Matching Area Research Articles

Intra- and interindividual variation in the power law exponent for area summation

Subjects were required to indicate the magnitudes of subjective sums of areas of regular 20-sided polygons by three methods—generation of a polygon of matching area, estimation of the ratio of the subjective sum to a fixed area, and magnitude estimation. Power law exponents were estimated for each subject by maximum likelihood estimation. A very large amount of interindividual exponent variation was observed. Exponents resulting from magnitude estimation were consistent on the average with previous results, but exponents from area matching and ratio estimation were much larger and close to unity. When subjects were given feedback on the discrepancy between their responses and physical area summation, they readily shifted their exponents toward unity.

Diagnosis of tritanopic vision by means of the D and H color-rule.

11 tritans of whom 4 were first diagnosed 20 years ago were tested with the D & H Color-Rule and found to exhibit a characteristic pattern of extended matching areas.

Electrical structure of matching cleavage surfaces of CaF2, LiF, NaCL, MgO and mica single crystals

AbstractThe method of decoration with anthraquinone has been used to study the electrical structure of matching cleavage surfaces of CaF2, LiF, NaCl, MgO and mica single crystals on the scale of optical microscopy. It has been found that the crystallization images of anthraquinone on matching areas of cleavage surfaces are regularly interconnected. From these crystallization pictures the electrical structure of the matching areas has been determined. The matching areas of CaF2 cleavages along (111) have identical charge signs; the LiF matching cleavage areas along (100) have either opposite charge sings or identical but differing in magnitude; the NaCl matching cleavage surfaces along (100) are mainly charged negatively, however, regions are also observed which differ either in charge sign or magnitude; the matching areas of MgO cleavage surfaces along (100) are either charged positively of display low electrical activity; the matching cleavages of mica along (001) contain mostly positively charged areas with electrical axes displaced by 120° with respect to one another, small areas which are charged negatively, and also regions of low electrical activity. Suggestion is made that on brittle fracture of crystals the precise cleavage planes are in many cases attributed to the defect structure of crystals, to the presence of two‐dimensional boundaries between areas of different electrical structure. Fracture of single crystals, however, can also occur statistically as a consequence of their ideal or highly generalized defect structure. The regular correspondence of crystallization pictures on the surface of local areas of matching cleavages lends further support to the view that crystallization is a matrix replication process, programmed in the electrical structure of crystal substrates.

Internal state models for magnitude estimation and related experiments

Most theory and experiment in magnitude estimation, cross-modality matching, and related areas, has concerned the relation between average responses to various stimuli and the physical measures of these stimuli. In this paper, a class of internal state models is presented that predicts the detailed form of the response distribution to individual stimuli. These models generalize an earlier model that dealt with response distributions in magnitude estimation experiments, and they are also compatible with most of the results that are usually stated as being correct for the various relations between average responses and the relevant physical measures of the stimuli.

Psychological correlates of pet ownership.

What are the psychological effects of relating to 3 person who features, among other things, instant compliance, unrelenting positive regard toward oneself, intrinsic charm, and no faults-in short, is 'perfect'? Many owners view their pets as this and more, yet obviously these characteristics exist mainly 'in the eye of the beholder' rather than being a function of the animal himself. Any person who tried to relate to real people as he did to his pet or judged real people relative to his pet would either have his expectations dashed or be sadly disappointed. Perfect fantasies have small correspondence with real life. Yet today in our society pet owners are encouraged to regard their fantasies (i.e., pets) as real, and to the degree that an ownec adopts this societal suggestion, psychologically the pet seems to function as a detriment to effective social relationships and consequently to the person's mental health. Recently, in harmony with such theoretic expectations, we found that pet owners claimed to like people as nor to feel as liked by others as non-owners ( 1 ) and our results were re-tested and extended in the present study. Three matched stratified random area samples of a country area, a town, and three major cities yielded 80, 306, and 122 Ss aged 12 to 89 yr. respectively. The self-report questionnaire was delivered by student volunteers; the rejection rate was less than 1 4 % . Ss filled out a rating scale consisting of four items: ( 1 ) how d o people-in-general like you?, ( 2 ) how d o you like people-in-general?, ( 3 ) how do you like petsin-general? and, if he owned a pet ( 4 ) how do you like your p e t ( s ) ? Ratings were made along a 10-unit line above which was printed very m u c h (superordinate to the numbers 1-2), considerably ( 3 4 ) , somewhat ( 5 6 ) , very little ( 7 8 ) , and not at all (9-10) . Test-retest reliabilities for the scales ranged from .6G to .94 over G wk. Half the sample took the Cameron Religious Dimensions scale and Canter's short form of the Barron Ego-Strength scale, while the rest were administered the Eysenck scale. For the town and city samples there were no age differences in claimed liking of people, while females and non-owners claimed to like people more; while the country sample evidenced no differences along these dimensions. Pet owners tended to claim less felt regard from others (3-way analysis of variance, F = 5.57; P < .07, one-tailed) as previously (Cameron, et al., 1966) noted. Urban pet owners scored lower on the Egostrength scale (3-way analysis of variance; F = 5.40; P < .03) while no difference o n the Eysenck neuroticisrn or extraversion scales was noted. Owners claimed that religion was of less value (F = 3.77; P < .06) as indexed by the Religious Dimensions scale. Owner's mean ranking of their liking of pets = 2.86 (SD = 1.74); of people = 3.17 (SD = 1.72); thus their claimed liking of pets exceeded their claimed liking of people ( t = 1.89; P < .07). Non-owner's mean ranking of their liking of people = 2.62 (SD = 1.37); of pets = 4.67 ( S D = 2.31); thus non-owner's claimed liking of people exceeded their claimed liking of pets ( t = 11.2; P < ,001) . Attachment to one's pet averaged 2.06, dearly within the very much affective area. While the overlap between pet owners and non-owners along each of these psychological domains was considerable, the differences suggest that pet owners are less psychologically healthy than non-owners.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NICKEL‐TOXICITY SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSORPTION OF IRON AND NICKEL

During a 70‐day experimental period from germination to maturity, the iron content of oat plants that showed symptoms of nickel toxicity changed little, but the nickel content increased rapidly for about 30 days and then decreased slowly. Necrosis varied little with time, while chlorosis increased in severity for 40 days, then decreased until unfolding young leaves were no longer chlorotic. This change in chlorotic symptoms was correlated with the nickel‐iron ratio in the plant.Autoradiographs of leaves from plants supplied with radioactive iron showed that necrotic areas in the leaf matched areas in the autoradiograph having a very low content. Chlorotic areas were found to correspond with areas whose iron content was lower than that of healthy tissue. More iron was found in the veins than in the interveinal tissue, and its distribution was the same whether supplied as ferric citrate or in a chelated form.The concentration of iron in mature leaves from oat plants growing in a nickel toxic soil was lowest in the necrotic areas of the leaf, suggesting a migration of nutrients out of this dying tissue.