Material Budget Research Articles

Theoretical Prediction Model for Surface Settlement Caused by the Excavation of New Tunnels Undercrossing Existing Tunnels Based on Modified Stochastic Medium Theory

The deformation pattern of the stratum caused by constructing a new metro tunnel crossing an existing tunnel is different from the deformation pattern caused by general tunnel construction. However, the prediction results by the ordinary surface settlement prediction model often bring significant errors because the complex influence of existing tunnels on the surface settlement caused by the excavation of new tunnels is always neglected. Based on the equivalent layered method and stochastic medium theory, a prediction model for the surface settlement due to excavating a new tunnel under an existing tunnel in the heterogeneous stratum was established. By equating the bending stiffness of an existing tunnel before and after applying the equivalent layered method, the layer index was determined. The critical parameters of the stochastic medium theory were derived based on the relationship between the critical parameters of both the Peck empirical formula and the stochastic medium theory. The surface settlement of some typical projects was predicted and compared by the prediction model in this paper and the ordinary prediction model. The comparison shows that the proposed prediction model and parameter determination method in this paper had high accuracy and applicability. The results of the prediction model in this paper fit the results of numerical calculation. The research of this paper can provide a new method for the theoretical prediction of surface settlement caused by the excavation of a new tunnel under an existing tunnel in the heterogeneous stratum and the determination of critical parameters of the stochastic medium theory.problem in the construction industry, and helps reducing the material waste and budget cost.

Design and evaluation of UKRI-MPW0: An HV-CMOS prototype for high radiation tolerance

High-Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) sensors are emerging as a prime candidate for future tracking applications that have extreme requirements on material budget, pixel granularity, time resolution and radiation tolerance. This article presents a new HV-CMOS prototype chip, UKRI-MPW0, aimed at pushing some of the boundaries of these sensors. This HV-CMOS chip implements a novel sensor cross-section which is optimised for backside biasing to unprecedented high voltages. Preliminary measurements have shown the chip is able to withstand high bias voltages (>600V) much beyond the state of the art, thus promising a large improvement in radiation tolerance. The design details and initial performance evaluation are presented in this paper.

Characterization of AC coupled SOI pixel sensor with pinned depleted diode structure

The experiment of the future electron–positron​ colliders has unprecedented requirements on the vertex resolution, such as around 3μm single point resolution for the inner most detector layer, with fast readout, and very low power-consumption density and material budget. Significant efforts have been put into the development of monolithic silicon pixel sensors, but there have been some challenges to combine all those stringent specifications in a small pixel area. This paper presents a compact prototype pixel sensor fabricated in LAPIS 200 nm SOI process and focuses on the characterization of capacitance of the sensing node with a pinned depleted diode (PDD) structure adopting a novel method of forward bias voltage and AC-coupling on the diode. Three PDD structures with 16 × 20μm2 pixel size were designed and compared using radioactive sources and injected charge. The measurements shows that the designed PDD structure has very low leakage current and around 3.7fF of equivalent input capacitance.

Zinc isotope anomalies in primitive meteorites identify the outer solar system as an important source of Earth's volatile inventory

The source of and timing of delivery of the volatile elements to Earth is a question that is fundamental to understanding how our planet evolved. Here, we show that primitive meteorites have resolved mass-independent Zn isotope anomalies from the terrestrial reservoir. Carbonaceous chondrites (CC), likely originating from the outer Solar System are distinct from non-CC, and Earth is intermediate between these two components. Modelling based on these data indicates that around 30% of Earth's budget of Zn and other moderately volatile material derives from the participation of 6% of CC-like materials during Earth's accretion, with the remaining coming from NC meteorites. This implies that, despite the relatively minor mass of Earth thought to derive from CC-like material, the CC component of Earth was relatively and significantly volatile-enriched; this is in line with the observation that the terrestrial elemental abundance pattern of moderately volatile elements could be explained by a carbonaceous source, and with the carbonaceous chondrite-like isotopic budget of more volatile-rich material accreted later in Earth's accretion history (e.g. Hg, Se, N, noble gases).

A light tracker based on scintillating fibers with SiPM readout

We have developed a novel light tracker based on plastic scintillating fiber arrays readout with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). The tracker consists of multiple planes, with the fibers in each plane oriented perpendicularly to those in the adjacent plane, in order to allow 3D track reconstruction. The fibers in each plane have round cross sections, with a diameter of 500μm, and are arranged in two staggered layers in a close-packed configuration. The fibers are readout by means of SiPM arrays with a 250μm strip pitch placed at one of their ends. Scintillating fibers allow a reduced material budget while providing a good spatial resolution and a fast response. This design is therefore suitable to track low-energy particles, such as the lowest energy cosmic rays or the electrons produced in Compton scatterings of gamma rays with energies down to 100 keV. We have built a detector prototype, equipped with Hamamatsu 128-channel SiPM arrays, readout with 32-channel PETIROC2A front-end ASICs. These ASICs are controlled by a custom data acquisition system board equipped with Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA with self-triggering capabilities. The prototype has been tested with particle beams, cosmic rays and radioactive sources. The tracker design will be presented and performance of the prototype will be discussed.

The Tangerine project: Development of high-resolution 65 nm silicon MAPS

The Tangerine project aims to develop new state-of-the-art high-precision silicon detectors. Part of the project has the goal of developing a monolithic active pixel sensor using a novel 65 nm CMOS imaging process, with a small collection electrode. This is the first application of this process in particle physics, and it is of great interest as it allows for an increased logic density and reduced power consumption and material budget compared to other processes. The process is envisioned to be used in for example the next ALICE inner tracker upgrade, and in experiments at the electron-ion collider.The initial goal of the three-year Tangerine project is to develop and test a sensor in a 65 nm CMOS imaging process that can be used in test beam telescopes at DESY, providing excellent spatial resolution and high time resolution, and thus demonstrating the capabilities of the process. The project covers all aspects of sensor R&D, from electronics and sensor design using simulations, to prototype test chip characterisation in labs and at test beams. The sensor design simulations are performed by using a powerful combination of detailed electric field simulations using technology computer-aided design and high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations using the Allpix2 framework. A first prototype test chip in the process has been designed and produced, and successfully operated and tested both in labs and at test beams.

Development of the ITS3: A bent-silicon vertex detector for ALICE in the LHC Run 4

In parallel with commissioning and installation of the second generation ALICE Inner Tracking System (ITS2), R&D is underway to replace the innermost tracking layers of the newly installed detector during the LHC long shutdown 3 (2026–28) with a fully cylindrical, bent-silicon tracker (ITS3) to be ready for LHC Run 4 (currently scheduled to start in 2029). By thinning down the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) to 20–40μm the silicon becomes flexible; using this in conjunction with sensor stitching will allow for truly cylindrical half-barrels to be produced. In addition, the intrinsic stability of the sensors and their low power consumption (≈ 20 mW/cm2) will facilitate the removal of the supporting material for the powering, cooling and data transmission from the active area of the detector. With this design, an unprecedented low material budget of below 0.05% X0 per layer can be achieved and the innermost of three new layers can be positioned 18 mm from the interaction point.A brief motivation for the development of the ALICE ITS3, a description of the detector specifications and highlights from the R&D are discussed in this contribution.

Optimisasi Non Linear Programming Multivariat pada Perencanaan Produksi Industri Manufaktur Baja Lapis Seng (BjLS)

The main objective of this study was to examine the potential of production planning process optimization in Zinc Plated Steel (BjLS) manufacturing industry through Non Linear Programming (NLP) simulation. The manufacturing industry in the steel sub -sector is one of the strategic industries as it is a pillar of national development. Global competition requires companies to continuously improve the efficiency of their production activities, which is heavily influenced by the production planning process. With good production planning, it is hoped that the company can optimize the use of limited resources to achieve the company's goals. This study found that the most appropriate optimization to the real situation of the BjLS manufacturing industry is multivariate NLP with constraints on production volume, production time, raw material supply and budget to purchase raw materials. This research can also provide input on the production mix that best suits the company’s resources.

Streambank and floodplain geomorphic change and contribution to watershed material budgets

Stream geomorphic change is highly spatially variable but critical to landform evolution, human infrastructure, habitat, and watershed pollutant transport. However, measurements and process models of streambank erosion and floodplain deposition and resulting sediment fluxes are currently insufficient to predict these rates in all perennial streams over large regions. Here we measured long-term lateral streambank and vertical floodplain change and sediment fluxes using dendrogeomorphology in streams around the U.S. Mid-Atlantic, and then statistically modeled and extrapolated these rates to all 74 133 perennial, nontidal streams in the region using watershed- and reach-scale predictors. Measured long-term rates of streambank erosion and floodplain deposition were highly spatially variable across the landscape from the mountains to the coast. Random Forest regression identified that geomorphic change and resulting fluxes of sediment and nutrients, for both streambank and floodplain, were most influenced by urban and agricultural land use and the drainage area of the upstream watershed. Modeled rates for headwater streams were net erosional whereas downstream reaches were on average net depositional, leading to regional cumulative sediment loads from streambank erosion (−5.1 Tg yr−1) being nearly balanced by floodplain deposition (+5.3 Tg yr−1). Geomorphic changes in stream valleys had substantial influence on watershed sediment, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen budgets in comparison to existing predictions of upland erosion and delivery to streams and of downstream sediment loading. The unprecedented scale of these novel findings provides important insights into the balance of erosion and deposition in streams within disturbed landscapes and the importance of geomorphic change to stream water quality and carbon sequestration, and provides vital understanding for targeting management actions to restore watersheds.

The Mu3e detector

The Mu3e experiment searches for the lepton flavour violating decay μ → eee with an ultimate sensitivity of 1 event in 1016 decays. This goal can only be achieved by reducing the material budget per tracking layer to X/X 0 ≈ 0.1%. For this purpose, the tracking detector is based on High Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS) thinned to 50 µm. The powering and data transmission is performed by means of polyimide-aluminum HDIs, which serve as mechanical support as well. The detector concept is presented, focusing on the technical aspects of the pixel tracker and the associated challenges.

Probing the properties of dense nuclear matter with photon conversions at NICA

Photons serve as valuable probes of the properties of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in collisions of heavy ions. Thermal photon spectra at RHIC and LHC energies indicate that the temperature of the produced medium far exceeds the temperature of the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma in lattice QCD calculations. Measurements of thermal photon spectra in heavy ion collisions at lower energies at the future NICA collider may help to trace the transition from partonic to hadronic degrees of freedom. In this contribution, feasibility studies on thermal photon measurements using the photon conversion method in the future MPD experiment at NICA will be reviewed. In this work, a possibility to increase photon reconstruction efficiency with a dedicated conversion layer is presented and feasibility to probe the material budget of the experiment with converted photons is discussed.

Progress in DMAPS developments and first tests of the Monopix2 chips in 150 nm LFoundry and 180 nm TowerJazz technology

Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) are monolithic pixel detectors with high-resistivity substrates designed for use in high-rate and high-radiation environments. They are produced in commercial CMOS processes, resulting in relatively low production costs and short turnaround times, and offer a low material budget. LF-Monopix1 and TJ-Monopix1 are large DMAPS prototypes produced in 150 nm LFoundry and 180 nm TowerJazz technology, respectively, that follow two different design concepts regarding the charge collection electrode. Prototypes of both development lines have been extensively tested and characterized over the last years. The second-generation Monopix prototypes, Monopix2, were recently produced. They were designed to address the shortcomings of their predecessors, in particular related to radiation hardness and cross talk, and further improve upon their performance. The latest measurements with LF-Monopix1 and TJ-Monopix1 concerning hit efficiency, depletion, and radiation hardness as well as the initial test results of the new Monopix2 prototypes are presented.

Performance of the ALICE upgraded inner tracking system

Major upgrades of the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) detector are underway and will be completed during the LHC long shutdown 2 in order to start operation in 2022 for LHC run 3. One key part of this upgrade is the new Inner Tracking System (ITS2), a full silicon-pixel detector constructed entirely with CMOS monolithic active pixel sensors. The upgraded ITS2 detector consists of three inner layers (50 μm thick sensors) and four outer layers (100 μm thick sensors) covering 10 m2 and containing 12.5 billion pixels with a pixel pitch of 27 μm × 29 μm. Compared with the silicon tracking system used during the LHC run 1 and run 2, the increased granularity, the very low material budget (0.35% X 0/layer in the inner barrel) as well as a smaller beam pipe radius, will result in a significant improvement of impact-parameter resolution and tracking efficiency. The assembly of the detector and services finished in December 2019, and the detector was fully installed in the ALICE experiment in May 2021. A comprehensive commissioning phase (on the surface) was completed in December 2020 to validate the detector performance. In this paper, an overview of the design and construction, as well as the performance of the ITS2 studied from the on-surface commissioning will be discussed in detail.

Tracking and vertex detectors at FCC-ee

The combined vertexing and tracking performance of the innermost part of the FCC-ee experiments must deliver outstanding precision for measurement of the track momentum together with an impact parameter resolution exceeding by at least a factor five that typically achieved at LHC experiments. Furthermore, precision measurements require stability and fiducial accuracy at a level which is unprecedented in collider experiments. For the innermost vertex layers these goals translate into a target hit resolution of approximately 3 mu hbox {m} together with a material budget of around 0.2% of a radiation length per layer. Typically this performance might be provided by silicon-based tracking, together with a careful choice of a low-mass cooling technology, and a stable, low-mass mechanical structure capable of providing measurements with a low enough systematic error to match the tremendous statistics expected, particularly for the run around the Z resonance. At FCC-ee, the magnetic field will be limited to approximately 2 T, in order to contain the vertical emittance at the Z pole, and a tracking volume up to relative large radius is needed. The technological solution could be silicon- or gaseous-based tracking, in both cases with the focus on optimising the material budget, and particle identification capability would be an advantage. Depending on the global design, an additional silicon tracking layer could be added at the outer radius of the tracker to provide a final precise point contributing to the momentum or possibly time-of-flight measurement. Current developments in monolithic and hybrid silicon technology, as well as advanced gaseous tracking developments, provide an encouraging road map towards the FCC-ee detector. The current state of the art and potential extensions will be discussed and a generic call for technology which could have a significant impact on the performance of an FCC-ee tracking and vertexing detector is outlined.

First demonstration of in-beam performance of bent Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors

A novel approach for designing the next generation of vertex detectors foresees to employ wafer-scale sensors that can be bent to truly cylindrical geometries after thinning them to thicknesses of 20–40 μm. To solidify this concept, the feasibility of operating bent MAPS was demonstrated using 1.5cm×3cm ALPIDE chips. Already with their thickness of 50µm, they can be successfully bent to radii of about 2cm without any signs of mechanical or electrical damage. During a subsequent characterisation using a 5.4GeV electron beam, it was further confirmed that they preserve their full electrical functionality as well as particle detection performance.In this article, the bending procedure and the setup used for characterisation are detailed. Furthermore, the analysis of the beam test, including the measurement of the detection efficiency as a function of beam position and local inclination angle, is discussed. The results show that the sensors maintain their excellent performance after bending to radii of 2cm, with detection efficiencies above 99.9% at typical operating conditions, paving the way towards a new class of detectors with unprecedented low material budget and ideal geometrical properties.

Tracking performance studies for the Experimental Setup at the Electron-Ion Collider

The US Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a future facility to be built at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to study the collisions of polarized electrons with polarized protons and ions. It will provide the answers to fundamental questions on quark and gluon interactions such as: how colored partons and colorless jets travel in the nuclear medium, the properties of the state of matter in high gluon density (low-x) regime, distribution of quarks, gluons, and their spin inside a nucleon. EIC is expected to run at the luminosity of 1032-1034 cm-2 sec-1 and center-of-mass energy 20-140 GeV [1]. ATHENA (A Totally Hermetic Electron Nucleus Apparatus) is one of the detector designs provided as the response to the call for the proposal issued by the EIC Project in 2021. It consists of a tracking system with wide pseudorapidity coverage (|η|<3.5), high granularity (pixel size of inner layers ~10 μm), and low material budget (0.05% of X0 per layer) for the innermost silicon layers to achieve good tracking and vertexing performances.

Online computing challenges: detector and read-out requirements

The operation at the Z-pole of the FCC-ee machine will deliver the highest possible instantaneous luminosities with the goal of collecting the largest Z boson datasets (Tera-Z), and enable a programme of standard model physics studies with unprecedented precision. The data acquisition and trigger systems of the FCC-ee experiments must be designed to be as unbiased and robust as possible, with the goal of containing the systematic uncertainties associated with these datasets at the smallest possible level, in order to not compromise the extremely small statistical uncertainties. In designing these experiments, we are confronted by questions on detector read-out speeds with an extremely tight material and power budget, trigger systems with a first hardware level or implemented exclusively on software, impact of background sources on event sizes, ultimate precision luminosity monitoring (to the 10^{-5}–10^{-4} level) and sensitivity to a broad range of non-conventional exotic signatures, such as long-lived non-relativistic particles. We will review the various challenges on online selection for the most demanding Tera-Z running scenario and the constraints they pose on the design of FCC-ee detectors.

Sensor Design Optimization of Innovative Low-Power, Large Area FD-MAPS for HEP and Applied Science

Fully depleted monolithic active pixel sensors (FD-MAPSs) represent a state-of-the-art detector technology and profit from a low material budget and cost for high-energy physics experiments and other fields of research like medical imaging and astro-particle physics. Compared to the MAPS currently in use, fully depleted pixel sensors have the advantage of charge collection by drift, which enables a fast and uniform response overall to the pixel matrix. The functionality of these devices has been shown in previous proof-of-concept productions. In this article, we describe the optimization of the test pixel designs that will be implemented in the first engineering run of the demonstrator chip of the ARCADIA project. These optimization procedures include radiation damage models that have been employed in Technology Computer Aided Design simulations to predict the sensors’ behavior in different working environments.

Penerapan Anggaran Biaya Bahan Baku dan Kinerja Pegawai Terhadap Laba Usaha Pada Perumahan Bersubsidi di Perumahan Gunung Walat Green Hill

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the implementation of the Raw Material Cost Budget and Employee Performance on Operating Profits in Subsidized Housing in Gunung Walat Green Hill Housing. The population of this research is the profit report of PT. Wandri Jaya from 2018 to 2020. In this study the researchers also used saturated sampling. Sampling is a technique when all populations are sampled. The independent variables are the raw material budget and employee performance. Secondary data collection is a source that does not directly provide data to data collectors, for example through other people or through documents. The data collected were analyzed using multiple linear regression with partial hypothesis test (t) and simultaneous test (F). The conclusion of this study is that raw materials have no partial effect on the company's profit policy, the performance of marketing employees has no partial effect on, and the raw material budget and marketing employee performance have a simultaneous effect on company performance. profit in the company PT. Wandri Jaya. In this study it can be suggested to the company PT. Wandri Jaya in meeting raw materials, the company should prioritize quality so that products meet standards, evaluate employee performance, especially the marketing department so that they continue to have good performance, through activities that have an impact on employee performance.

Penerapan Anggaran Biaya Bahan Baku dan Kinerja Pegawai Terhadap Laba Usaha Pada Perumahan Bersubsidi di Perumahan Gunung Walat Green Hill

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the implementation of the Raw Material Cost Budget and Employee Performance on Operating Profits in Subsidized Housing in Gunung Walat Green Hill Housing. The population of this research is the profit report of PT. Wandri Jaya from 2018 to 2020. In this study the researchers also used saturated sampling. Sampling is a technique when all populations are sampled. The independent variables are the raw material budget and employee performance. Secondary data collection is a source that does not directly provide data to data collectors, for example through other people or through documents. The data collected were analyzed using multiple linear regression with partial hypothesis test (t) and simultaneous test (F). The conclusion of this study is that raw materials have no partial effect on the company's profit policy, the performance of marketing employees has no partial effect on, and the raw material budget and marketing employee performance have a simultaneous effect on company performance. profit in the company PT. Wandri Jaya. In this study it can be suggested to the company PT. Wandri Jaya in meeting raw materials, the company should prioritize quality so that products meet standards, evaluate employee performance, especially the marketing department so that they continue to have good performance, through activities that have an impact on employee performance.