Material For Nonlinear Optical Applications Research Articles

Broadband optical nonlinearity and all-optical switching features in low-defect GaN.

GaN is a one of promising materials for nonlinear optical applications. In this work, the broadband nonlinear optical response and potential applications for all-optical switching (AOS) are evaluated in low-defect GaN. In the pump-probe experiments, the ultrafast optical switching times are consistent with pulse widths accompanied with relative weak free-carrier absorption response, and the modulation contrast can reach ∼60% by varying the polarization orientations between the pump and probe lights. In the visible region, the broadband two-photon absorption effect exhibits excellent values for the imaginary part of figure of merit (FOM), providing the possibility of AOS based on nonlinear absorption (magnitude). While in the near-infrared region and under the presence of three-photon absorption, not only the real part of FOM based on Kerr effect is evaluated, but also the maximum light intensity for the usage of AOS based on nonlinear refraction (phase) is determined. The broadband nonlinear optical and AOS features in low-defect GaN will be highly favorable for the applications in the field of integrated nonlinear photonics and photonic circuits.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, SC-XRD, Hirshfeld, DFT and in silico antidiabetic activity of novel imine (E)-N-(2-nitro benzylidene) naphthalene-1-amine, a newly synthesized imine: A theoretical and experimental evaluation

A novel imine compound, (E)-N-(2-nitrobenzylidene) naphthalene-1-amine (NBNA), has been successfully synthesized through the reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde and 1-naphthylamine. The structural characterization of NBNA has been carried out using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis. The XRD analysis reveals that NBNA crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21/c. The unit cell parameters of NBNA are determined as follows: a = 7.549 (4) Å, b = 19.680 (11) Å, c = 9.598 (6) Å, β = 107.96(3)°, and Z = 4. Notably, the crystal structure of NBNA is stabilized by π-π stacking interactions between the naphthyl moiety and the nitrophenyl moiety, occurring at a perpendicular distance of 3.542 Å. Quantum mechanical calculations employing the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) method in GAUSSIAN 09 software have been employed to determine the optimized geometry, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), and chemical reactivity descriptors of NBNA. The vibrational spectroscopic data has been compared with the DFT/B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) method and scaled using MOLVIB for analysis. By examining the NBOs, the distribution of electron density and the interaction between orbitals can be analysed, shedding light on the stability and reactivity of the compound. Additionally, frontier molecular orbital analysis and molecular electrostatic potential mapping are discussed to gain further insights. First-order hyperpolarizability studies have been conducted to explore the nonlinear optical behaviour of the molecule. By calculating and comparing the first-order hyperpolarizability of the compound with a reference molecule (in this case, urea), the obtained results indicate that the crystal of the molecule possesses a significantly higher first-order hyperpolarizability value (19.124 times urea) suggesting its potential as a promising material for nonlinear optical applications. An in-depth examination of the Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional fingerprint plot has been conducted to gain insights into the intermolecular interactions of the compound. Molecular docking studies are performed on the PPARγ target to assess the molecule's potential antidiabetic activity, revealing a binding energy of -6.71 kJ/mol for NBNA with the target. The comprehensive assessment of the compound's ADMET properties provides valuable insights into its pharmacological potential and aids in the selection of promising drug candidates.

Nickel curcumin complexes: Physico chemical studies and nonlinear optical activity

Current work presents a unique material for nonlinear optical applications. Two Ni-complexes: Nickel-Chloride-Curcumin NiCl2(Cur).2H2O (NiClCur) and Nickel-Acetate-Curcumin Ni(C2H2O3)2·2H2O (NiAcCur) were synthesized using curcumin (Cur) as a base ligand. Various spectroscopic techniques like UV–Vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectrometry, and Elemental analysis have been used to determine both complexes’ structural characteristics. 1H NMR study discloses the complexation between metal and ligand. Theoretical analysis of NiClCur and NiAcCur is accomplished by using Conceptual-Density-Functional-Theory (CDFT) methodology. CDFT-based descriptors such as HOMO-LUMO energy gap, dipole moment, molecular hardness, softness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index of both species are calculated. HOMO-LUMO energy gap of NiClCur and NiAcCur are found as 2.699 eV and 2.400 eV respectively. The Ni-complexes were studied for nonlinear optics (NLO) and transmission measurements were performed using a Z-scan method with nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. Along with transmission measurements, the optical limiting (OL) behavior of Ni-complexes was calculated. Quantitative analysis of the two-photon absorption coefficients for NiClCur and NiAcCur was determined to be 5 × 10−11 m/W and 9 × 10−12 m/W, respectively. The normalized transmittance (NT) dropped from 100% to 60% in both NiClCur and NiAcCur. This work opens up a new insight into the field of NLO, where Cur-based metal novel complexes are implemented.

The tin doping effect on the physicochemical and nonlinear optical properties of the manganese oxide (Mn3O4: Sn) thin films

Undoped and tin doped manganese oxide, Mn3-xSnxO4, (x=0, 2, and 4 at %) thin films were successfully elaborated by the chemical route defined in the spray pyrolysis technique and deposited on glass substrates at a temperature of 350 °C. The physicochemical characterization of the thin films was performed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) that showed a polycrystalline tetragonal structure for all thin films. Raman measurement confirmed the vibrational mode, A1g, and the XRD results with the presence of no secondary phases. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy depicted the surface morphology and the elemental composition (Mn, O, and Sn) of the elaborated thin films. Finally, the optical analysis was carried out, and it showed an increase in the average transmittance of the Mn3O4: Sn (0, 2, and 4 at %) from 57.6 % to 62.2 % for 700 nm and an increase of their optical band gap from 3.27 eV to 3.61 eV. We note also a decrease of their dispersive energy parameter Ed from 5.44 eV to 4.86 eV, of their static refractive index n0 from 2.02 to 1.86, as well as for their nonlinear optical parameters presented by the nonlinear refractive index n2 from 1.14 10-11 to 0.51 10-11 and the third order susceptibility χ3 from 6.14 10-13 esu to 2.49 10-13 esu. These values can be correlated to the poor crystallinity and the tensile strain of the Mn3O4: Sn (0, 2, and 4 at %) thin films, as well as to the high order of the optical bandgap energy and the decrease of the linear refractive index of these films. Hence, these thin films can be used as material for nonlinear optical applications.

Structural and optical properties of salicyl-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate: Thermal, DFT, MEP and Hirshfeld surface analysis

The structural characteristics and optimized geometry of salicyl-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (SMST), a derivative of the prominent electro-nonlinear optic crystal 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-N-methyl-4-toluene sulfonate (DAST) is investigated. Its morphology, spectral, vibrational, thermal, and electronic features have been examined in studies like FT-IR, UV-Transmittance spectroscopy, single crystal XRD and TG-DTA analysis. Thermal parameters like activation energy, entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy suggest that the reaction is slower and non-spontaneous. The optical constants like energy band gap, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and skin depth of SMST have been calculated. The energy band gap value is found to be 2.69 eV, which makes SMST a potential and promising material for non-linear optical applications. The dielectric behavior of SMST is in agreement with the property needed for NLO materials. Theoretical calculations like density functional theory and frontier molecular orbitals- HOMO and LUMO are investigated to analyze the structural properties, atomic arrangement, oriented geometry, and dipole moment. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Hirshfeld surface, and 2D fingerprint plot analysis are examined to provide information about the molecular interaction, crystal packing, electron density, and intermolecular properties of atomic contacts. Second Harmonic Generation of SMST shows greater efficiency than urea, which confirms that SMST crystal can leads to many applications in the optical field.

Tellurium based materials for nonlinear optical applications

Abstract Materials having broadband nonlinear optical responses find applications in photonics and optoelectronics devices. Novel materials with improved nonlinear optical properties are necessary for realizing effective all-optical switches, modulators etc. Tellurium (Te) and novel low-dimensional derivatives of Te offer intriguing nonlinear optical responses, making them promising candidates for design of various photonic devices.

Structural and Vibrational Investigation of Benzil-(1,2-Diphenylethane-1,2-Dione): Experimental and Theoretical Studies

Single crystals of benzil commonly known as 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione are grown by the slow evaporation method at room temperature. Gaussian 09 program is applied for theoretical calculations with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The structure is optimized, and the energy, structural parameters, vibrational frequencies, IR, and Raman intensities are determined. Complete natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis is carried out to analyze the intramolecular electronic interactions and their stabilization energies. From the second-order perturbation theory analysis of the benzil molecule, it is observed that there exists a hyperconjugative intramolecular stabilization energy between 17.45 and 22.76 KJmol-1. HOMO-LUMO analysis has been performed to identify the charges transferred within the molecule. The energy gap is calculated to be 2.919 eV and thus establishes the soft nature of the molecule. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the grown crystal was analyzed using the B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. First-order hyperpolarizability calculations reveal the nonlinear optical microscopic behavior of the benzil molecule with nonzero values. The total value of the first-order hyperpolarizability (βtot) is of the order of41.5246×10−31 esu, which is found to be 11.135 times that of urea. Hence, benzil can be referred to as a good material for nonlinear optical applications.

Analysis of the growth and physicochemical properties of the newly developed stilbazolium derivative 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4-N-methyl stilbazolium 2-formyl benzene sulfonate (DSFS) single crystal: an effective material for nonlinear optical applications.

A novel ionic stilbazolium derivative single crystal of 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4-N-methyl stilbazolium 2-formyl benzene sulfonate (DSFS) was successfully cultivated with methanol as the solvent by using the slow evaporation technique. Structural confirmation was done using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), and the obtained results reveal that the DSFS crystal crystallized in a centrosymmetric pattern with P1̄ space group. The presence of different vibrational modes in the DSFS crystal is affirmed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Linear optical constants such as cut-off wavelength, bandgap, extinction coefficient, Urbach energy, electrical conductivity and optical conductivity of the titular crystal were found from ultraviolet-visible-near infra-red spectroscopy (UV-Vis-NIR). The emission wavelength of the title crystal lies in the red region (620 nm), which was confirmed from the photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The surface nature of the grown ionic crystal was examined through the etching and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. With a He-Ne laser as the source, Z scan analysis was carried out to study the third-order nonlinear properties of the DSFS crystal.

Improved One- and Multiple-Photon Excited Photoluminescence from Cd2+-Doped CsPbBr3 Perovskite NCs.

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) attract much attention for light-emitting applications due to their exceptional optical properties. More recently, perovskite NCs have begun to be considered a promising material for nonlinear optical applications. Numerous strategies have recently been developed to improve the properties of metal halide perovskite NCs. Among them, B-site doping is one of the most promising ways to enhance their brightness and stability. However, there is a lack of study of the influence of B-site doping on the nonlinear optical properties of inorganic perovskite NCs. Here, we demonstrate that Cd2+ doping simultaneously improves both the linear (higher photoluminescence quantum yield, larger exciton binding energy, reduced trap states density, and faster radiative recombination) and nonlinear (higher two- and three-photon absorption cross-sections) optical properties of CsPbBr3 NCs. Cd2+ doping results in a two-photon absorption cross-section, reaching 2.6 × 106 Goeppert-Mayer (GM), which is among the highest reported for CsPbBr3 NCs.

Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Benzophenone Added Sodium Acid Phthalate Crystal—A Potential Material for Nonlinear Optical Applications

Sodium acid phthalate C8H5NaO4 is one of the suitable semiorganic single crystals hired in second harmonic generation conversion applications. In the present work, optically transparent Benzophenone doped with sodium acid phthalate (SAPB) single crystals were grown successfully by slow evaporation solution technique. Single crystal XRD analyses exposed that the crystal lattice of SAPB crystal is a monoclinic crystal system with unit cell parameters a = 6.77 Å, b = 9.31 Å, c = 13.58 Å, and space group B2cb. The crystalline nature of SAPB material was confirmed by powder XRD pattern. The functional groups present in the grown crystals were identified by the FTIR analysis ranging between 4000 and 500 cm−1. The optical transparency and band gap of grown crystals were measured from UV-Visible spectroscopy. The fluorescence emission spectrum of the SAPB crystal having a strong Yellow emission peak at 574 nm and the red emission at 631 nm are identified. The Vickers microhardness number (Hv) increases with increasing load. Meyer’s index number (n) calculated from Hv shows that the material belongs to the soft material category. Preliminary measurement using Kurtz powder technique with Nd-YAG laser light of wavelength 1064 nm indicates that their second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies of the grown crystals were presented 2 times in comparison with Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) was confirmed.

Prospective theoretical investigations of optical, dielectric, mechanical and third-order NLO property in potassium tri-hydrogen di-succinate single crystal

A propitious third-order nonlinear optical crystal potassium tri-hydrogen di-succinate (PTHS) (C8H11O8K) is grown by conventional slow evaporation technique maintained at 303 K. Single crystal XRD analysis (SXRD) evidences the grown crystal pertain to centrosymmetric space group P21/c with monoclinic crystal system and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirms the purity of the grown crystal. The existence of various functional groups was assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis and the optical absorption study authenticates to the transparency in the visible region. ICP-OES study substantiates the prevalence of alkali metal potassium. Interestingly, the Urbach energy of the grown crystal is explored to be minimum proving the good crystalline nature of the yielded crystal. The various optical constants were calculated in detail. The optical band gap was used to determine the position of the valence band (Ev) and conduction band (Ec) and the Wemple-Di-Domenico single oscillator method was used to find the different dispersive parameters. In dielectric, the various solid state parameters including electronic polarizability were calculated with different formulas and the value was proved to be higher than that of KDP. To determine the mechanical stability, Vickers microhardness test was carried out and their indentation size effect was elucidated by using different models. The crystal exhibits negative photoconductivity. By using photo acoustic study, the thermal diffusivity value is 1.25 times greater than standard KDP, signifying that the harvested crystal is remarkable material for nonlinear optical applications. In brief, the real and imaginary parts are reviewed by Z-scan technique and the susceptibility was compared with other single crystals.

Effect of Solvent on Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Behavior of Reactive Blue 19 Dye.

The present work focuses the study of effectof solvent on third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of reactive blue 19 dye dissolved in various polar solvents, namely ethanol, DMF and DMSO, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to find the functional groups present in reactive blue 19 dye. Third-order NLO features of reactive blue 19 dye was examined by a low power continuous wave laser of 650nm wavelength. Reactive blue 19 dye exhibit negative nonlinear index of refraction of the power of 10-7 cm2/W and the nonlinear coefficient of absorption of the order of 10-3cm/W. Both positive and negative nonlinear absorption coefficient of reactive blue 19 dye in different polar solvents is due to the characteristic behavior of saturable and reverse saturable absorption. Third-order NLO susceptibility of reactive blue 19 dye in polar solvents was determined to be the power of 10-6 esu. The experimental results reveal that the dye samplereactive blue 19 is a potential material for nonlinear optical applications.

Crystal structure, synthesis, growth and characterization of a non-linear chalcone crystal: (2E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one

A novel chalcone derivative (2E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (CPDAPP) was synthesized and crystallized by slow evaporation growth method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the monoclinic system of the compound with P21/c space group. The molecular structure was confirmed by using FT-IR, FT-Raman, 1H NMR and 13C-NMR studies. Transparency of CPDAPP crystal was studied by UV-Vis spectrum analysis and band gap was found to be 2.7 eV. Thermo gravimetric analysis and DSC measurements revealed thermal stability, material decomposition and melting point of the grown crystal. Photoluminescence spectrum revealed emission peaks in green region. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of CPDAPP was investigated in DMF using Z-scan technique with continuous wave (CW) DPSS laser at 532 nm wavelength. The title chalcone exhibited significant two-photon absorption, negative nonlinear refraction (n2 = − 1.25 × 10−8 cm2W−1) and optical limiting threshold = 1.91 kW/cm2 under the CW regime. A comprehensive theoretical study was carried out on the molecule of CPDAPP using density functional theory (DFT) and compared with experimental results. The optimized geometry and frontier molecular orbitals were calculated by employing B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. The optimized molecular structure was confirmed computationally by IR and Raman vibrational and 1H NMR and 13C-NMR spectral analysis. The static NLO properties such as dipole moments (μ), polarizability (α), first (β) and second order hyperpolarizability (γ) were computed. The electronic excitation energies and HOMO–LUMO band gap for CPDAPP were also determined by DFT. The experimental and theoretical results were in good agreement and the NLO study shows that CPDAPP molecule can be a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.

Crystal structure, physico-chemical and third order nonlinear traits of the novel (2E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-propoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (DMPP) chalcone single crystal

Optically highly versatile novel third-order organic nonlinear single crystals of (2E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4propoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (DMPP) which adapts to orthorhombic Pbca space group is crystallized by slow evaporation growth technique. Fourier transform infrared analysis affirms the presence of various functional groups in DMPP. Transparency and lower cut-off wavelength of the crystal were obtained using linear optical properties. The thermal stability without any weight loss is up to 220°C. The molecular structure of DMPP was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis. From the electrical conductivity studies, the suitability of DMPP chalcone for device fabrication with a very low activation energy value of 0.04 ​at 1 ​MHz and conductivity value of 10−4 ​S/m was observed for the first time. Further B3LYP/6-31G++ level has been used to obtain static first-order and second order hyperpolarizability parameters. The calculated value of first-order hyperpolarizability was calculated to be 96 times better than that of standard urea and several orders better compared to other 3,4 dimethoxy derivatives. The experimental third order nonlinear measurements were done by continuous-wave (cw) 632.8 ​nm laser. From the Z-scan measurements, the calculated imaginary and real third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility are of the order of 10−5 e.s.u. The experimental and computational results disclose that DMPP is a novel third-order optically active single crystal and a noteworthy material for nonlinear optical applications.

Z-scan investigation to evaluate the third-order nonlinear optical properties of cauliflower-like VS2 structures

V S 2 was prepared via the hydrothermal method and changing the reaction time and employing surfactant. The microstructural characterizations show the control of sheet dimensions and growth of crystal planes. The Z-scan study demonstrates the positive nonlinear n 2 due to the self-focusing effect and the two-photon absorption for nonlinear absorption. These results imply the effect of lateral dimensions of sheets in cauliflower-like structures on nonlinear optical responses. Also, the nonlinear optical susceptibility χ ( 3 ) is as high as 1 0 − 10 (esu). This study shows that the V S 2 flower-like structure and its similar nanostructures are promising materials for nonlinear optical applications and further considerations.

Growth, Experimental Studies and DFT Calculations on Gallic acid 5-Nitrouracilate Single Crystals for Non-linear Optical Applications

The growth and characterization of gallic acid 5-nitrouracilate (GA5NU) single crystals were grown using slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. Single crystal XRD analysis revealed that the grown crystal belongs to monoclinic crystal system. HOMO-LUMO and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) has been visualized and analyzed. The presence of various functional groups present in the host material was examined using FTIR spectra. Mechanical stability of the grown crystal is validated using Vickers microhardness study and the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. Various hardness parameters like fracture toughness, brittleness index, elastic stiffness constant, tensile strength and other hardness parameters were also calculated. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was also determined. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficacy of grown crystal was 2.97 times higher than potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), which makes the grown crystal as suitable candidate material for non-linear optical applications.

Synthesis growth and studies on optical, thermal and terahertz analyses of bulk size sodium acid phthalate single crystal: a metal–organic material for nonlinear optical applications

Optical grade semi-organic single crystal of sodium acid phthalate (NaAP) was synthesized, and the crystals were harvested by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST) in an ambient condition. The titled compound is a promising material for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications and crystallized in non-centrosymmetric system. The structural information of the above-mentioned crystal was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), which reveals that it belongs to orthorhombic structure and B2ab space group. The presence of defects in the harvested crystal was assessed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and found that grown single crystal is moderately good. The optical behaviour of NaAP crystal was examined by UV–Vis, photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL (TRPL), respectively. Thermal response and stability of the title compound were tested using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was evaluated using thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). The third-order NLO properties of NaAP single crystal had been evaluated by Z-scan method. The two-photon absorption coefficient (β) was calculated from open-aperture curve of Z-scan. The nonlinear study reveals that NaAP crystal is an appropriate choice in optical limiting usage. Terahertz (THz) time domain spectroscopy was used to study optical characteristics like refractive index and absorption coefficient of NaAP single crystal.

Investigations substituent effect on structural, spectral and optical properties of phenylboronic acids

Ortho- and para-substituent arylboronic acid are investigated. Geometric structure and structural properties of these compounds are done. IR and NMR spectrum are calculated for the spectral characterizations. Contour diagram of frontier molecular orbitals which are HOMO and LUMO is calculated and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map of them are obtained to evaluate the electronic properties and to determine the active site on the molecules. Non-linear optical (NLO) properties are investigated. UV–VIS spectrum of studied compounds is calculated and the wavelength of main band is examined. Then, some quantum chemical parameters which are total static dipole moment, the average linear polarizability, the anisotropy of the polarizability and first hyperpolarizability are calculated and it was found that B3 is the best NLO material for applications.

Physicochemical properties of cesium tetroxalate dihydrate single crystal: An efficient material for nonlinear optical applications

Herein we report the tunable optical limiting property of a metal–organic cesium tetroxalate dihydrate (CTD) complex. Temperature and pH were optimized to be 40°C and 3.5 respectively to grow CTD single crystal using the solvent evaporation method. The compound formation was confirmed by its response to single crystal and powder x-ray diffraction analysis. Thermal, mechanical, dielectric, linear optical, photoconductivity and photoluminescence properties of title crystal are reported. Nonlinear coupling between delocalized π-electrons of metal–ligand interaction and the oscillating electric field of a laser beam enhanced the nonlinear optical parameters. The third order nonlinear refractive index (n2), absorption coefficient (β) and susceptibility (χ(3)) of CTD complex under continuous-wave laser excitation are found to be (3.26±0.033)×10−8 cm2W−1, (10.33±0.41)×10−4 cmW−1 and (8.98±0.35)×10−5 esu respectively. Variation in two-photon absorption (2PA) coefficient measured under nanosecond pulsed laser excitation of different intensities confirmed the presence of sequential 2PA in CTD complex. The optical limiting threshold was investigated under different intensities were found to vary from (1.09±0.05)×1012 Wm−2 to (2.49±0.05)×1012 Wm−2 showing the intensity tunable optical limiting property of CTD material.

Enhanced optical, mechanical, photoacoustic and third-order nonlinear property of pure and crystal violet (CV) dye incorporated anthracene crystal: an efficacious material for nonlinear optical applications

Single crystals of pure and crystal violet (CV) dye-doped anthracene single crystals have been synthesized by solvent evaporation technique utilizing chloroform as the solvent. There is a significant enhancement in optical, mechanical, photoacoustical and third-order non-linear properties have been attained due to the incorporation of dye in the host material. The unit cell parameters and crystallinity of the grown crystals were examined using single crystal and powder crystal XRD analysis. The presence of various functional groups and mode of vibrational frequencies present in the grown crystal is determined using FTIR spectra. The doped crystal exhibits high optical transparency than pure which is evident in UV–Visible spectrum. Using Knoop hardness study the Young’s modulus value of pure and doped crystal is found to be 1.154 × 1010 Nm−2 and 1.394 × 1010 Nm−2. Doping of CV dye results in the enhancement of hardness number and various hardness parameters such as brittleness index, elastic stiffness constant and fracture toughness are calculated using Vicker’s microhardness study. Photoacoustic study depicts the thermal diffusivity value for the grown crystals and it is found to be 1.2505 × 10–6 and 3.128 × 10–6 for undoped and doped crystal respectively. The real, imaginary and third-order susceptibility of the doped crystal is prominent than undoped crystal were elucidated using Z-scan study.