano-particle size. This study focused on the improvement of concrete strength by using different proportions of nano-palm oil clinker powder (NPOCP) as cement replacement, with a full replacement of POC as the coarse aggregate. Numerous replacement levels for cement have been conducted using NPOCP with 0% as the control mix and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the total binder weight to test slump, density and compressive strength. Results illustrated that the workability of semi-lightweight aggregate concrete (semi-LWAC) increases along with the increase of NPOCP content. Density also decreases along with the increase of NPOCP in the concrete mix. Moreover, the NPOCP with 40% as replacement level has the lowest compressive strength value among all other mixtures, and the 10% replacement level has the highest compressive strength of 39 MPa.

Subject Review: A Comparison of Using Recycled Rubber as Aggregate in Concrete

Due to the growth of the population, waste tires have a significant effect on the environmental issue. Every year, the decomposition of waste tire rubber is rapidly rising. Also, recycle rubber scraps into concrete production the main issue could be decreased. Recycle rubber scraps could be combined in concrete by substituting with fine and/or coarse aggregate. Decreasing the fine and coarse aggregate and preserving these natural materials. Furthermore, recycling the rubber scraps avoids the need for tire landfilling, as one of the main environmental problems of the future. A lot of investigation has suggested the use of alternative materials in concrete production, one such material that has gained a lot of attention is the recycled waste tire rubber. This study investigates of existing efforts of the literature studying recycled rubber scraps used as sand and gravel substituting in concrete production and its effect on numerous concrete characteristics.

Material Characterization and Optimum Usage of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) as Sand Replacement in Concrete

Recently, the deficiency of natural sand is considered one of the most important thoughtful issues in the construction industry as it is one of the raw materials of concrete. The use of industrial waste by-products as an alternative material in concrete production is one solution to natural sand depletion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the properties of the concrete containing Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) produced by coal-based power plants as sand replacement material. Initially, physical, chemical, microstructural properties like specific gravity, density, sieve analysis, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic were investigated. Then, the optimum replacement of sand with CBA was determined based on the workability, compressive and splitting tensile test. The results displayed that the physical properties of CBA are similar to sand. Moreover, CBA was classified chemically as Class-F ash. It was found that the optimum replacement dosage of CBA with sand is 10% in which achieved the targeted/designed strength. In general, CBA has good potential to be utilized as a sand replacement material.

Mechanical properties of rubberized concrete using truck scrap rubber

Concrete is becoming most widely used construction material owing to its versatility and dynamic nature of adopting addition of any admixture into it. Numerous research works were being undertaken by several researchers across the globe to study the inherent nature of concrete with and without various admixtures, replacement agents and chemicals. Usage of natural resource consumption is steadily on raise which is a point to ponder and this is also widely studied in context of concrete generation which is one of the prominent CO 2 emitting industry. Usage of alternate materials in concrete production is a trend gaining impetus, many materials studied in laboratory were being used in field already. This work primarily focusses on production of concrete using crump rubber as an additive material in concrete to increase its toughness and durability. Two different strengths of concrete (M 25 and M 35 ) are studied in this work with varying proportion of rubber added to the concrete. With the results obtained via design of experiments we had added crump rubber from 10 to 30% with reference to the weight batching and conducted experiments in M 35 grade concrete. Strength characteristics such as compressive, tensile (split) and modulus of rupture is calculated which is found to be decreasing with the increasing percentage of crump rubber. This may be the effect of voids created due to the crump rubber addition which can be filled via addition another admixture. Comparing with the control concrete a decrease in strength of about 18%, 39% and 26% is obtained for M 25 grade of concrete concerned with Compressive, Tensile and Flexural strengths, respectively. Concerned with the M 35 grade of concrete the same is found to be at 20%, 47% and 33% for Compressive, Tensile and Flexural strengths respectively comparing to the respective controlled concrete. Hence usage of crump rubber is suggested only at an optimal level above which the strength seems to be reducing.

Sorptivity and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete made with seawater and dredged sea-sand

The use of seawater and sea-sand as raw materials in concrete production has been gaining increasing attention due to the rapid depletion of freshwater and normal sand resources. On the other hand, partially replacement of cement with industrial waste materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) can considerably reduce CO2 emissions due to the reduced consumption of cement. In this paper a high strength concrete by using seawater (SW) and dredged sea-sand (DSS) was developed and the effect of the addition of different type and percentage of fibers on its properties was investigated. Two different types of synthetic fibers, namely polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with volume fractions of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5% were used for reinforcement. In all the concrete mixes cement was partially substituted with GGBS. Fresh concrete properties including slump, air content and fresh concrete density and mechanical properties, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile and flexural strength were examined. A series of durability tests were also conducted to determine absorption and sorptivity behavior of plain and fiber-reinforced seawater sea-sand (SWSS) concrete. According to the results, SW and DSS increased the early-age compressive strength of concrete by 11% and reduced the long-term strength by 10%. Incorporation of PP and PVA fibers respectively decreased (up to 12%) and increased (up to 10%) the compressive strength of SWSS concrete. Addition of both types of PP and PVA fibers changed the compression behavior of SWSS concrete from brittle to ductile mode of failure. The results also showed that the SW, DSS and different type and percentage of fibers had nearly no effect on the elastic modulus of concrete. Incorporation of PP and PVA fibers resulted in an increase of 17% and 23% splitting tensile strength compared to plain SWSS concrete. It was observed that using SW and DSS in concrete results in a considerable reduction in water absorption and sorptivity of concrete. Water absorption and sorptivity were further reduced with addition of the PP fibers. According to the results, fiber-reinforced SWSS concrete can be used specially in remote areas where freshwater and normal sand are inaccessible, and a level of cracking resistance is required.

Potentiality of Industrial Waste as Supplementary Cementitious Material in Concrete Production

Concrete is the principal material of construction in the modern infrastructural development of the world. Due to urban and industrial development, the demand for concrete is continuously increasing. Therefore, a huge amount of cement is required to produce concrete. Subsequently, industrial wastes handling and disposal are the foremost challenges for stockholders, posing serious environmental problems. In order to reduce the harmful impact, the concrete construction is offering a great alternative corridor to utilize industrial wastes as a supplementary cementitious material. This review emphasizes the potentiality of industrial wastes as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete production. The review aim is to enhance the awareness of using these wastes by expanding upon their, physical, chemical and engineering properties. This paper provides a summary of the available information about the effective utilization of industrial wastes such as fly ash, coal bottom ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag in the field of concrete construction. It has been found out that sugar cane bagasse ash has a higher amount of silica dioxide, which could create strong C-S-H gel in the concrete and enhance the strength of concrete. Therefore, this study shows that the combination of ashes could create a stronger bond between the ingredients of concrete and deliver higher performance concrete.

Proposing the use of fine stone cutting factory as recycled materials in concrete and study of design economy and environmental protection

During the past years, extensive studies have been performed on concretes containing rice husk ash and recycled aggregates, which have shown the advantages of those concretes. Comparison of recycled concrete materials from the aggregates of quarrying plants for use in laboratory mixtures is the difference between this study and previous studies in this field. In addition to mechanical tests and evaluation of the performance of recycled concrete and comparison of ordinary concrete, the evaluation of the design economy and environmental protection are also examined. The main purpose of this study is to achieve and introduce the most optimal conditions for the use and application of recycled stone materials in concrete production. Evaluate and compare the effectiveness of each of the hardened concrete parameters such as mechanical properties and engineering properties (compressive and tensile strength) as a result of using recycled aggregate replacement values, as well as conserving environmental resources that are non-renewable in many industries. Or renewed over very long periods of time, reducing construction waste and environmental pollution, creating employment and economic benefits are other goals pursued in this study.

EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVES PRODUCED FLY ASH

Fly ashes are used as pozzolanic admixtures or filler materials in concrete production. Increasing the use of fly ash is important both in terms of economy and environmental pollution. The interlocking concrete paves are commonly used in urban streets and pavements, in factory surroundings and etc. Interlocking concrete paves shall be above the minimum strength specified in TS 2824 EN 1338 standard. In this study, fly ash has been used as a substitute to cement in 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% ratios. The splitting tensile strength and water absorption characteristics of the pave have been determined. The usage of the FA in the production concrete pave is a more high quality production, more economical and a more environmentally friendly approach.

Effect of multi-adhesives on the properties of the concrete using sea sand and sea water

The study about the use of sea sand and sea water as a raw material in concrete production has great significance in terms of ensuring construction time and reducing costs in the exploitation and transportation stages, especially for those with coastal areas and islands. The paper presents the research results of the influences of some adhesive types on the properties of reinforced concrete using local materials such as sea sand and sea-water. From research results, it is initially showed that the effectiveness of using some types of adhesives, increasing corrosion resistance as well as quality of concrete using sea sand and sea-water.

Sustainable criterion selection framework for green building materials – An optimisation based study of fly-ash Geopolymer concrete

Green materials are considered as one of the prominent elements in designing an environmentally sustainable construction project. Studies have highlighted cement replacement is a popular method of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and replacing virgin materials in concrete. These options incur cost implications through sophisticated designs and technologies. The importance of maintaining a balance between environmental and economic benefits of a green design is critical for the decision making stakeholders in a construction project. However, designers often lack the resources and tools to initiate informed decision making for the optimum selection of a green material. In order to systemize the optimising process, the current study suggests a multi-objective optimisation based decision making framework for optimising the cement replacement materials in concrete. The study aims to present a sustainable criterion optimisation framework that could well be adopted to assess the sustainability of green materials in concrete production. A case study using fly ash geopolymer concrete in Melbourne demonstrated a reduction of 3.63% to 41.57% and 23.80% to 30.25% can be achieved for GHG emissions and production cost respectively if the developed optimisation based framework is implemented. The scenario results highlighted around 3% to 8% GHG and cost increase if material is not available locally. A similar approach can be utilised to optimise the environmental and cost savings of other cement replacement materials. Further studies are encouraged on comparing environmental and cost savings of other cement replacement materials using the developed framework. The framework will be valuable for designers in making decisions on sustainable cement replacement materials.