Mastitis In Dairy Goats Research Articles

Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats (Review)

Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats (Review)

Probiotics as a Novel Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Goats to Combat a Nutritional Concern

Probiotics as a Novel Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Goats to Combat a Nutritional Concern

0725 Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione treatment in the inflammatory response to induced subclinical mastitis in dairy goats receiving adequate vitamin supplementation

0725 Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione treatment in the inflammatory response to induced subclinical mastitis in dairy goats receiving adequate vitamin supplementation

Indirect diagnostic tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to assess two diagnostic techniques (California mastitis test (CMT) and the somatic cell count (SCC)) that can diagnose mastitis in dairy goats. Experimental infection was conducted using 20 mammary glands, a strain of Staphylococcus aureus, an infectious dose of 1.2x108CFU mL-1 and a volume of 1mL per mammary gland. The CMT and the SCC were used to detect subclinical mastitis. Bacterial culture (BC) was performed immediately after milk collection and was used as the gold standard. Four experimental time points were established (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation). Analysis of the ROC curve confirmed that the best combination of sensitivity and specificity were obtained with a cutoff point of 405.5, 6030.0 and 729.5x103 cells mL-1, respectively at M1, M2 and M3. Furthermore, considering the drop in sensitivity throughout the experimental time points, the use of serial bacterial cultures are recommended, particularly in herds with a high prevalence of S. aureus.

Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Goats Caused by Bacterial Species

Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Goats Caused by Bacterial Species

Epidemiological studies on subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in northern regions of Bangladesh

A cross sectional study was carried out from June, 2008 to December, 2010 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to determine the responsible bacterial pathogens in lactating dairy goats in northern districts of Bangladesh. A total of 292 goats and 584 udder halves milk samples were screened using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was 56.2% (164/292), and in udder half level it was 33.9% (198/584). The subclinical mastitis prevalence at goat level was high (71.6%) in Jamnapari goats as compared to Black Bengal goats (50.2%), whereas at the udder half level, subclinical mastitis prevalence was 45.1% and 29.6% in Jamnapari and Black Bengal goats, respectively. The pathogens isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were coagulase negative Staphylococci, Coliforms, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Among these, the most frequent isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococci (28.8%), Coliforms (22.7%) and Streptococcus spp (15.2%). Out of four potential host related risk factors considered, litter size and body condition of goats were found to influence the prevalence rate of subclinical mastitis in goat significantly (p< 0.05). On the other hand, the subclinical mastitis was very significantly (p=0.0001) associated with the housing system of goats, i.e., goats reared in raised floor had a low subclinical mastitis infection rate (35.8%) as compared to reared in earth floor (62.2%). Antibiogram studies were also performed for the bacterial isolates and Gentamicin was found to be the most effective drug.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 112-122, Jan-Dec 2012

Potential use of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with mastitis in dairy goats.

Mastitis caused by microbial infections in dairy goats reduces milk yield, modifies milk composition, and potentially contributes to morbidity in herds and consumers of dairy products. Microorganisms associated with mastitis in dairy goats are commonly controlled with antibiotics, but it is known that continued use of these chemical agents promotes antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. Recently, it has been shown that bacteriocins of Bacillus thuringiensis inhibit growth of food-borne pathogens and also bacteria associated with bovine mastitis. However, there is no report on their ability to inhibit microorganisms linked to mastitis in dairy goats. In this study, using 16S rDNA and ITS regions of rDNA, we identified nine bacterial isolates and an encapsulated yeast associated with mastitis in dairy goats. Enterococcus durans, Brevibacillus sp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis 2 were resistant to, respectively, 75, ~67, ~42, and ~42 % of the antibiotics screened. In addition, 60 % of the bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and dicloxacillin. Importantly, 60 % of the isolates were inhibited by the bacteriocins, but S. epidermidis 1, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia vulneris, and Cryptococcus neoformans were not susceptible to these antimicrobial peptides. Using Brevibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus chromogenes as indicator bacteria, we show that peptides of ~10 kDa that correspond to the molecular mass of bacteriocins used in this study are responsible for the inhibitory activity. Our results demonstrate that multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy goats from Guanajuato, Mexico, are susceptible to bacteriocins produced by B. thuringiensis.

Prevalence and pathogens of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in China.

Subclinical mastitis, a costly disease for the dairy industry, is usually caused by intramammary bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and pathogens involved in subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in China. A total of 683 dairy goats in the main breeding areas of China were selected, and milk samples were collected. Out of these, 313 (45.82%) goats were detected distinct or strong positive for subclinical mastitis by using California mastitis test. Among these positive goats, 209 milk samples were used to identify the causing agents by a multiplex PCR assay, and results were listed as follows: coagulase-negative staphylococci (59.52%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.24%), Escherichia coli (11.43%), and Streptococcus spp. (10.95%). In conclusion, subclinical mastitis is a highly prevalent disease in dairy goats in China, and coagulase-negative staphylococci are the predominant pathogens.

Etiologia e fatores de risco para a infecção mamária de cabras leiteiras em seis propriedades do Estado de São Paulo

The aim of this study was to identify etiologic agents and risk factors for mastitis in dairy goats. For this, two aliquots were collected from 257 milk samples, between April and September, 2012, from 136 Saanen goats from six intensive management farms, with manual and mechanical milking system located in the state of São Paulo. The first aliquot of milk samples was obtained in vials containing preservative bronopol for electronic somatic cell count (SCC), and the second in sterile bottles for bacteriological examination. For risk factors evaluation, epidemiologic questionnaires were performed by the research team by visual observation and survey with handler and owners. Analyzes univariate and multivariate were performed using multiple logistic regression. Was observed prevalence of 28.79% of mammary infection, and predominance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). The SCC median was 4,7x105 cells per mL (cells mL-1) of milk. In univariate analysis, was observed risk for mammary infection in places where, the goat was not the main activity of the property (p=0.03); when the diagnosis of clinical mastitis by proof of dark background was not performed (p=0.07); when chlorine was not used in the cleaning of the teats (p=0.29); improper cleaning of the milking parlor (p= 0.06); inadequate hygiene in the milking process (p=0.03) and inadequate hygiene of the milkers (p=03). The main group of pathogen isolated in this study was CNS. The biggest risk associated with mammary infection was the hygiene of ceilings, room, milker and also the process of milking resulting from these microorganisms. Thus, despite indications of hygienic measures in the programs of milk quality and mastitis control, the applicability and awareness of employees involved in the production chain of milk goats are not sensitized. Therefore, the personnel training is the principal measure recommended for the control of mastitis in dairy goats.

The diagnosis of mastitis and contagious agalactia in dairy goats

This article reviews the diagnosis of mastitis in dairy goats. The benefits and shortcomings are discussed of both indirect diagnostic methods, such as the California mastitis test and somatic cell counts, and direct strategies, such as bacteriologic isolation and PCR identification. The important role of mycoplasmas in causing mastitis in regions where contagious agalactia is endemic makes their detection mandatory in routine diagnostic practice, despite complicating and lengthening protocols. In this context, we discuss both the conditions to be met prior to sampling and the analytical conditions of the sample along with the features of each diagnostic method.

Differentially expressed genes associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy goats

To study gene expression within the mammary glands of dairy goats with mastitis, mRNA was collected from milk somatic cells (MSCs) of left udder halves challenged with Staphylococcus aureus and right udder halves infused with PBS, as control, at different time points (0, 12, 24 and 48 h post-infection). Transcriptional profiles were investigated using bovine cDNA microarrays; of the total 288 differentially expressed genes identified with ANOVA analysis (False Discovery Rate = 0.05, 1.5-fold change), 26, 36 and 16 genes were down-regulated at 12, 24 and 48 h post-infection, respectively, while 60, 141 and 9 genes were up-regulated at the same corresponding time points. The expression profiles clearly changed at 24 h post-infection with 177 genes significantly altered, corresponding to a 10-fold increase of S. aureus bacterial count in milk from infected udders. Differential expression of selected genes (CD2BP2, BCAP31, MHCII, FOSL2, MAPK13, ILT5 and JUNB) was also confirmed by real-time PCR at the different time points considered, showing high correlation with the microarray measurements and high reliability of the microarray analyses. The most readily inducible classes of genes in caprine MSCs infected with S. aureus were pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptors; IL-1α, lymphotoxin alpha, granulocyte chemotactic protein (CXCL6), and IL-2 receptor gamma were all up-regulated in infected udders versus healthy controls. This study identified a number of differentially expressed genes induced by S. aureus intramammary infection and demonstrates the intricacy of the patterns of gene expression that influence host response to a complex pathogen of significant relevance to both human and veterinary medicine.

Epidemiological investigation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus involved in clinical mastitis in dairy goats

An outbreak of clinical mastitis was observed in dairy goats due to the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Affected goats were culled to prevent transmission of infection to other animals or humans. The objective of the study was to determine whether horses on the same farm were the source of the pathogen. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus was obtained from milk of 10% of goats in the herd and from feces of 3 of 7 healthy horses that shared pasture and housing with the goats. Isolates of caprine and equine origin had identical biochemical profiles, including the ability to ferment sorbitol and lactose, which distinguishes S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus from S. equi ssp. equi. Sequencing of the 16S–23S intergenic spacer region and results from sodA-seeI multiplex PCR supported identification of isolates as S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Based on random amplified polymorphic DNA typing and rpoB and sodA sequencing, caprine isolates were indistinguishable from each other, but distinct from equine isolates. Further analysis of equine fecal samples showed that multiple strains of S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus can be present in a single sample or in sequential samples obtained from a single horse. Failure to detect the mastitis-causing strain in equine feces may indicate that horses were not the source of the mastitis outbreak in goats. Alternatively, the outbreak may be due to presence of multiple S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus strains in equine feces and a failure to detect all strains when analyzing a limited number of isolates per sample.

Effect of sub-clinical mastitis on milk yield and composition of dairy goats in Tanzania.

Production of dairy goats is on the increase in East African countries. As in cows, prevalence of mastitis in dairy goats appears to be high but studies on the influence of this disease on milk yield and composition are scarce. This study was, therefore, carried out to determine the effect of sub-clinical mastitis on milk yield and composition in dairy goats of Magadu dairy farm in Morogoro, Tanzania. Does were screened for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), milk yield was recorded and 80 ml samples collected for laboratory analyses. A total of 184 quarter milk yield samples were available for analyses. Milk samples were analysed for butterfat (BF) by the Gerber method, crude protein (CP) by the Kjeldahl method, lactose by IDF Standard No.28 method and chloride by titration using silver nitrate solution. Data were analysed using least squares analysis of variance based on General Linear models procedures. The fixed effects considered were CMT score, parity, stage of lactation, sampling occasion and quarter of the udder. Sub-clinical mastitis had a significant negative effect on quarter milk yield (P Keywords : Mastitis, milk yield, composition, goats. AJFAND Vol. 9 (1) 2009: pp. 623-634

Potential of lactoperoxidase to diagnose subclinical mastitis in goats

This study was conducted to determine the potential of lactoperoxidase (LP) for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in goats. The activities of LP and somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined in the milk of clinically healthy Saanen and South African Indigenous goats and the correlation between LP activity and SCC was measured. An increase in LP activity was observed with increasing number of somatic cells in the milk of the two goat breeds. A significantly ( p < 0.01) positive correlation was observed between LP activity and SCC in the Indigenous ( r = 0.91) and Saanen ( r = 0.95) goat milk samples. The mean SCCs in Indigenous and Saanen goat milk samples were 2.5 × 10 4 and 2.0 × 10 6 cells/ml, respectively. The LP activity of Saanen goat milk ranged from 0.49 to 1.07 units/ml with a mean value of 0.80 units/ml. In the Indigenous goat milk, the LP activity ranged from 0.03 to 0.38 units/ml with a mean value of 0.26 units/ml. The positive correlation observed between SCC and LP activity suggests that LP may be used to detect subclinical mastitis in dairy goats.

The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Kenya.

California mastitis test (CMT), direct leukocytes counts and bacteriological examination were performed on 630 milk samples from apparently healthy mammary glands of dairy goats comprising a mixed population of German Alpine, Toggenberg, Saanen and Galla crosses to find the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 9.8% according to CMT, 9.7% according to direct leukocyte counts and 28.7% by bacterial isolation during a 3-month period. The proportion of the bacteriologically positive milk samples was significantly (P <0.01) higher than that positive for CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was a significant (P < 0.01) correlation between CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was no significant direct relationship between bacterial isolation and CMT Bacterial organisms were isolated in 22.5% of the 568 CMT-negative milk samples. The results suggest that bacterial organisms isolated from the CMT-negative milksamples were either latent infections or did not stimulate any significant increase in somatic cell counts that could be detected by either the CMT or direct leukocyte counts. The observations of this study indicate that the mere presence of bacteria in goat's milk does not mean that the udder is infected and so does not warrant antibiotic therapy.