Matching Principle Research Articles

High efficiency extraction oxidation desulfurization of model liquid fuel catalyzed by MIL-101(Fe) supported peroxo-polyoxometalates

In this work, the encapsulating peroxo-polyoxometalate in the mesoporous of metal-organic framework (MIL-101(Fe)) to synthesize composite according to the principle of host-guest matching. The structure of the host-guest composite was analyzed by a variety of methods, and the catalytic activity for desulfurization was investigated under mild conditions. The composites combine the advantages of peroxo-polyoxometalate (high efficiency) and MIL-101(Fe) (good recyclability and high porosity), showing synergistic effect between host and guest. The sulfur-containing organic compounds in simulated liquid fuel can be almost completely removed under the catalysis of PW4@MIL-101(Fe). The catalyst PW4@MIL-101(Fe) can be reused for 10 times without prominent decrease in desulfurization activity, indicating that it has good reusability due to the confinement effect between the window size of MIL-101(Fe) and molecular size of PW4. In addition, several control experiments and electron spin resonance experiment were researched to explore the possible mechanism, and the results show that the active component in the catalyst can promote the decomposition of H2O2 into ·OH and thus accelerate the desulfurization reaction. This work discloses a facile and environmentally friendly method to prepare the "host-guest matching" catalyst with high activity and stable reusability, which provides ways for further developments in heterogeneous catalyst based on POM and MOF.

Fringe Benefits in Tax Law: Matching Principle and Tax Justice Perspective

This study addresses a significant issue within Indonesia's income tax policy, focusing on the taxation of fringe benefits and non-monetary compensations. Fringe benefits, being non-monetary rewards granted to employees, have gained prominence in various sectors' remuneration structures. The evolving landscape of in-kind taxation, encompassing natural elements, prompts inquiries into the determinants of tax imposition choices and their equity ramifications. The study aims to explore the income tax perspective on fringe benefits and non-monetary gains, emphasizing the applicability of the matching principle and its implications for equitable taxation. Despite the rising importance of fringe benefits, scholarly discourse on the alignment of conformity principles with in-kind taxes remains sparse. Therefore, this study offers a fresh contribution in comprehending this matter. Employing both a policy analysis and taxation approach, the study draws data from literature, tax statutes, and the latest economic reports. The findings underscore the significance of integrating the conformity principle in the taxation of fringe benefits and non-monetary rewards. This integration can augment the efficiency and transparency of state financial management, curbing detrimental tax avoidance practices that undercut state revenue. In summary, this study validates that adopting the conformity principle in taxing fringe benefits and non-monetary gains holds the potential to bolster state revenue and enhance fiscal management efficiency. The research's implications can guide policy makers in refining the national tax framework and fostering equitable taxation in Indonesia.

Couette-Poiseuille flow in a fluid overlying an anisotropic porous layer

In this study, Couette-Poiseuille flow inside a channel partially filled with a porous medium is treated. Considering the applicability to the practical scenarios, we assume that the porous medium is anisotropic in nature. More precisely, the model under steady-state assumption is described by the coupling of Brinkman-Forchheimer and Stokes equations. We develop the existence and uniqueness results corresponding to this two-dimensional Stokes-Brinkman-Forchheimer coupled system using the Browder-Minty theorem. For this we restrict the permeability to a diagonal matrix. The coupled system involves a non-linear term due to the Brinkman-Forchheimer equation. We propose an algorithm based on shooting and searching techniques to develop a numerical solution for this system, however, for an arbitrary anisotropic permeability matrix. The robustness of the presented numerical solution is established by comparing it with asymptotic solutions corresponding to small and large Darcy numbers. For the case of a large Darcy number, the problem of interest is a regular perturbation while the same is a singular perturbation problem for the case of a small Darcy number, which is dealt with using Prandtl's matching principle. With the velocity distribution determined, we have presented a comparative analysis of the shear stress distribution at the liquid-porous interface and at the bottom plate, which is of interest to analyze the stress distribution on the arterial wall. The asymptotic results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained numerically.

Design and experimental demonstration of a silicon five-mode (de)multiplexer based on multi-phase matching condition.

A compact 5-mode (de)multiplexer [(De)MUX] is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on the principle of multi-phase matching. The proposed device comprises a cascaded asymmetric directional coupler (ADC) based on 3-mode phase-matching, a polarization beam combiner, and a taper waveguide connecting them. The multiple modes in the access waveguides are matched to different modes in the same bus waveguide, which eliminates the need for additional taper structures and results in a total coupling length of only 18.9 µm. Experimental results exhibit that the insertion losses of the five modes are below 3.4 dB, and the mode crosstalks are below -15 dB at the central wavelength. The 3-dB bandwidths of TM0, TM1, TE0, TE1, and TE2 modes are greater than 100 nm, 46 nm, 100 nm, 28 nm, and 37 nm, respectively. The proposed device can serve as a key functional component in highly integrated on-chip mode-division multiplexing systems.

A bipolar Electrode-Electrochemiluminescence sensor for Salmonella typhimurium detection based on β-cyclodextrin Host-Guest recognition

A bipolar electrode electrochemiluminescence (BPE-ECL) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) host–guest recognition was constructed for the rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Firstly, the sulfhydryl β-CD (SH-β-CD, with inner diameter size: 6.0–6.5 Å) was assembled on the gold-plated cathode of BPE. Ferrocene (Fc, length: 3.5 Å; width: 4.4 Å) labelled signal probe and parts Fc-aptamer complement each other to form a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Due to its large size, the dsDNA with a double Fc (width > 8.8 Å) could not be embedded into the cavities of β-CD. In the presence of S. typhimurium, Fc-aptamer bond specifically to S. typhimurium, and the signal probe was shed from the dsDNA. Then, the signal probe (guest) was captured by the SH-β-CD (host) on the surface of the BPE. Due to the principle of spatial matching between Fc and SH-β-CD, a stable inclusion complex could be formed, which made Fc close to the cathode surface of the BPE. When a certain driving voltage was applied, Fc was oxidized to Fc+. The cathode surface of Fc+ would promote electron transfer, causing the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ at the anode emit light, and effectively convert the electrochemical signal into an ECL signal. 101-105 CFU mL−1S. typhimurium was positively correlated with Fc+ and ECL intensity, with a detection limit of 101 CFU mL−1. Therefore, S. typhimurium can be quantitatively detected by the electron transfer rate of the BPE.

The dis-matching effect: How argumentation type and message design influence persuasion for emerging technology products

Emerging technology products, like AI-driven goods or electric vehicles, have the potential to disrupt markets. However, little is still known about how to advance their adoption through advertising. Therefore, we conducted three experiments to explore the persuasive effects of argumentation used in an ad (argumentation type: abstract/concrete) and the design of an ad (message design: narrative/non-narrative) for emerging technology products. Previous studies have proposed a matching principle in advertising, suggesting that abstract argumentation is more persuasive when consumers feel psychologically distant from the message subject, while concrete argumentation is more persuasive when they feel psychologically close to it. However, our research reveals that the matching principle applies to established technology products (Study 1), while the dis-matching principle (aligning abstract argumentation with low psychological distance and concrete argumentation with high psychological distance) is more effective for emerging technology products, particularly when ads are designed in a narrative format (Studies 2–3).

Grid-supported electrolytic hydrogen production: Cost and climate impact using dynamic emission factors

Hydrogen production based on a combination of intermittent renewables and grid electricity is a promising approach for reducing emissions in hard-to-decarbonise sectors at lower costs. However, for such a configuration to provide climate benefits it is crucial to ensure that the grid electricity consumed in the process is derived from low-carbon sources. This paper examined the use of hourly grid emission factors (EFs) to more accurately determine the short-term climate impact of dynamically operated electrolysers. A model of the interconnected northern European electricity system was developed and used to calculate average grid-mix and marginal EFs for the four bidding zones in Sweden. Operating a 10 MW electrolyser using a combination of onshore wind and grid electricity was found to decrease the levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) to 2.40–3.63 €/kgH2 compared with 4.68 €/kgH2 for wind-only operation. A trade-off between LCOH and short-term climate impact was revealed as specific marginal emissions could exceed 20 kgCO2eq/kgH2 at minimum LCOH. Both an emission-minimising operating strategy and an increased wind-to-electrolyser ratio was found to manage this trade-off by enabling simultaneous cost and emission reductions, lowering the marginal carbon abatement cost (CAC) from 276.8 €/tCO2eq for wind-only operation to a minimum of 222.7 and 119.3 €/tCO2eq respectively. Both EF and LCOH variations were also identified between the bidding zones but with no notable impact on the marginal CAC. When using average grid-mix emission factors, the climate impact was low and the CAC could be reduced to 71.3–200.0 €/tCO2eq. In relation to proposed EU policy it was demonstrated that abiding by hourly renewable temporal matching principles could ensure low marginal emissions at current levels of fossil fuels in the electricity mix.

Bubble energy harvesting suitable for weak gas sources using bubble stream release scheme

The subsea observation network can provide a window for human underwater exploration, but existing power solutions fail to provide sustainable and maintenance-free power for its widespread nodes. The ocean contains a vast amount of bubble potential energy, which has yet to be extracted as an energy source. Existing bubble energy harvesting systems rely heavily on the considerable number of bubbles to generate high enough velocity, incapable of fully utilizing widely distributed weak gas sources. In this work, we propose a bubble stream release scheme specifically designed for weak gas sources, based on the threshold matching principle of the energy harvesting system. Compared to systems that cannot harvest any energy from weak gases, we use a large bubble to start the system and the following small bubbles can generate electricity that otherwise would be wasted. In a system with a height of 1.6 m, the energy density of the bubble stream release scheme reaches 119.31 mJ/L, which is 7.6 times higher than that of the conventional scheme. The advantages of the bubble stream release scheme become more significant as the system height increases. This research allows abundant weak gas sources to become a promising energy source for subsea observation network nodes, accelerating the development of the smart ocean.

Adaptive edge finite element method and numerical design for metasurface cloak

Metasurfaces are metamaterials with two-dimensional (2D) or planar structures. Compared to traditional metamaterials, metasurfaces have the advantage of being lightweight, easy to control and simple to design. This paper outlines the phase matching principle and constitutive parameter theory of electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces, as well as the constitutive parameter analysis and model equations for metasurface cloaks. Due to the singularity of the metasurface cloak, an Adaptive Edge Finite Element Method (AEFEM) is developed in this paper. In addition, the convergence theory of the AEFEM for the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations with one sign-changing coefficient is established under the T-coercivity assumption. Numerical simulations of the arc-shaped metasurface cloak have confirmed the accuracy of our model and numerical theory. Furthermore, we have used our numerical method to design a triangular-shaped metasurface cloak with fewer singularities.

Dual-bionic superwetting gears with liquid directional steering for oil-water separation

Developing an effective and sustainable method for separating and purifying oily wastewater is a significant challenge. Conventional separation membrane and sponge systems are limited in their long-term usage due to weak antifouling abilities and poor processing capacity for systems with multiple oils. In this study, we present a dual-bionic superwetting gears overflow system with liquid steering abilities, which enables the separation of oil-in-water emulsions into pure phases. This is achieved through the synergistic effect of surface superwettability and complementary topological structures. By applying the surface energy matching principle, water and oil in the mixture rapidly and continuously spread on preferential gear surfaces, forming distinct liquid films that repel each other. The topological structures of the gears facilitate the overflow and rapid transfer of the liquid films, resulting in a high separation flux with the assistance of rotational motion. Importantly, this separation model mitigates the decrease in separation flux caused by fouling and maintains a consistently high separation efficiency for multiple oils with varying densities and surface tensions.

Square-package arrays for efficient trapping of terahertz waves

In this paper, a broadband metamaterial absorber consisting of the doped silicon substrate and the square array of doped silicon covered by a SU-8 layer is presented. The target structure achieves an average absorption of 94.42% in the studied frequency range (0.5–8 THz). In particular, the structure exceeds 90% absorption in the frequency range of 1.44–8 THz, which is a significant increase in bandwidth relative to reported devices of the same type. Next, the near-perfect absorption of the target structure is verified by the impedance matching principle. Furthermore, through the analysis of the electric field distribution inside the structure, the physical mechanism of its broadband absorption is investigated and explained. Finally, the impact of fluctuations in the incident angle, polarization angle, and structural parameters on the absorption efficiency is examined at length. The analysis shows that the structure has characteristics, such as polarization insensitivity, wide-angle absorption, and good process tolerance. The proposed structure is advantageous for applications in THz shielding, cloaking, sensing, and energy harvesting.

Target layer state estimation in multilayer complex dynamical networks using functional observability

In large-scale complex dynamical networks, it is significant to estimate the states of target nodes with only a part of measured nodes. Meanwhile, multilayer complex dynamical networks exist widely in society and engineering. Therefore, it has important theoretic meaning and practical value to study the state estimation of target nodes in multilayer complex dynamical networks with limited node measurements. In this paper, with the measurable state information of a portion of nodes in one layer in the multilayer complex dynamical network, the state estimation of target nodes in other layers is studied. First, we build the model of the multilayer complex dynamical network which includes some target nodes and sensor nodes. Second, auxiliary nodes are selected by using the maximum matching principle in graph theory to construct the augmented node set. Third, we discuss the relationship between the minimum number of auxiliary nodes and interlayer connection probability in the multilayer complex dynamical network. Forth, an appropriate functional state observer is designed with limited number of measured nodes according to a typical model-based algorithm. Finally, numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method can achieve the accurate estimation with less placement of observers and fewer computational costs in the multilayer complex dynamical network.

Understanding the Quantitative Matching Principle of Reaction and Distillation for the Reactive Distillation Process of Cyclohexyl Acetate Synthesis

The matching problem of reaction and separation in reactive distillation (RD) is an urgent problem, and the main reason for little relevant research is that there is no suitable RD for experiments. To understand the matching principle, this work designed KRD001#SCPI and HY@SiC catalytic packings, which tend to different coupling ratios of reaction and separation. The pilot-scale RD experiments and corresponding simulation of cyclohexyl acetate production were studied to verify matching coupling of different reaction RD requirements. Upon verification of this, conventional RD processes were considered from economic, environmental, and energy perspectives, and a new matching form of RD was further proposed based on uneven product distribution. For a ternary reaction system where product was heavy, product concentration moved downward, catalytic packings with high reaction rates were needed at lower reaction sections to avoid a reverse reaction, and those with high separation efficiency are needed at the upper section to separate product and reactants better.

Linear scaling of charge transfer versus work function of Ammonia chemisorption on X-metal (X = Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt) surface

Although the d-band center theory can efficiently describe the interaction between gas molecules and transition metal surfaces, the specific reaction process and detailed adsorption criteria remain unclear. Therefore, we systemically investigated the adsorption process and mechanism of Ammonia (NH3) molecules on transition metal (i.e., Ag, Au, Pd and Pt) surfaces using first-principles calculations. Results indicate that the NH3 molecule undergoes chemisorption on the Pt (111) surface with considerable charge transfer and adsorption energy, indicating that Pt metal is a promising NH3-sensitive material. Furthermore, the chemisorption primarily entails the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of NH3, and the metal atoms conform perfectly to the principles of energy-level matching, wave function matching, and maximal orbital wave function overlap. Notably, a linear relationship exists between the charge transfer of NH3 and the work function of X-metal substrates. Our findings provide a feasible way to efficiently design NH3-sensitive materials for experiments.

Adjustable Trifunctional Mid-Infrared Metamaterial Absorber Based on Phase Transition Material VO2.

In this paper, we demonstrate an adjustable trifunctional absorber that can achieve the conversion of broadband, narrowband and superimposed absorption based on the phase transition material vanadium dioxide (VO2) in the mid-infrared domain. The absorber can achieve the switching of multiple absorption modes by modulating the temperature to regulate the conductivity of VO2. When the VO2 film is adjusted to the metallic state, the absorber serves as a bidirectional perfect absorber with switching capability of wideband and narrowband absorption. The superposed absorptance can be generated while the VO2 layer is converted to the insulating state. Then, we introduced the impedance matching principle to explain the inner mechanism of the absorber. Our designed metamaterial system with a phase transition material is promising for sensing, radiation thermometer and switching devices.

JamTac: A Tactile Jamming Gripper for Searching and Grasping in Low-Visibility Environments.

Humans can feel and grasp efficiently in the dark through tactile feedback, whereas it is still a challenging task for robots. In this research, we create a novel soft gripper named JamTac, which has high-resolution tactile perception, a large detection surface, and integrated sensing-grasping capability that can search and grasp in low-visibility environments. The gripper combines granular jamming and visuotactile perception technologies. Using the principle of refractive index matching, a refraction-free liquid-particle rationing scheme is developed, which makes the gripper itself to be an excellent tactile sensor without breaking its original grasping capability. We simultaneously acquire color and depth information inside the gripper, making it possible to sense the shape, texture, hardness, and contact force with high resolution. Experimental results demonstrate that JamTac can be a promising tool to search and grasp in situations when vision is not available.

Metamaterial of sodium-graphene for bifunctional perfect absorber

In this paper, a bifunctional metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) by combining sodium and graphene with the two-dimension grating structure is proposed, which can serve as both a tunable absorber and a refractive index sensor. The proposed MPA can achieve perfect absorption for near-infrared light by combining the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the impedance matching principle for optimization. The calculation results of the FDTD and the finite element method are in good agreement. The perfect absorption of the MPA is well explained by the electric and magnetic field distribution attributed to the metal assisted guided-mode resonance. Furthermore, the simulation results indicate that the peak modulation depth of MPA achieves 61.99% by tuning the chemical potential of graphene. In terms of sensing performance, the MPA has a figure of merit value of 284 RIU−1, which is a substantial advancement compared with the sensors reported previously. By virtue of the structural simplicity, polarization-insensitivity, tunable absorption efficiency, high sensitivity, and long penetration depth, the MPA offers a wide range of applications in the fields of photoelectric detection, photoelectric modulation, biology, and chemistry.

HPSA: a high-performance smart aggregate for concrete structural health monitoring based on acoustic impedance matching method

Piezoceramic-based ultrasonic transducers have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of functioning as smart aggregates (SAs) to detect damages for concrete structures in laboratory-sized structural members. The restriction of its further engineering application is the limited propagation distance due to the large energy loss during wave transmission. Aiming to reduce the energy loss of piezoceramic-based sensors, the authors proposed a high-performance piezoceramic-enabled SA based on acoustic impedance matching principle. The main contribution to the performance enhancement comes from the proposed surface treatment of the lead zirconate titanate patch and acoustic impedance matching layer. Comparative experiments with commercial SAs validate the improved performance. Besides, a field test with different wave propagation distances fully illustrates the perspective of the proposed superior transducer in large infrastructure engineering applications.

Design and Analysis of a Miniaturized Broadband Resistive Film Absorber to Reduce Chip System Radiation

This study designed a resistive film absorber (RFA) with > 90% absorptivity in the 16–27 GHz broadband to reduce electromagnetic radiation in on-board chip architectures. The size of the RFA unit is miniature, which is only 0.1λ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">_L</i> × 0.1λ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">_L</i> × 0.06λ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">_L</i> (where λ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">_L</i> is the lowest operating frequency cutoff wavelength). First, the impedance matching and loss principle of the RFA are analyzed based on the intrinsic parametric method and equivalent circuit theory. This explains the influences of each parameter on absorption performance and verifies that the designed RFA has good polarization insensitivity and angle stability. In addition, the measurements of a prototype RFA were obtained and found to be consistent with simulation results, which proves the feasibility of the RFA. Finally, the RFA was added to a chip architecture to verify its electromagnetic suppression effect with consideration of the influence of temperature on absorption performance. The combined simulation results indicate a significant reduction in the far-field radiation values of the chip architecture, with the maximum electromagnetic radiation suppression effect being 12 dB. These results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed electromagnetic suppression scheme and indicate that the RFA has wide application prospects for radiation suppression in chip systems and electronic packaging.

A Hybrid Impedance Matching Network for Underwater Acoustic Transducers

The underwater acoustic transducer (UAT) is an electro-acoustic conversion device, which is a nonlinear reactive load. An impedance matching network is usually added between the power amplifier and the UAT. This paper proposes a hybrid impedance matching network (HIMN) combining passive impedance matching and active impedance matching. Compared with the conventional matching, this method can improve the matching frequency range and reduce matching delay. Firstly, the impedance model of the UAT is proposed, and the matching principle of the HIMN is analyzed. On this basis, the parameter design method is given within the required frequency range. Then, to reduce the matching delay of the system, a control method based on reference signal synchronization is proposed, including the reference compensation voltage calculation method and model prediction control (MPC) with two-step prediction. Finally, the simulation and experimental hardware in loop (HIL) results are given, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed HIMN and control algorithm proposed in this paper. The results show that the proposed HIMN can achieve a wider matching frequency range and shorter matching delay.